Temperature Field in Laser Line Scanning Thermography: Analytical Calculation and Experiment

The temperature field in laser line scanning thermography is investigated comprehensively in this work,including analytical calculation and experiment.Firstly,the principle of laser line scanning thermography is analyzed.On this basis,a physical laser line scanning model is proposed.Afterwards,based on Fourier transform(FT)and segregation variablemethod(SVM),the heat conduction differential equation in laser line scanning thermography is derived in detail.The temperature field of the composite-based coatings model with defects is simulated numerically.The results show that the laser line scanning thermography can effectively detect the defects in the model.The correctness of the analytical calculation is verified by comparing the surface temperature distribution obtained by analytical calculation and numerical simulation.Additionally,an experiment is carried out and the changeable surface temperature obtained by analytical calculation is compared with the experimental results.It shows that the error of maximum temperature obtained by analytical calculation and by experiment is 8%with high accuracy,which proves the correctness of analytical calculation and enriches the theoretical foundation of laser line scanning thermography.

Temperature field model in surface grinding: a comparative assessment

Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy,which can lead to surface thermal damage.Therefore,ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern.This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters,such as workpiece materials,grinding wheels,grinding parameters,cooling methods,and media,to guide industrial production.This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models.First,the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated,classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source,depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous.Through this examination,a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived.Subsequently,various grinding thermal models are summarized,including models for the heat source distribution,energy distribution proportional coefficient,and convective heat transfer coefficient.Through comprehensive research,the most widely recognized,utilized,and accurate model for each category is identified.The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed,shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution,heat distribution,and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field.Finally,considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature,potential future research directions are proposed.The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.

Calculation and experimental study on heating temperature field of super-high strength aluminum alloy thick plate

Stepped heating treatment has been applied to aluminum alloy thick plate to improve the mechanical performance and corrosion resistance.Accurate temperature control of the plate is the difficulty in engineering application.The heating process,the calculation of surface heat transfer coefficient and the accurate temperature control method were studied based on measured heating temperature for the large-size thick plate.The results show that,the temperature difference between the surface and center of the thick plate is small.Based on the temperature uniformity,the surface heat transfer coefficient was calculated,and it is constant below300°C,but grows greatly over300°C.Consequently,a lumped parameter method(LPM)was developed to predict the plate temperature.A stepped solution treatment was designed by using LPM,and verified by finite element method(FEM)and experiments.Temperature curves calculated by LPM and FEM agree well with the experimental data,and the LPM is more convenient in engineering application.

A MODEL FOR NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF UNSTEADYTEMPERATURE FIELD

The model established in this paper for calculating the unsteady temperature field, in which physical parameters varies with temperatures, is simplified as compared with the classical one by defining the heat conductivity as function of temperature and dealing with the latent heat of phase transformation and boundary conditions. The results show that the probability of absolute error less 2℃ between the calculated and measured values in temperature field calculation reaches above 80%.

Numerical calculation on temperature field of FGH95 alloy droplet during rapid solidification

The temperature field of FGH95 alloy droplet atomized by plasma rotatingelectrode processing (PREP) during solidification has been calculated through numerical analysisbased on equivalent sensible heat capacity method. And thus the relational curves among temperaturegradient of solid-liquid interface, moving velocity of solid-liquid interface and solid fractionduring solidification have been presented. The results indicate that the relation between averagetemperature gradient of solid-liquid interface and droplet size, and the relation between averagemoving velocity of solid-liquid interface and droplet size can be expressed during solidification.

Calculation and Analysis for Temperature Field of Tank Track and Wheels

To know the temperature status of track and wheels on tank,the finite element calculation of temperature field was implemented with ANSYS software.The detailed temperature distributions for road wheel,drive wheel,idle wheel and track loop were obtained.The effect of factors,such as tank speed,environment temperature,sun radiant energy,ground deformation resistant and tank load,on the temperature of road wheel was studied.The sensitivity analysis shows that the effect of tank load on the temperature is the most,and the effect of ground deformation resistant is the least.The temperature testing device for road wheel on tank was developed to perform the experiments in real time.The calculated temperatures are in accord well with the experimental values.

