Protein Kinase C Enhances the Swelling-Induced Chloride Current in Human Atrial Myocytes

Swelling-activated chloride currents（ICl.swell） are thought to play a role in several physiologic and pathophysiologic processes and thus represent a target for therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanism of ICl.swell regulation remains unclear. In this study, we used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to examine the role of protein kinase C（PKC） in the regulation of ICl.swell in human atrial myocytes. Atrial myocytes were isolated from the right atrial appendages of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass and enzymatically dissociated. ICl.swell was evoked in hypotonic solution and recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The PKC agonist phorbol dibutyrate（PDBu） enhanced ICl.swellin a concentration-dependent manner, which was reversed in isotonic solution and by a chloride current inhibitor, 9-anthracenecarboxylicacid. Furthermore, the PKC inhibitor bis-indolylmaleimide attenuated the effect and 4α-PDBu, an inactive PDBu analog, had no effect on ICl.swell. These results, obtained using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, demonstrate the ability of PKC to activate ICl,swell in human atrial myocytes. This observation was consistent with a previous study using a single-channel patch-clamp technique, but differed from some findings in other species.

Regulation of swelling-activated chloride channels in embryonic chick heart cells

Swelling-activated Cl- currents, I(ci,swell), were measured during hyposmotic shock in white Leghorn embryonic chick heart cells using the whole-cell recording of patch-clamp technique. Genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), suppressed I(ci,swell), Under isosmotic condition phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, elicited the Cl~ current similar to that in hyposmotic solution, whereas hyposmotic shock did not elicit I(ci,swell) in chelerythrine chloride(an inhibitor of PKC)-treated cells. Con-focal microscopy experiments using FITC-phalloidin as a fluorescent label of F-actin showed that the actin network was moved from cortical region of the cell to the center after hyposmotic shock as compared with the image under isosmotic condition. When the cells were treated with cytochalasin B (CB) or cytochalasin D (CD) under isosmotic condition the disruption of the F-actin integrity was observed, and I(ci,Sweii) was not elicited. With combination treatment of CB with PMA, hyposmotic solution could not elicited I(Ci,swell), The results suggested that the role of PTK, probably receptor tyrosine kinase, for regulation of I(ci,sweii) appeared to be at upstream site related to the role of F-actin. Then PKC signal pathway was activated somehow and finally change in the polymerization state of cytoskeleton led to activate the swelling-activated Cl- channels. These results demonstrate clearly that PTK, PKC and F-actin are important factors for regulation of I(Ci,swell) in embryonic chick heart cells as compared with often controversial results reported in different cell types.

Corrosion risk assessment of chloride-contaminated concrete structures using embeddable multi-cell sensor system

Monitoring the service condition of concrete structures requires the quantitative assessment of properties and corrosion rate of structural steels surrounded by concrete.A multi-cell sensor system that included a reference electrode,a chloride content sensor,a macrocell current unit and an electrical resistance measurement unit was developed.This system provided the following important electrochemical data in the cover-zone concrete on site:open circuit potential,macrocell current from anodes to cathode,chloride profile,concrete resistance and corrosion rate of built-in anodes.The experimental results show that the macrocell current increases when the chloride content in concrete is higher.Thus,monitoring the chloride content is a good method for monitoring the corrosion state.The chloride ion content and cover depth are the key factors that affect the electrical resistance of concrete.Without considering the temperature and time,a simplified model of the instantaneous corrosion rate of steel rebar in a concrete structure based on the measured chloride contents and concrete resistance was proposed.The test results further prove the reliability of this simplified predicting model.

Electrokinetic characteristic and coagulation behavior of flocculant polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC)

The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current (SC) measurement and jar test method. The experimental results showed that the interaction between polysilicic acid characterized negative charge and hydrolyzed aluminum species result in a decrease of the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC, compared to PAC. The decrease has a close relationship with the basicity ( B ) and Al/Si molar ratio in PASiC. The less the B value and the Al/Si molar ratio, the lower the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC is. In contrast, the preparation technique for PASiC affects the charge-neutralization of PASiC to a smaller extent. In addition, compared with PAC, PASiC may enhance aggregating efficiency and give better coagulating effects.

