Effect of Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Seed Powder on the Chemical and Rheological Properties of Stirred Cultured Camel Milk and Yoghurt

Research shows that producing fermented camel milk is hard because of the milk’s inability to form a firm coagulum, attributed to low levels of κ-casein and ꞵ-lactoglobulin and the large casein micelle size, leading to a weak network of casein formation. In an effort to address this issue, researchers turned to corn starch as a thickening agent, discovering that a concentration of 2.0% effectively improved the viscosity and significantly reduced syneresis in stirred camel milk yoghurt and cultured camel milk. This study explores alternatives to corn starch, focusing on butternut squash seeds as a promising substitute due to their hydrocolloid composition. By incorporating butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) seed powder (BSSP) as a thickening agent, this study aimed at enhancing the chemical and rheological properties of stirred camel milk yoghurt and cultured camel milk. Fermented camel milk was prepared using 4 litres of camel milk, 2% starter cultures (thermophilic culture for yoghurt and mesophilic aromatic culture for stirred cultured camel milk) and BSSP 0.0% (negative control), 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, 2.0% mixed with 0.4% gelatin. 2.0% corn starch mixed with 0.4% gelatin was used as a standard for comparison. Results showed that increasing the BSSP level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the moisture content while increasing the total solid content of stirred fermented camel milk products. There was an increase in ash content with an increase in BSSP levels. There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the pH, with an increase in BSSP levels in stirred fermented camel milk samples. Increasing the concentration of BSSP from 0.4% to 2.0% resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in viscosity and a reduction in syneresis of stirred camel milk yoghurt and stirred cultured camel milk samples. This study demonstrated that BSSP effectively enhances the viscosity, reduces syneresis and increases acidity in stirred fermented camel milk products during storage.

Assessment of spermatogenesis in camels via seminiferous tubule staging and testosterone profiling

Objective:To investigate the successive morphological stages of spermatogenesis,hormonal regulation,and testosterone profile in dromedary camel reproduction.Methods:Testicular tissue samples were obtained from 12 dromedary bull camels aged 7 to 8 at a local abattoir.The histological assessment involved tissue processing,hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining,and examination under a microscope.Stereological analysis,germ cell identification,and assessment of seminiferous tubules and maturation were conducted.Testosterone assay was performed by radioimmunoassay using blood samples collected at regular intervals.Results:The study revealed 12 phases of the dromedary camel's seminiferous epithelium cycle,highlighting distinct morphological characteristics and cellular processes.Acrosomal migration,maturation,cap formation,and the Golgi-mediated synthesis of proacrosomal vesicles were also explained in dimension,as were the steps of acrosome biogenesis.Spermatids and mature sperm cells were present when spermatogenesis phases were examined.An analysis of the dimensions of seminiferous tubules revealed specific measures for diameter,area,and epithelial height about luminal characteristics.Moreover,there were noticeable variations in the serum testosterone concentrations during the study period,indicating temporal dynamics.Conclusions:This study outlines the spermatogenesis process in dromedary camels across 12 stages,emphasizing cellular dynamics and acrosomal biogenesis.It also provides seminiferous tubule measurements and observes seasonal testosterone fluctuations,offering insights into reproductive regulation and potential strategies for camel breeding conservation.

Prevalence of Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors in Lactating Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) on Dairy Farms in Benadir Region, Somalia

The study took a comprehensive approach to understanding mastitis in lactating camels, a disease that significantly impacts milk quantity and quality. This complex and multifactorial disease poses a significant challenge to dairy camel farming, particularly in Somalia. The studys objective was to determine the prevalence of mastitis and the risk factors associated with it among lactating camels on dairy farms in Benadir, Somalia. To achieve this, a cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2022 in the Benadir region of Somalia. A total of 96 lactating camels underwent examination using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) to identify clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 20 farm employees/owners to gather information on hygiene practices, parity, lactation stage, tick infestation, and the presence of udder/teat lesions. Data regarding parity and lactation stage were obtained through owner interviews. The data collected on specifically designed forms were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis using SPSS version 20 statistical software, ensuring a comprehensive and reliable analysis of the data. The studys findings revealed a significant prevalence of camel mastitis, with 34.4% (33/96) of lactating camels affected and clinical and subclinical cases constituting 5.2% and 29.2%, respectively. Quarter-level prevalence was 46.3%, with clinical and subclinical mastitis at 4.7% and 41.6%, respectively. The study also identified significant associations (P < 0.05) among risk factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and age, indicating a higher susceptibility to mastitis in older camels during early lactation compared to those in late lactation and younger camels. These findings underscore the crucial role of inadequate hygienic conditions on camel farms and udder tick infestations in driving the elevated prevalence of mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices in dairy farming in Benadir, Somalia. Effective interventions, including improved management practices and extension services, are essential to reduce the burden of mastitis in dairy camels.