Diagnosis of Electronic Excitation Temperature in Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure

The electronic excitation temperature of a surface dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） at atmospheric pressure has been experimentally investigated by optical emission spectroscopic measurements combined with numerical simulation. Experiments have been carried out to deter- mine the spatial distribution of electric field by using FEM software and the electronic excitation temperature in discharge by calculating ratio of two relative intensities of atomic spectral lines. In this work, we choose seven Ar atomic emission lines at 415.86 nm [（3s^23p^5）5p →（3s^23p^5）4s] and 706.7 nm, 714.7 nm, 738.4 nm, 751.5 nm, 794.8 nm and 800.6 nm [（3s^23p^5）4p → （3s^23p^5）4s] to estimate the excitation temperature under a Boltzmann approximation. The average electron energy is evaluated in each discharge by using line ratio of 337.1 nm （N2（C^3Пu →B3Пg）） to 391.4 nm （N2^＋（B2 ∑u^＋→ ∑g^＋））. Furthermore, variations of the electronic excitation tempera- ture are presented versus dielectric thickness and dielectric materials. The discharge is stable and uniform along the axial direction, and the electronic excitation temperature at the edge of the copper electrode is the largest. The corresponding average electron energy is in the range of 1.6- 5.1 eV and the electric field is in 1.7-3.2 MV/m, when the distance from copper electrode varies from 0 cm to 6 cm. Moreover, the electronic excitation temperature with a higher permittivity leads to a higher dissipated electrical power.

Near ground air temperature calculation model based on heat transfer of vertical turbulent and horizontal air flow

In order to calculate the air temperature of the near surface layer in urban environment,the surface layer air was divided into several sections in the vertical direction,and some energy balance equations were developed for each air layer,in which the heat exchange due to vertical turbulence and horizontal air flow was taken into account.Then,the vertical temperature distribution of the surface layer air was obtained through the coupled calculation using the energy balance equations of underlying surfaces and building walls.Moreover,the measured air temperatures in a small area(with a horizontal scale of less than 500 m) and a large area(with a horizontal scale of more than 1 000 m) in Guangzhou in summer were used to validate the proposed model.The calculated results accord well with the measured ones,with a maximum relative error of 4.18%.It is thus concluded that the proposed model is a high-accuracy method to theoretically analyze the urban heat island and the thermal environment.

Temperature field calculation of rail flash welding

The forging stage of rail flash welding has a decisive influence on joint strength,and the study of the temperature distribution in the process has an important role in further improving joint strength.In this paper,three calculation methods for the temperature field are given.First,the finite element model of the temperature field before forging rail flash welding is established by using the transient heat module of Ansys software and verified by infrared temperature measurement.Second,the temperature distribution of different parts of the rail before flash welding is obtained by using infrared thermal imaging equipment.Third,Matlab software is used to calculate the temperature of the non-measured part.Finally,the temperature distribution function along the rail axis is fitted through the temperature measurement data.The temperature distribution before the top forging of the rail flash welding can be used to analyze the joint and heat-affected zone organization and properties effectively and to guide the parameter setting and industrial production.

Experimental study of temperature gradient in track slab under outdoor conditions in Chengdu area

Temperature is one of the important loads for designing slab track. The characteristic of slab track tem- perature varies greatly with different regional climates. In this work, a bi-block slab track model was built under outdoor conditions in Chengdu area; the statistical characteristic of temperature gradient in track slab and the relationship between temperature gradient and surface air temperature were tested and analyzed. The results show that the track slab temperature gradient will vary periodically according to the surface air temperature, and show a clear nonlinearity along the height direction. The temperature gradient distribution is extremely uneven： the temperature gradient in the top part of the track slab is larger than that in the bottom part; the most frequently occurring temperature gradient of the track slab is around -3.5 ℃/m and more than 75 % locates in the level -10 to 10 ℃/m; concrete with a relatively good heat exchange condition with the surrounding air has a narrower band distribution. In addition, the frequency distribution histogram should exclude the time zone from 00：00 to 06：00 because there is almost no traffic in this period. The amplitude of track slab temperature variation is obviously lower than that of the air temperature variation, and the former is approximately linear with the latter.

Performance of the Large Field of View Airborne Infrared Scanner and its application potential in land surface temperature retrieval

The Large Field of View Airborne Infrared Scanner is a newly developed multi-spectral instrument that collects images from the near-infrared to long-wave infrared channels.Its data can be used for land surface temperature(LST)retrieval and environmental monitoring.Before data application,quality assessment is an essential procedure for a new instrument.In this paper,based on the data collected by the scanner near the Yellow River in Henan Province,the geometric and radiometric qualities of the images are first evaluated.The absolute geolocation accuracy of the ten bands of the scanner is approximately 5.1 m.The ground sampling distance is found to be varied with the whisk angles of the scanner and the spatial resolution of the images.The band-to-band registration accuracy between band one and the other nine bands is approximately 0.25 m.The length and angle deformations of the ten bands are approximately 0.67%and 0.3°,respectively.The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and relative radiometric calibration accuracy of bands 4,9,and 10 are relatively better than those of the other bands.Secondly,the radiative transfer equation(RTE)method is used to retrieve the LST from the data of the scanner.Measurements of in situ samples are collected to evaluate the retrieved LST.Neglecting the samples with unreasonable retrieved LST,the bias and RMSE between in situ LST measured by CE312 radiometer and retrieved LST are−0.22 K and 0.94 K,and the bias and RMSE are 0.27 K and 1.59 K for the InfReC R500-D thermal imager,respectively.Overall,the images of the Large Field of View Airborne Infrared Scanner yield a relatively satisfactory accuracy for both LST retrieval and geometric and radiometric qualities.