Functional Characteristics and Molecular Identification of Swelling-activated Chloride Conductance in Adult Rabbit Heart Ventricles

Outwardly rectifying swelling-activated chloride conductance （ICl, Swell） in rabbit heart plays a critical role in cardioprotection following ischemic preconditioning （IP）. But the functional characterization and molecular basis of this chloride conductance in rabbit heart ventricular myocytes is not clear. Candidate chloride channel clones （e.g. ClC-2, ClC-3, ClC-4 and ClC-5） were determined using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis.Whole cell ICl,Swell was recorded from isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes using patch clamp techniques during hypo-osmotic stress. The inhibitory effects of 4,4＇ isothiocyanato-2,2-disulfonic acid （DIDS）, 5-nitro-2（3-phenylroylamino） benzoic acid （NPPB） and indanyloxyacetic acid 94 （LAA-94） on ICl,Swell were examined. The expected size of PCR products for ClC-2, ClC-3 and ClC-4 but not for ClC-5 was obtained. ClC-2 and ClC-3 expression was confirmed by automated fluorescent DNA sequencing. RT-PCR and Western blot showed that ClC-4 was expressed in abundance and ClC-2 was expressed at somewhat lower levels. The biological and pharmacological properties of ICl,Swell, including outward rectification, activation due to cell volume change, sensitivity to DIDS, LAA-94 and NPPB were identical to those known properties of ICl,Swell in exogenously expressed systems and other mammals hearts. It was concluded that ClC-3 or ClC-4 might be responsible for the outwardly rectifying part of ICl,Wwell and may be the molecular targets of cardioprotection associated with ischemic preconditioning or hypo-osmotic shock.

Effects of Silica Fume and Steel Fiber on Chloride Ion Penetration and Corrosion Behavior of Cement-based Composites

This project was aimed to evaluate the chloride permeability and corrosion behavior of cement-based composites which comprised fibers and silica fume in the mixes~ Resistivity, polarization resistance, ponding and rapid chloride penetration results of specimens were obtained through tests. Test results indicate that resistivity, open circuit potentials and direct current polarization of specimens with w/b ratio of 0.35 are higher than those of specimens with w/b ratio of 0.55. For length-diameter ratio of 65, resistivity and direct current polarization of specimens with fiber length of 35 mm were similar to those of 60 mm. In addition the open circuit potentials of specimens with fiber length of 60 mm were slightly higher that those of 35 mm. The resistivity decreased with increasing steel fiber content, and the open circuit potential and direct current polarization increased with increasing steel fiber content. The specimens containing silica fume were found to provide higher resistivity, open circuit potentials and direct current polarization than the control specimens. The incorporation of steel fiber and silica fume in composites achieved more significantly decreases in resistivity and increases in direct current polarization than steel fiber composites or silica fume composites. The penetration depth and six-hour total charge passed of specimens for w/b ratio of 0.35 were lower than those for w/b ratio of 0.55. For length-diameter ratio of 65, the penetration depth of specimens for fiber length of 35 mm was similar to that of 60 mm. The penetration depth decreased with increased steel fiber content in the composites. By regression analysis, a good correlation between open circuit potential and direct current polarization, and chloride penetration depth and direct current polarization.

Change of Electrochemical Property of Reinforced Concrete after Electrochemical Chloride Extraction

The half cell potential （HCP） and corrosion current of reinforced concrete specimens doped with sodium chloride were determined after electrochemical chloride extraction （ECE）. The experimental results show that when ECE treatment is removed, HCP becomes more negative and corrosion current becomes larger in comparison to those before ECE treatment, then HCP shifts positively and corrosion current decreases with time. After 30 days ECE treatment, the HCP of cored specimens turn to about -100 mV due to the existence of sufficient oxygen around the exposed steel bars, but for un-cored specimens, longer time, about two months, is to be taken. The non-homogeneous HCP distribution at different layers of the same specimen after ECE treatment might induce secondary corrosion of steels.

阴极防护下钢筋在模拟混凝土孔隙液中锈蚀的临界氯离子浓度

通过电位和电流变化和表面观测,并结合电化学阻抗谱,研究了恒电位和恒电流阴极防护下钢筋在模拟混凝土孔隙液(饱和氢氧化钙溶液)中发生锈蚀的临界氯离子浓度。结果表明:在10 mA/m^(2)电流密度阴极防护下,导致钢筋发生腐蚀的临界氯离子浓度为0.03 mol/L,这与无阴极防护状态下相同。当阴极防护电流足够大(大于10 mA/m^(2))时,钢筋在模拟孔隙液中未发生腐蚀,不存在临界氯离子浓度;在恒电位阴极防护欠防护状态下,随着保护电位的正移,钢筋发生腐蚀的临界氯离子浓度逐渐增大;当氯离子添加浓度超过临界氯离子浓度时,钢筋会发生溶解,这是由于钢筋局部腐蚀导致电位负于保护电位;基于结构物安全考虑,在模拟孔隙液中钢筋的阴极防护宜采用恒电流控制。

