The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,bi...The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.展开更多
In plants,the lysine and histidine transporter(LHT)family represent a class of proteins that mediate the uptake,translocation,and utilization of amino acids.The tea plant(Camellia sinensis)is a perennial evergreen wit...In plants,the lysine and histidine transporter(LHT)family represent a class of proteins that mediate the uptake,translocation,and utilization of amino acids.The tea plant(Camellia sinensis)is a perennial evergreen with a relatively high level of amino acids.However,systematic identification and molecular characterization of the LHT gene family has rarely been reported in tea plants.In this study,22 CsLHTs were identified from the‘Shuchazao’genome and classified into two groups.The modeled three-dimensional structure and the conserved domains presented a high similarity among the LHTs proteins.Moreover,it was predicted that a few genes were conserved through the analysis of the physiochemical characters,structures and cis-elements in promoters.The expression patterns in tea plants revealed that CsLHT7 was mainly expressed in the roots,and CsLHT4 and CsLHT11 exhibited relatively high expression in both the roots and leaves.Moreover,the expression of all three genes could be induced by organic nitrogen.Additionally,heterogeneous expression of CsLHT4,CsLHT7 and CsLHT11 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the aerial parts biomass compared with that in WT plants while significantly increased the rosette biomass only for CsLHT11transgenic plants versus WT plants.Overall,our results provide fundamental information about CsLHTs and potential genes in N utilization for further analysis in tea plants.展开更多
Chinese Assam tea(Camellia sinensis var.assamica)is an important tea crop with a long history of cultivation in Yunnan,China.Despite its potential value as a genetic resource,its genetic diversity and domestication/br...Chinese Assam tea(Camellia sinensis var.assamica)is an important tea crop with a long history of cultivation in Yunnan,China.Despite its potential value as a genetic resource,its genetic diversity and domestication/breeding history remain unclear.To address this issue,we genotyped 469 ancient tea plant trees representing 26 C.sinensis var.assamica populations,plus two of its wild relatives(six and three populations of C.taliensis and C.crassicolumna,respectively)using 16 nuclear microsatellite loci.Results showed that Chinese Assam tea has a relatively high,but comparatively lower gene diversity(H_(S)=0.638)than the wild relative C.crassicolumna(H_S=0.658).Clustering in STRUCTURE indicated that Chinese Assam tea and its two wild relatives formed distinct genetic groups,with considerable interspecific introgression.The Chinese Assam tea accessions clustered into three gene pools,corresponding well with their geographic distribution.However,New Hybrids analysis indicated that 68.48%of ancient Chinese Assam tea plants from Xishuangbanna were genetic intermediates between the Puer and Lincang gene pools.In addition,10%of the ancient Chinese Assam tea individuals were found to be hybrids between Chinese Assam tea and C.taliensis.Our results suggest that Chinese Assam tea was domesticated separately in three gene pools(Puer,Lincang and Xishuangbanna)in the Mekong River valley and that the hybrids were subsequently selected during the domestication process.Although the domestication history of Chinese Assam tea in southwestern Yunnan remains complex,our results will help to identify valuable genetic resources that may be useful in future tea breeding programs.展开更多
Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce th...Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce the 2n pollen formation by high temperature treatment.This study focused on the optimization of the 2n pollen induction technique and the mechanisms of high temperature-induced2n pollen formation in C.oleifera.We found that the optimal protocol for inducing 2n pollen via high temperature was to perform 45℃with4 h at the prophaseⅠstage of the pollen mother cells(PMCs).Meanwhile,high temperature significantly decreased the yield and fertility of2n pollen.Through the observation of meiosis,abnormal chromosome and cytological behaviour was discovered under high-temperature treatment,and we confirmed that the formation of 2n pollen is caused by abnormal cell plate.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis,fifteen hub genes related to cell cycle control were identified.After male flower buds were exposed to heat shock,polygalacturonase gene(CoPGX3)was significantly upregulated.We inferred that high temperature causes the CoPGX3 gene to be overexpressed and that CoPGX3 is redistributed into the cytosol where it degrades cytoplasmic pectin,which leads to an abnormal cell plate.Furthermore,abnormal cytokinesis resulted in the formation of dyads and triads,and PMCs divided to produce 2n pollen.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of 2n pollen induced by high temperature in a woody plant and lay a foundation for further ploidy breeding of C.oleifera.展开更多