基于CAMELS评级分析硅谷银行破产事件

2023年3月硅谷银行因遭到挤兑,陷入流动性危机,随后在不到两天的时间内宣布破产。本文选取硅谷银行披露的近五年(2018—2022)年报数据,基于CAMELS评级体系对硅谷银行的运营绩效进行分析,与官方给出的评级进行比较,分析近期评级变化原因,发现其内部问题。结果发现硅谷银行的资产负债管理、流动性管理、监管、内部收益率模型等都存在一定问题。最后阐述了本次事件对中小商业银行引发的一系列启示。

中国商业银行成本效率分析——基于DEA模型和CAMEL评级体系

基于CAMEL评级体系选取用于测算银行成本效率的投入、产出指标,利用DEA方法测算了2008—2014年中国65家商业银行的成本效率,分析了3个投入分解项的实际投入量与理想投入量的差异,并根据DEA方法中的规模报酬判断定理分析了样本银行的规模经济情况。结果表明:中国商业银行的成本效率相对较高;从投入分解项看,成本效率低下主要源于中间业务收入投入无效,其次是利息支出过度消耗;2008—2014年期间国有商业银行的成本效率年均值最高,其次是全国性股份制商业银行,城市商业银行最低;成本效率高的商业银行多处于规模报酬不变状态,成本效率较低的商业银行多处于规模报酬递增状态,成本效率介于两者之间的商业银行多处于规模报酬递减阶段。

中美商业银行竞争力比较研究——基于改进后的CAMEL框架

在CAMEL框架基础上引入创新能力因子,并运用超效率DEA方法量化商业银行管理质量,通过因子分析得出各类别得分,然后分配权重求得中美商业银行竞争力排名,并进行差距分析。结果显示,中国商业银行2011年在流动性、盈利能力上优于美国商业银行,管理水平上趋同于美国商业银行,在资本充足性、资产质量上稍劣于美国商业银行,但在创新能力上与美国商业银行有较大差距。我国商业银行应大力发展中间业务,达到品牌化、规模化,同时实施客户价值链管理以及全面风险管理战略,切实提高我国商业银行的持续国际竞争力。

基于CAMEL2的SCP过载控制研究

设计了基于CAMEL2的SCP的过载控制模型,并提出了一种自适应窗口控制算法,该算法与Callgap和Percent算法比较具有更好的健壮性。最后,仿真结果表明该算法具有较好的有效性和公平性。

Fecal microbiota of three bactrian camels(Camelus ferus and Camelus bactrianus) in China by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene

This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.

基于CAMEL3的短消息应用研究

首先分析了现网基于短消息点对点(SMPP)协议的短消息业务(SMS)方案的不足,在此基础上,阐述了基于CAMEL3的SMS方案,并给出了基于CAMEL3的SMS业务流程,最后提出了基于CAMEL3的SMS方案在应用中可能存在的若干重要问题,以及相应的解决方案。

中美商业银行竞争力比较研究——基于改进后的CAMEL框架

本文在CAMEL框架基础上引入创新能力因子,并运用超效率DEA方法量化商业银行管理质量,通过因子分析得出各类别得分,然后分配权重求得中美商业银行竞争力排名,并进行差距分析。结果显示,中国商业银行2011年在流动性、盈利能力上优于美国商业银行,管理水平上趋同于美国商业银行,在资本充足率、资产质量上稍劣于美国商业银行,但在创新能力上与美国商业银行有较大差距。我国商业银行应大力发展中间业务,达到品牌化、规模化,同时实施客户价值链管理以及全面风险管理战略,切实提高我国商业银行的持续国际竞争力。

ITU-TH.323及CAMEL控制VoIP业务方案

移动通信从第二代(2G)网络向第三代(3G)演进,必须满足用户在2G与3G之间漫游,并保证对现有2G补充业务和智能业务的兼容性。文章介绍在3G移动网络中,基于ITU-TH.323协议的CAMEL控制VoIP业务方案,并详细论述该方案可行的3G核心网络结构及其处理流程。

Camel milk could be helpful in the treatment of asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with excessive irritability and airway narrowing and inflammation plays an important role in it.There are 300 million asthmatic people in the world currently.Main treatments for asthma include two groups of bronchodilators and inflammation controllers.Researches was continued in order to reach new treatments to reduce drug side effects and treatment-resistant cases or the types associated with weak treatment response.Today,World Health Organization recommends the application of traditional medicine especially in underdeveloped countries because of insufficient health resources and spread of diseases.Iranian traditional medicine(ITM)or Persian medicine is one of the oldest comprehensive traditional medicines with thousands years history which could help us to manage different diseases.The aim of this hypothesis is to investigate the camel milk as a complementary treatment of asthma because this chronic disease is sometimes resistant or response weakly to the treatment.In this article,the administration of camel milk in lung inflammatory diseases was studied by searching the PubMed and Scopus scientific databases.The results of this study indicated that camel milk due to having anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant effects could decrease the levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-17(IL-17),IL-6,IL-1B and transforming growth factor-β1 in a human and animal samples with inflammatory diseases.Besides,based on ITM,camel milk was used in treatment patients with asthma.But,clinical studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of camel milk in asthma and its mechanisms.