Effect of electroacupuncture on calcium-activated chloride channel currents in interstitial cells of Cajal in rats with diabetic gastroparesis

Objective:To investigate the mechanisms of electroacupuncture(EA)at Zusanli(ST 36),Liangmen(ST 21)and Sanyinjiao(SP 6)in intervening diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)based on calcium-activated chloride channel.Methods:Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups,including a normal control group(group A),a model group(group B),an EA group(group C)and a metoclopramide group(group D),with 10 rats in each group.A single intraperitoneal injection of 2%streptozotocin(STZ)combined with 8-week high-glucose high-fat diet was used to establish a DGP rat model.After intervention,gastrointestinal propulsive rate was observed;the expression level of transmembrane protein 16A(TMEM16A)was examined by immunohistochemistry;the Ca2+concentration in interstitial cells of Cajal(ICCs)was detected by immunofluorescence;and whole-cell patch-clamp technique was applied to detect the current intensity of calcium-activated chloride channel(ICaCC)in ICCs in gastric antrum.Results:After modeling,the blood glucose levels in group B,group C and group D were significantly increased compared with group A(all P<0.01);after intervention,compared with group B,the blood glucose levels in group C and group D were significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01);the intra-group comparison of blood glucose level between after modeling and after intervention found significant difference only in group C(P<0.01).The gastrointestinal propulsive rates in group B,group C and group D were significantly different from that in group A(P<0.01 or P<0.05);the gastrointestinal propulsive rates were markedly higher in group C and group D than in group B(P<0.01,P<0.01).The expressions of TMEM16A in group B and group C were decreased compared with group A(P<0.01,P<0.05);the expressions of TMEM16A in group C and group D were increased compared with group B(P<0.01,P<0.05).The fluorescence intensity of Ca2+was significantly lower in group B than in group A(P<0.01);the fluorescence intensity of Ca2+was significantly higher in group C and group D than in group B(P<0.01,P<0.05).ICaCC in ICCs in group B was significantly decreased compared with group A;ICaCC in group C and group D were increased compared with group B.Conclusion:EA at Zusanli(ST 36),Liangmen(ST 21)and Sanyinjiao(SP 6)can significantly improve gastrointestinal motility in DGP rats by up-regulating the ICaCC in ICCs.

Current efficiency of recycling aluminum from aluminum scraps by electrolysis

Extracting aluminum from aluminum alloys in AlCl3-NaCl molten salts was investigated. Al coating was deposited on the copper cathode by the method of direct current deposition using aluminum alloys as anode. The purity of the deposited aluminum is about 99.7% with the energy consumption of 3-9 kW＆#183;h per kg Al, and the current efficiency is 44%-64% when the deposition process is carried out under 100 mA/cm2 for 4 h at 170 ＆#176;C. The effects of experimental parameters, such as molar ratio of AlCl3 to NaCl, cathodic current density and electrolysis time, on the current efficiency were studied. The molar ratio of AlCl3 to NaCl has little effect on the current efficiency, and the increase of deposition temperature is beneficial to the increase of current efficiency. However, the increase of current density or electrolysis time results in the decrease of current efficiency. The decrease of current efficiency is mainly related to the formation of dendritic or powder deposit of aluminum which is easy to fall into the electrolyte.

脉冲电流对电化学除氯的影响

目的探究不同电流密度下,直流和脉冲2种电流模式对钢筋混凝土电化学除氯的影响,降低钢筋渗氢量,减小通电后阴极产生的氢气使钢筋发生氢脆的风险,提高除氯效率,改善电化学除氯效率的均匀性。方法通过在电流密度为2、3、4A/m2的条件下,对混凝土进行直流和脉冲电流电化学修复,测定处理后的钢筋的释氢电流,计算释氢总电量,来表示钢筋渗氢量,对比处理后强电流区和弱电流区混凝土的氯离子含量,分析2种方式除氯效率的均匀性,同时用扫描电子显微镜观察电化学除氯前后混凝土的微观结构。结果计算得到不同通电电流密度下钢筋的释氢总电量和除氯效率,脉冲电流的释氢总电量比直流电流低约20%,而除氯效率提高了约10%。结论增加电流密度可以提高除氯效率,但是会增加钢筋发生氢脆的风险。相较于直流电流,脉冲电流电化学修复可以降低钢筋渗氢量,显著提高弱电流区的除氯效率,从而改善除氯效率的均匀性。