Camellia oleifera is an important woody oil tree species unique to China.It is known as the world s four major woody oil crops along with olive,oil palm and coconut.It is known as the‘king of oil’because of its high...Camellia oleifera is an important woody oil tree species unique to China.It is known as the world s four major woody oil crops along with olive,oil palm and coconut.It is known as the‘king of oil’because of its high oil content.With the increase of people's attention to the yield of Camellia oleifera,its high yield has become the focus.In traditional breeding model,judgment is performed by phenotypic traits,but this method is single and easily affected by the environment,and can no longer meet the demand.In contrast,molecular marker breeding is not affected by the environment,and is stable and efficient and capable of accurately mapping target genes,so it has attracted much attention.In this paper,the research progress on C.oleifera germplasm resources diversity,DNA fingerprinting construction,genetic linkage map construction and QTL mapping was summarized,and the application of SSR molecular marker technique combined with association analysis in C.oleifera breeding in recent years was discussed,in order to provide new ideas for high-yield breeding of C.oleifera.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the effects of fungi Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil and physiological characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.[Methods]We investigated the effects of Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil nutrient el...[Objectives]To study the effects of fungi Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil and physiological characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.[Methods]We investigated the effects of Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil nutrient element content and metabolites of C.oleifera.C.oleifera was inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium sp.in pot experiments and ammonium-N,available phosphorus,available potassi-um,organic matter,enzymes and pH of rhizosphere soil,MDA content,activity of SOD,POD of C.oleifera leaves were analyzed.[Results]Fusarium sp.stress significantly inhibited soil enzyme activities and significantly reduced available phosphorus content,especially for phospha-tase and sucrase.Antioxidant enzyme activities in C.oleifera tissues showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly increased MDA and SOD enzyme activities and decreased POD enzyme activity.Especially,SOD enzyme activity was elevated by 53.86%compared with the CK group.In addition,analysis of the content of major metabolites in C.oleifera leaves showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly reduced the content of total flavonoids,quercetin,isoquercitrin and isoquercitrin in C.oleifera leaves by 7.80%,50.00%and 75.90%,respectively.[Conclusions]Our results are an important step which showed strong resistance of C.oleifera and can give a novel insight for researches on the effects in the rhizosphere soil enzyme,soil nutrient elements and metabolites of C.oleifera under the Fusarium sp.too.展开更多
Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and...Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.展开更多
Objective: To explore the protective effect of camellia oil against H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methods: CCK8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate of H9C2 cardiomyocyte...Objective: To explore the protective effect of camellia oil against H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methods: CCK8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate of H9C2 cardiomyocytes treated with different concentrations of H2O2. Normal cultured cells were used as the blank control group, and the cells were treated with 200 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 h. An oxidative stress injury model was constructed as the model group. The cells were pretreated with 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% camellia oil for 24 h, and then H2O2 was added for 24 h as the experimental group. The β-galactosidase senescence staining assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, EdU cell proliferation staining assay and scratch assay were used to observe the changes of cell senescence, mitochondrial membrane potential, proliferation, apoptosis and migration in each group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the cells in each group were detected by using the kit. Results: The cell viability of H9C2 cardiomyocytes treated with different concentrations of H2O2 was inhibited and positively correlated with the concentration of H2O2 (P<0.01). Compared with the blank control group, the positive rate of cell senescence, MDA content and LDH activity increased in the H2O2 model group (P<0.01);mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular value-added rate, migration rate and SOD activity decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the H2O2 model group, the positive rate of cellular senescence (P<0.01 or P<0.05), MDA content and LDH activity decreased (P< 0.01 or P<0.05);mitochondrial membrane potential increased, cell proliferation rate and migration rate increased (P<0.01 or P<0.05) in the experimental group. Conclusion: Camellia oil can significantly inhibit oxidative stress injury in H9C2 cells and exert cardiomyocyte protective effects.展开更多