Lamella Silicon Solar Cell under Both Temperature and Magnetic Field: Width Optimum Determination

This work deals with determining the optimum thickness of the lamella wafer of silicon solar cell. The (p) base region makes up the bulk of the thickness of the wafer. This thickness has always been a factor limiting the performance of the solar cell, as it produces the maximum amount of electrical charges, contributing to the photocurrent. Determining the thickness of the wafer cannot be only mechanical. It takes into account the internal physical mechanisms of generation-diffusion-recombination of excess minority carriers. They are also influenced by external factors such as temperature and magnetic field. Under these conditions, magneto transport equation is required to be applied on excess minority carrier in lamella base silicon solar cell. It yields maximum diffusion coefficient which result on Lorentz law and Umklapp process. Then from photocurrent, back surface recombination velocity expressions are derived, both maximum diffusion coefficient and thickness dependent. The plot of the back surface recombination calibration curves as function of lamella width, leads to its maximum values, trough intercept points. Lamella optimum width is then obtained, both temperature and magnetic field dependent and expressed in relationships to show the required base thickness in the elaboration process.

Modeling of Air Temperature for Heat Exchange due to Vertical Turbulence and Horizontal Air Flow

In order to calculate the air temperature of the near surface layer in urban environment,the surface layer air was divided into several layers in the vertical direction,and some energy balance equations were developed for each air layer,in which the heat exchange due to vertical turbulence and horizontal air flow was taken into account.Then,the vertical temperature distribution of the surface layer air was obtained through the coupled calculation using the energy balance equations of underlying surfaces and building walls.Moreover,the measured air temperatures in a small area(with a horizontal scale of less than 500 m)and a large area(with a horizontal scale of more than 1 000 m)in Guangzhou in summer were used to validate the proposed model.The calculated results agree well with the measured ones,with a maximum relative error of 4.18%.It is thus concluded that the proposed model is a high-accuracy method to theoretically analyze the urban heat island and the thermal environment.

Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution and ThermalStress Field in a Turbine Blade with Multilayer-Structure TBCs by a Fluid–Solid Coupling Method

To study the temperature distribution and thermal-stress field in different service stages, a two-dimensional model of a turbine blade with thermal barrier coatings is developed, in which the conjugate heat transfer analysis and the decoupled thermal-stress calculation method are adopted. Based on the simulation results, it is found that a non-uniform distribution of temperature appears in different positions of the blade surface, which has directly impacted on stress field. The maximum temperature with a value of 1030 ℃ occurs at the leading edge. During the steady stage, the maximum stress of thermally grown oxide （TGO） appears in the middle of the suction side, reaching 3.75 GPa. At the end stage of cooling, the maximum compressive stress of TGO with a value of-3.5 GPa occurs at the leading edge. Thus, it can be predicted that during the steady stage the dangerous regions may locate at the suction side, while the leadine edge mav be more Drone to failure on cooling.

不同稳态工况对同步调相机单相短路后暂态温升的影响

同步调相机可在系统故障时为特高压直流换流站提供暂态无功支持,以保持系统电压稳定,防止直流换相失败,但调相机的高无功输出也会导致其温升增加,运行能力受限。系统故障前同步调相机的初始工况是影响其暂态温升和运行能力的一个重要因素,为研究系统低电压时调相机暂态温升与初始工况之间的关系,该文将调相机的电磁场、温度场与电网模型耦合,计算调相机不同稳态工况下的定转子损耗和温度分布;以线路单相短路故障引起的系统低电压为例,研究调相机初始工况对暂态温升的影响。在考虑各结构件最大容许温度的条件下,揭示调相机单相短路持续时间随初始工况的变化规律。研究结果为提升调相机在系统低电压下的暂态运行能力提供技术支持。