钢筋再生混凝土电化学除氯效果研究

为探究遭受氯盐侵蚀钢筋再生混凝土耐久性修复路径,通过内掺氯盐方式模拟再生混凝土遭受氯盐侵蚀,开展再生混凝土电化学除氯试验,研究再生骨料特征和通电参数对电化学除氯效率的影响。研究表明,采用5~25 mm再生粗骨料粒径范围的钢筋再生混凝土电化学除氯效率是5~30 mm粒径范围钢筋再生混凝土的1.36倍;随再生粗骨料取代率增加,电化学除氯效率增大,取代率达50%时,钢筋再生混凝土除氯效率较普通混凝土提高约26%;随通电电流密度增大,再生混凝土除氯效率增大,相较1 A/m^(2),电流密度3 A/m^(2)时的电化学除氯效率是其1.45倍,电流密度从1 A/m^(2)增大到2 A/m^(2),再生混凝土除氯效率增幅比普通混凝土更明显;随除氯时间延长,再生混凝土除氯效率明显增大,相对普通混凝土,再生混凝土前期除氯效率占比更大,7 d除氯效率是28 d的51%;基于电化学除氯效率开展影响因素敏感性分析,结果表明,再生骨料取代率的影响大于再生骨料粒径,但电化学除氯时间影响最为明显。

基于极化-去极化电流法的老化PVC电缆绝缘性研究

电缆老化会使绝缘失效,导致短路乃至火灾事故的发生。为研究低压电缆老化后的绝缘性能,对电缆中采用的聚氯乙烯(PVC)绝缘材料进行加速老化实验,通过对样本极化-去极化的电流数据进行分析,得到直流电导率、低频介质损耗因数等参数的变化规律,并利用热失重和傅里叶红外光谱测试老化样本的理化性能。结果表明,随着老化时间的增加,极化电流、去极化电流、电导率和低频介质损耗因数均增大。热失重分析和傅里叶红外光谱分析结果则进一步表明,长时间的高温老化会使PVC电缆绝缘的氯含量减少,阻燃性降低,PVC分子链断裂,羟基、甲基、亚甲基和C=C等官能团含量增加,电缆老化加剧,最终导致电缆的绝缘性下降。

石灰石粉掺量对混凝土中钢筋脱钝临界氯离子含量的影响

本工作研究了不同石灰石粉掺量(10%、20%、30%,质量分数,下同)对钢筋脱钝临界氯离子含量的影响,对混凝土试件进行干湿循环处理以加速氯离子渗透,同时采用半电池电位和电化学阻抗谱分别测定了钢筋的自腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度。结果表明,临界氯离子含量随着石灰石粉掺量的增加而减小,这主要是因为石灰石粉的掺入导致水泥含量降低,从而使混凝土孔隙液pH值降低。XRD分析表明石灰石粉的掺入抑制了单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm)相的生成,从而降低了水化产物的氯离子结合能力。腐蚀电流密度的变化趋势服从三参数Weibull分布,其概率密度可以表征钝化膜破裂的速率,随着石灰石粉掺量的增加,钝化膜破裂速率增加。

工业循环冷却水腐蚀影响因素研究

通过模拟现场工业循环冷却水的运行条件,采用旋转挂片法、动电位极化曲线法,开展氯离子、流速、硫化物、氨氮等重要水质运行参数对碳钢、不锈钢、铜材质的腐蚀影响实验,分析超滤处理及在用药剂配方对中水回用的腐蚀性影响,并根据实验结果进一步优化循环水水质管控,降低循环冷却水的腐蚀性。

某油田分公司储水罐脉冲涡流腐蚀检测与分析

通过对某油田腐蚀分析,发现该油田的主要腐蚀因素是氯离子、溶解氧以及硫酸盐还原菌。通过对以往腐蚀挂片数据统计分析,腐蚀属于极严重程度等级,结合腐蚀分析以及相关标准,对2#储水罐进行脉冲涡流腐蚀检测,发现2#储水罐腐蚀非常严重,对2#储水罐腐蚀缺陷进行等级划分,并提出相关建议。

长形赫尔槽的应用

本文介绍了阴极长为200mm的长型赫尔槽的使用情况,详细描述了500mL和430mL两种长型赫尔槽的结构尺寸和电流分布情况。以氯化钾镀锌为例,给出了长型赫尔槽在分析添加剂成分对电镀影响方面的应用,并介绍了相关试片的分析方法。