This study investigates the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) contents in raw biomasses of Camellia sinensis, Gliricidia sepium, and Musa acuminata. Therein, the highest N and P content was seen in Came...This study investigates the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) contents in raw biomasses of Camellia sinensis, Gliricidia sepium, and Musa acuminata. Therein, the highest N and P content was seen in Camellia sinensis 116.80 ± 0.08 mg and 66.00 ± 0.14 mg respectively. The highest K content (106.80 ± 0.04 mg) was observed in Musa acuminata. Next, all three types of plant materials were allowed to decompose in water for 3 weeks, and a sample from each was analyzed for NPK after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd week during decomposition. A significant increase in the release of N, P, and K by the Camellia sinensis to water (P Musa acuminate were not significantly changed (P > 0.05) over time. The ratio for N:P:K was calculated for raw biomass samples and decomposed samples to find the best fitting N:P:K ratio to apply to young tea plants as organic fertilizers. In addition to that, the microbial insight of these organic compounds was analyzed by observing how microbial population increased with decomposition by the enumeration of the total microbial count. A considerable increment in total microbial count was observed up to 3.28 × 10<sup>6</sup>, 1.21 × 10<sup>10</sup>, 2.18 × 10<sup>8</sup>, and 6.49 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/ml for Camellia sinensis, Gliricidia sepium, Musa accuminata (leaves), and Musa accuminata (trunk) respectively. The presence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and nitrogen solubilizing bacteria (NSB) throughout the decomposition period was confirmed by their growth on NBRIP and a modified nutrient medium that was specifically designed for the identification of ammonifiers respectively. Prepared fertilizer samples were applied to young tea plants that were grown in the Mawanella area in Sri Lanka (7°15'12.42"N 80°26'47.62"E) and according to the results, it is clear that fertilizer mixture 1 (N:P:K, 10:5:10, tea dust + Gliricidia + banana trunk) and fertilizer mixture 2 (N:P:K, 10:5:10, tea dust + Gliricidia + banana leaves) has the potential to increase the growth of young tea plants.展开更多
The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%eth...The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.展开更多
Protease inhibitors promote herbivore resistance in diverse plant species.Although many inducible protease inhibitors have been identified,there are limited reports available on the biological relevance and molecular ...Protease inhibitors promote herbivore resistance in diverse plant species.Although many inducible protease inhibitors have been identified,there are limited reports available on the biological relevance and molecular basis of constitutive protease inhibitors in herbivore resistance.Here,we identified a serine protease inhibitor,CsSERPIN1,from the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).Expression of CsSERPIN1 was not strongly affected by the assessed biotic and abiotic stresses.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CsSERPIN1 strongly inhibited the activities of digestive protease activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin.Transient or heterologous expression of CsSERPIN1 significantly reduced herbivory by two destructive herbivores,the tea geometrid and fall armyworm,in tea and Arabidopsis plants,respectively.The expression of CsSERPIN1 in Arabidopsis did not negatively influence the growth of the plants under the measured parameters.Our findings suggest that CsSERPIN1 can inactivate gut digestive proteases and suppress the growth and development of herbivores,making it a promising candidate for pest prevention in agriculture.展开更多