SMS与基于CAMEL3移动智能网互联中的计费问题

本文简要描述了SMS与CAMEL3互联的体系结构及消息流程。详细阐述了SMS与CAMEL3互联中计费流程 ,并且讨论了由此产生的计费中的难点。

CAMEL3业务控制点(SCP)设备技术规范简介

介绍了CAMEL3阶段对业务控制点(SCP)设备的包括功能、计费、性能和可靠性、接口、硬件和软件、统计和操作维护管理等几个方面。

商业银行风险控制评价研究——基于CAMEL模型

本文以骆驼评价体系中所关注的五大方面为基础，在此基础之上选取了具有代表性的5个评价指标构建了关于商业银行风险控制水平的评价模型。结合所提出的评价模型，本文以中国建设银行J分行为实证研究的对象，对其2006年至2010年风险控制水平进行了分析，得出了相关结论。

基于CAMEL2协议的移动智能网中SIB的设计

SIB是实现智能网业务的基本要素,是确保在智能网中能快速提供新业务的关键,论文就如何设计移动智能网中的SIB进行了分析。

基于CAMEL体系的吉林省农村商业银行绩效研究

自2003年改革之后,农村商业银行经历了突飞猛进的发展。随着发展规模的不断壮大,其发展质量与绩效也逐渐受到大众的关注。本文利用骆驼评价体系,从五个方面对吉林省8家农商行进行绩效评价,并划分为较大规模和小微规模两类进行对比分析,同时结合"去杠杆"等宏观政策的影响,探究不同规模农村商业银行的各方面效率差异以及风险应对能力,进而帮助吉林省农商行在发展过程中寻求最优的规模、提高经营效率、降低经营风险,对于中国其它地区农商行也具有一定参考意义。

基于商业银行“三性”、杜邦模型和CAMEL体系的业绩评价——来自2004年我国商业银行财务数据的实证分析

从商业银行经营的基本理念———“三性”分析入手,以突出财务指标之间协调性的杜邦模型弥补“三性”指标的内在冲突,同时引进对银行财务风险的有效分析工具———骆驼评价体系。基于这三个理论分析,构建起评价我国商业银行经营业绩的多元指标,并运用科学、客观的统计工具———因子分析,对我国商业银行2004年年度报告的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量进行分析,从横向和纵向对我国商业银行经营业绩进行综合评价。

Newcastle disease virus-based MERS-CoV candidate vaccine elicits high-level and lasting neutralizing antibodies in Bactrian camels

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus （MERS-CoV）, a member of the Coronavifidae family, is the causative pathogen for MERS that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）, as well as extrapul- monary manifestations. Currently, there are no approved treatment regimens or vaccines for MERS. Here~ we generated recombinant nonvirulent Newcastle disease virus （NDV） LaSota strain expressing MERS-CoV S protein （designated as rLa- MERS-S）, and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice and Bactrian camels. The results revealed that rLa-MERS-S showed similar growth properties to those of LaSota in embryonated chicken eggs, while animal immunization studies showed that rLa-MERS-S induced MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in mice and camels. Our findings suggest that recombinant rLa- MERS-S may be a potential MERS-CoV veterinary vaccine candidate for camels and other animals affected by MERS.

Science of Camel and Yak Milks: Human Nutrition and Health Perspectives

Camels and yaks milks are rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Milk Camel milk is more similar to goat milk and contains less short-chain fatty acids than cow, sheep and buffalo milks, and about 3 times greater vitamin-C than cow milk. One kg of camel milk meets 100% of daily human requirements for calcium and phosphorus, 57.6% for potassium, 40% for iron, copper, zinc and magnesium, and 24% for sodium. Camel milk helps treat liver problems, lowers bilirubin output, lightens vitamin inadequacy and nutrient deficiency, and boosts immunity. Camel milk reduces allergies caused by cow dairy products. Camel milk has low milk fat made mainly from polyunsaturated fatty acids. It lacks ?-lactoglobulin and is rich in immunoglobulins, compatible with human milk. Yak milk has 16.9 - 17.7% solids, 4.9 - 5.3% protein, 5.5 - 7.2% fat, 4.5 - 5.0% lactose, and 0.8 - 0.9% minerals. Yak milk fat is richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, casein and fat than cow milk. Yak milk casein is used to produce antihypertensive peptides with capacities for producing value-added functional foods and proteins. Continual system-atic education of milk science especially for non-cow species will be an obligation for health implications to be optimally perceived by human populations worldwide.