超声混粉电火花加工热力学仿真及表面形貌研究

为了研究超声振动和混粉对电火花加工的影响,基于传热理论,结合超声和混粉特性建立了超声混粉电火花传热模型。基于建立的传热模型对超声混粉电火花加工去除材料过程进行瞬态热力学仿真,并通过实验验证了仿真结果的准确性。通过仿真和实验分析了普通电火花、超声电火花、混粉电火花和超声混粉电火花四种加工方式,结果表明超声混粉电火花加工效率比普通电火花加工效率提高了23%。加入混粉和施加超声可以减少加工表面积碳,提高表面质量;可以使放电凹坑变得更加规则,使表面粗糙度降低。混粉电火花加工相对于普通电火花加工其表面粗糙度平均降低了8.9%,超声混粉电火花表面粗糙度相对于普通电火花平均降低了4.3%。

基于气象大数据的大跨桥梁温度效应预测方法

为了提高结构健康监测的经济性,扩大其应用范围,提出了一种基于气象站大数据信息的大跨度桥梁结构温度场预测方法,从而实现轻量化和可持续性的桥梁温度场及温度变形计算.以某大跨钢拱桁架桥为研究对象,通过气象数据平台获取气象站大数据信息(包括天气、气温和风速信息),利用Elbadry等改进的凯尔别克辐射模型计算桥梁关键构件各表面受到的辐射强度,基于热交换传递理论计算结构热分析边界条件,结合有限元分析方法进行结构瞬态热分析,从而获得目标桥梁关键构件的时变温度场.温度场的计算结果与桥梁上实测温度在时间历程和结构竖向分布上均吻合良好,平均误差在3%以内.将计算得到的结构温度施加到桥梁结构整体有限元模型上,得到桥梁结构的温度变形,桥梁支座纵向位移的计算值与实测值吻合良好,平均误差在13 mm以内.验证了所提出的基于气象站大数据的桥梁结构温度场预测方法是可行的,利用该方法可进一步得到桥梁结构的温度变形.

基于数值模拟和双响应面的FSD-AM预热工艺参数优化

为了实现摩擦表面沉积增材制造(FSD-AM)工艺预热阶段耗棒金属材料充分软化,形成均匀的温度场,以AA6061为耗棒、AA2024为基板,基于ABAQUS/Explicit建立了FSD-AM三维完全热力耦合模型,采用双响应面方法对FSD-AM预热阶段的工艺参数进行了优化。通过单因素试验确定旋转速度、下压速度及预热时间的工艺窗口,利用Box-Behnken响应面法,以耗棒底端中心温度与其熔点的比值及耗棒底端中心温度与基板温度差的绝对值为双响应值进行工艺参数优化,采用优化的工艺参数,使耗棒在预热阶段得到充分软化,而且耗棒与基板的温度差较小,为稳定沉积阶段提供了良好的预热效果。

基于热-力耦合的航空发动机叶片堆焊修复数值模拟

压气机叶片极易出现各类损伤缺陷,因此研究其修复技术有十分重大的意义。利用某有限元软件,使用顺序热-力耦合模型对受损叶片氩弧焊堆焊修复过程进行了数值模拟,同时使用Inconel718合金进行单道堆焊试验。结果表明,数值仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好,所用有限元模型能有效模拟氩弧焊堆焊修复过程。分析不同堆焊层数、不同堆焊方案下叶片温度场、热变形和残余应力情况,模拟过程中熔池形状与实际熔池形状较为吻合,热源中心温度达到堆焊要求;通过对比不同层数下热变形量和残余应力值发现,变形量和残余应力值会随着堆焊层数的增加而增大;顺序堆焊在冷却后的变形和残余应力均大于往复堆焊;为了减小叶身残余应力,应该在保证修复质量的前提下,尽量减少叶尖修复的长度和堆焊层数,并采用往复堆焊。最后对比修复后叶片和完好叶片的固有频率,分析发现二者频率几乎相等,表明使用堆焊对损伤叶片进行修复具有较高的修复质量。

深井泵用永磁同步潜水电机性能分析与成本计算

目前在深井泵市场中,感应潜水电机的应用较为广泛,但是普遍体积大、效率低,水泵耗能严重。永磁同步电机具有高效率、高功率因数以及大功率密度等优点。因此用永磁同步电机代替感应电机作为深井泵的驱动设备,既能提高电机的性能,又能节能减费,响应国家“碳减排”的号召。为了满足最新电机能效等级的要求,根据深井泵对其配套电机要求的特殊性,针对市面上一款22 kW的深井泵用感应潜水电机,设计出一款相同型号的永磁同步潜水电机。运用有限元分析计算,对其在额定工况下性能参数以及各类损耗和感应电机的数据进行对比分析,并对所设计的永磁同步电机进行温度场仿真验证其合理性。对两种电机生产成本以及能耗值进行经济效益评估,计算结果证明所设计的永磁同步潜水电机在一定的时间内便可以完成电机的成本回收,性价比优越,同时为同类深井泵用电机的设计分析提供参考。