Various genetic and biochemical characteristics exist in tea plant cultivars,and they largely determine production suitability and tea quality.Here,we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of young shoots ...Various genetic and biochemical characteristics exist in tea plant cultivars,and they largely determine production suitability and tea quality.Here,we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of young shoots of seven tea cultivars and identified major regulatory transcription factors(TFs)for the characteristic metabolites in different cultivars based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA).Phenotypically,we found that‘Tieguanyin’(TGY)and‘Fujian Shuixian’(FJSX),which are suitable for oolong tea,had higher catechin contents.The metabolites of‘Jinxuan’(JX)were more prominent,especially the contents of phenolic acids,flavonoids,terpenes,and tannins,which were higher than those of the other six cultivars.Moreover,‘Fudingdabai’(FDDB),which is suitable for white tea,was rich in amino acids,linolenic acid,and saccharides.At the molecular level,hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HCT)(CsTGY12G0001876,and CsTGY06G0003042)led to the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in TGY.The main reason for the higher l-ascorbic acid content in FJSX was the high expression levels of L-galactono-1,4-lactone hydrogenase(GalLDH)(CsTGY13G0000389)and Myo-inositol oxygenase(MIOX)(CsTGY14G0001769,and CsTGY14G0001770),which were regulated by WRKY(CsTGY11G0001197).Furthermore,FDDB,‘Longjing 43’(LJ43),‘Shuchazao’(SCZ)and‘Baihaozao’(BHZ)had higher free fatty acid contents,among which MYB(CsTGY14G0002344)may be a hub gene for the regulation of palmitoleic acid accumulation.More importantly,we found that the shoots of TGY were green with purple,mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins and the downregulation of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX nonomethyl ester cyclase(MPEC)(CsTGY10G0001989)gene that affects chlorophyll synthesis.These results will provide a theoretical reference for tea cultivar breeding and suitability.展开更多
Dear Editor,Tea plant(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)is one of the world’s most important non-alcoholic beverages,with great economic,health,and cultural value.Recently,several genomes of C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA)(...Dear Editor,Tea plant(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)is one of the world’s most important non-alcoholic beverages,with great economic,health,and cultural value.Recently,several genomes of C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA)(Yunkang 10),C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS)(Shuchazao,Biyun,Longjing 43,Tieguanyin,Huangdan),and ancient tea plant(DASZ)have been deciphered[1-3].展开更多
In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis af...In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.展开更多
A new protein wood adhesive was studied with Camellia oleifera protein.Formaldehyde and N-(2)-L-Ala-L-Gln(LAG)were used as the model compounds of amino resins and Camellia oleifera protein,aiming to provide scientific...A new protein wood adhesive was studied with Camellia oleifera protein.Formaldehyde and N-(2)-L-Ala-L-Gln(LAG)were used as the model compounds of amino resins and Camellia oleifera protein,aiming to provide scientific foundations for the improvement and applications of Camellia oleifera protein adhesive by the reaction of model compounds.The experimental results demonstrate that,under alkaline conditions,formaldehyde is easier to react with Camellia oleifera protein by quicker reaction and lower curing temperature.Under acid conditions,amino hydroxymethylated structure of aliphatic series from LAG is difficult to form stable reactive intermediates and further polycondensation.Hydroxymethylation of end acylamino and peptide bond amino from LAG is relatively weak.Under alkaline conditions,the free aliphatic amino and acylamino of LAG both can make hydroxymethylation reaction with formaldehyde.In the polycondensation,hydroxymethyl amide is the initial structure and the reactive intermediate is produced by E1cb reaction of hydroxymethyl amide.Methylene bridge bonds and methylene ether bonds are structures of the polycondensation products,which are competing reactions.The former is mainly formed by the reaction between alkaline reactive intermediate and amino of aliphatic series,and the latter is produced by the reaction of reactive intermediate and amino of hydroxymethyl aliphatic series with hydroxymethyl amide.展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32201509)Hunan Science and Technology Xiaohe Talent Support Project(2022 TJ-XH 013)+6 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2022RC1156,2021RC2100)State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resource Utilization Common Key Technology Innovation for the Green Transformation of Woody Oil(XLKY202205)State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resource Utilization Project(2019XK2002)Key Research and Development Program of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration(GLM[2021]95)Hunan Forestry Outstanding Youth Project(XLK202108-1)Changsha Science and Technology Project(kq2202325,kq2107022)Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent of Hunan Province(2020RC4026).