杂散电流与盐溶液共存环境下地铁隧道管片混凝土砂浆相的氯离子迁移规律试验研究

通过室内试验,研究了杂散电流与盐溶液共存环境对地铁隧道管片混凝土砂浆相的氯离子迁移规律的影响。将试件浸泡于氯盐溶液和氯盐硫酸盐复合溶液中,并外加直流杂散电流,得到不同环境组合情况下氯离子在砂浆中的分布情况。试验结果表明:砂浆中的氯离子含量沿渗透深度方向大致呈指数型分布;直流电场下氯离子在砂浆中的迁移速率显著提升,砂浆各深度处的氯离子含量显著增加;复合盐溶液浸泡下,砂浆中的最大氯离子含量总是低于单独氯盐溶液浸泡的,硫酸根离子的存在对氯离子在砂浆中的迁移产生了一定的抑制作用。

氯化物熔盐体系电沉积铱及其组织结构和抗高温氧化性能

[目的]随着航空航天技术的迅猛发展,对飞行器热端部件的性能要求日益严苛。金属铱(Ir)因具有超高的熔点、优异的耐蚀性、高强度及稳定的物理化学性能,被认为是热端部件理想的防护层材料。[方法]采用NaCl-KCl-CsCl-IrCl_(3)氯化物熔盐体系在高纯铼片表面电沉积Ir。通过热重分析初步确定了电沉积的适宜温度范围,再通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)研究了温度和阴极电流密度对Ir镀层表面形貌和元素组成的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了较优条件下制备的Ir镀层的晶相结构,并通过高温烧蚀检测了其抗高温氧化性能。[结果]NaCl-KCl-CsCl-IrCl_(3)熔盐体系在490℃时开始熔解,596℃开始挥发,且挥发速率随着温度的升高而升高,650℃左右时挥发速率达到0.5%/min。该熔盐体系电沉积的适宜温度范围为550~650℃。当温度为600℃、阴极电流密度为0.2 A/cm^(2)时,所得Ir镀层连续致密、纯度高,呈(111)晶面择优取向的面心立方多晶结构,并且抗高温氧化性能良好。[结论]通过调控氯化物熔盐体系电沉积工艺参数能够制备连续致密的纯Ir镀层,并且其抗高温氧化性能有进一步提升的空间。

Increased expression of human calcium-activated chloride channel 1 is correlated with mucus overproduction in the airways of Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is usually complicated with mucus overproduction in airway. Recently the increased expression of the human calcium-activated chloride channel 1 （CaCC1） was found to play an important role in mucus overproduction in the asthmatic airways. To investigate the relationship of CaCC1 and mucus overproduction in the airway of Chinese patients with COPD, the expressions of CaCC1, MUC5AC and mucus in bronchial tissues were examined. Methods Bronchial tissues were obtained from fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy in West China Hospital from April to July in 2004. Twenty-five patients were diagnosed as the patients with COPD overproduction, and other 20 were the control subjects. The expressions of CaCC1, MUC5AC and mucin in bronchial tissues were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, in situ hybridization with digoxigenin （DIG）-Iabeled RNA probe, immunohistochemical and alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff （AB-PAS） staining, respectively. Results Compared with the control group, the stronger expressions of CaCC1 were further detected throughout the bronchial tissues from patients with COPD （P〈0.01）. Furthermore, the stronger expressions of the CaCC1 mRNA were related to the severity of airflow obstruction. Samples from COPD showed a stronger staining for MUC5AC than those in control subjects （P〈0.01） and AB-PAS staining revealed more mucins in COPD patients＇ submucosal gland comparing with that in control subjects （P〈0.01）. Expression levels of the CaCC1 mRNA were respectively negatively correlated with the patients＇ forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV~） / forced vital capacity （FVC） data, FEV1% predicted data, V50% predicted data, V25% predicted data （r=-0.43, r=-0.43, r=-0.35, r=-0.36, P〈0.01, P〈0.01, P〈0.05, P〈0.05）. While the expression levels of the CaCC1 mRNA were well correlated with the expression levels of the MUC5AC mRNA of airway epithelium and the PAS-AB stained area of submucosal glands （r=0.39, r=0.46, P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. Expression levels of the MUC5AC mRNA were negatively correlated with the patients＇ FEV1/FVC data （P=0.01）, FEV1% pred data （P=-0.01）, V50% predicted data, V25% predicted data（r=-0.53, r=-0.53, r=-0.48, r=-0.43, P〈0.01, P〈0.01, P〈0.01, P〈0.01）. While the expression levels of the MUC5AC mRNA were well correlated with the positively PAS-AB stained area of submucosal gland （P〈0.05）, and the correlation coefficients were 0.43. Conclusion These results suggest that the stronger gene expression of CaCC1 exists, complicated with mucus overproduction in the airwav of Chinese patients with COPD.