文摘The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32070376)。
文摘In plants,the lysine and histidine transporter(LHT)family represent a class of proteins that mediate the uptake,translocation,and utilization of amino acids.The tea plant(Camellia sinensis)is a perennial evergreen with a relatively high level of amino acids.However,systematic identification and molecular characterization of the LHT gene family has rarely been reported in tea plants.In this study,22 CsLHTs were identified from the‘Shuchazao’genome and classified into two groups.The modeled three-dimensional structure and the conserved domains presented a high similarity among the LHTs proteins.Moreover,it was predicted that a few genes were conserved through the analysis of the physiochemical characters,structures and cis-elements in promoters.The expression patterns in tea plants revealed that CsLHT7 was mainly expressed in the roots,and CsLHT4 and CsLHT11 exhibited relatively high expression in both the roots and leaves.Moreover,the expression of all three genes could be induced by organic nitrogen.Additionally,heterogeneous expression of CsLHT4,CsLHT7 and CsLHT11 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the aerial parts biomass compared with that in WT plants while significantly increased the rosette biomass only for CsLHT11transgenic plants versus WT plants.Overall,our results provide fundamental information about CsLHTs and potential genes in N utilization for further analysis in tea plants.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970363,31161140350)the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province,China(202101BC070003)supported by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services division。
文摘Chinese Assam tea(Camellia sinensis var.assamica)is an important tea crop with a long history of cultivation in Yunnan,China.Despite its potential value as a genetic resource,its genetic diversity and domestication/breeding history remain unclear.To address this issue,we genotyped 469 ancient tea plant trees representing 26 C.sinensis var.assamica populations,plus two of its wild relatives(six and three populations of C.taliensis and C.crassicolumna,respectively)using 16 nuclear microsatellite loci.Results showed that Chinese Assam tea has a relatively high,but comparatively lower gene diversity(H_(S)=0.638)than the wild relative C.crassicolumna(H_S=0.658).Clustering in STRUCTURE indicated that Chinese Assam tea and its two wild relatives formed distinct genetic groups,with considerable interspecific introgression.The Chinese Assam tea accessions clustered into three gene pools,corresponding well with their geographic distribution.However,New Hybrids analysis indicated that 68.48%of ancient Chinese Assam tea plants from Xishuangbanna were genetic intermediates between the Puer and Lincang gene pools.In addition,10%of the ancient Chinese Assam tea individuals were found to be hybrids between Chinese Assam tea and C.taliensis.Our results suggest that Chinese Assam tea was domesticated separately in three gene pools(Puer,Lincang and Xishuangbanna)in the Mekong River valley and that the hybrids were subsequently selected during the domestication process.Although the domestication history of Chinese Assam tea in southwestern Yunnan remains complex,our results will help to identify valuable genetic resources that may be useful in future tea breeding programs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32101489)Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.XLK202101-2)Science and Technology Innovation Platform and Talent Program of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.2023RC3164,2021NK1007)。
文摘Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce the 2n pollen formation by high temperature treatment.This study focused on the optimization of the 2n pollen induction technique and the mechanisms of high temperature-induced2n pollen formation in C.oleifera.We found that the optimal protocol for inducing 2n pollen via high temperature was to perform 45℃with4 h at the prophaseⅠstage of the pollen mother cells(PMCs).Meanwhile,high temperature significantly decreased the yield and fertility of2n pollen.Through the observation of meiosis,abnormal chromosome and cytological behaviour was discovered under high-temperature treatment,and we confirmed that the formation of 2n pollen is caused by abnormal cell plate.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis,fifteen hub genes related to cell cycle control were identified.After male flower buds were exposed to heat shock,polygalacturonase gene(CoPGX3)was significantly upregulated.We inferred that high temperature causes the CoPGX3 gene to be overexpressed and that CoPGX3 is redistributed into the cytosol where it degrades cytoplasmic pectin,which leads to an abnormal cell plate.Furthermore,abnormal cytokinesis resulted in the formation of dyads and triads,and PMCs divided to produce 2n pollen.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of 2n pollen induced by high temperature in a woody plant and lay a foundation for further ploidy breeding of C.oleifera.
基金Supported by Hunan Provincial Research and Development Plan in Key Fields(2023NK2005)Hunan Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project(XLKY202206).
文摘Camellia oleifera is an important woody oil tree species unique to China.It is known as the world s four major woody oil crops along with olive,oil palm and coconut.It is known as the‘king of oil’because of its high oil content.With the increase of people's attention to the yield of Camellia oleifera,its high yield has become the focus.In traditional breeding model,judgment is performed by phenotypic traits,but this method is single and easily affected by the environment,and can no longer meet the demand.In contrast,molecular marker breeding is not affected by the environment,and is stable and efficient and capable of accurately mapping target genes,so it has attracted much attention.In this paper,the research progress on C.oleifera germplasm resources diversity,DNA fingerprinting construction,genetic linkage map construction and QTL mapping was summarized,and the application of SSR molecular marker technique combined with association analysis in C.oleifera breeding in recent years was discussed,in order to provide new ideas for high-yield breeding of C.oleifera.
基金Supported by Key Field Project of Education Department of Guizhou Province(QJHKYZ[2021]044)Forestry Research Project of Guizhou Province(QLKH[2021]11)+1 种基金Project of Guizhou Provincial Characteristic Key Laboratory(QJHKY[2021]002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41761010).
文摘[Objectives]To study the effects of fungi Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil and physiological characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.[Methods]We investigated the effects of Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil nutrient element content and metabolites of C.oleifera.C.oleifera was inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium sp.in pot experiments and ammonium-N,available phosphorus,available potassi-um,organic matter,enzymes and pH of rhizosphere soil,MDA content,activity of SOD,POD of C.oleifera leaves were analyzed.[Results]Fusarium sp.stress significantly inhibited soil enzyme activities and significantly reduced available phosphorus content,especially for phospha-tase and sucrase.Antioxidant enzyme activities in C.oleifera tissues showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly increased MDA and SOD enzyme activities and decreased POD enzyme activity.Especially,SOD enzyme activity was elevated by 53.86%compared with the CK group.In addition,analysis of the content of major metabolites in C.oleifera leaves showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly reduced the content of total flavonoids,quercetin,isoquercitrin and isoquercitrin in C.oleifera leaves by 7.80%,50.00%and 75.90%,respectively.[Conclusions]Our results are an important step which showed strong resistance of C.oleifera and can give a novel insight for researches on the effects in the rhizosphere soil enzyme,soil nutrient elements and metabolites of C.oleifera under the Fusarium sp.too.
基金funded by the Scarce and Quality Economic Forest Engineering Technology Research Center(2022GCZX002)the Key Lab.of Biomass Energy and Material,Jiangsu Province(Grant No.JSBEM-S-202305).
文摘Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82160597)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project(No.2020GXNSFAA159148)。
文摘Objective: To explore the protective effect of camellia oil against H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methods: CCK8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate of H9C2 cardiomyocytes treated with different concentrations of H2O2. Normal cultured cells were used as the blank control group, and the cells were treated with 200 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 h. An oxidative stress injury model was constructed as the model group. The cells were pretreated with 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% camellia oil for 24 h, and then H2O2 was added for 24 h as the experimental group. The β-galactosidase senescence staining assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, EdU cell proliferation staining assay and scratch assay were used to observe the changes of cell senescence, mitochondrial membrane potential, proliferation, apoptosis and migration in each group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the cells in each group were detected by using the kit. Results: The cell viability of H9C2 cardiomyocytes treated with different concentrations of H2O2 was inhibited and positively correlated with the concentration of H2O2 (P<0.01). Compared with the blank control group, the positive rate of cell senescence, MDA content and LDH activity increased in the H2O2 model group (P<0.01);mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular value-added rate, migration rate and SOD activity decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the H2O2 model group, the positive rate of cellular senescence (P<0.01 or P<0.05), MDA content and LDH activity decreased (P< 0.01 or P<0.05);mitochondrial membrane potential increased, cell proliferation rate and migration rate increased (P<0.01 or P<0.05) in the experimental group. Conclusion: Camellia oil can significantly inhibit oxidative stress injury in H9C2 cells and exert cardiomyocyte protective effects.
文摘This study investigates the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) contents in raw biomasses of Camellia sinensis, Gliricidia sepium, and Musa acuminata. Therein, the highest N and P content was seen in Camellia sinensis 116.80 ± 0.08 mg and 66.00 ± 0.14 mg respectively. The highest K content (106.80 ± 0.04 mg) was observed in Musa acuminata. Next, all three types of plant materials were allowed to decompose in water for 3 weeks, and a sample from each was analyzed for NPK after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd week during decomposition. A significant increase in the release of N, P, and K by the Camellia sinensis to water (P Musa acuminate were not significantly changed (P > 0.05) over time. The ratio for N:P:K was calculated for raw biomass samples and decomposed samples to find the best fitting N:P:K ratio to apply to young tea plants as organic fertilizers. In addition to that, the microbial insight of these organic compounds was analyzed by observing how microbial population increased with decomposition by the enumeration of the total microbial count. A considerable increment in total microbial count was observed up to 3.28 × 10<sup>6</sup>, 1.21 × 10<sup>10</sup>, 2.18 × 10<sup>8</sup>, and 6.49 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/ml for Camellia sinensis, Gliricidia sepium, Musa accuminata (leaves), and Musa accuminata (trunk) respectively. The presence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and nitrogen solubilizing bacteria (NSB) throughout the decomposition period was confirmed by their growth on NBRIP and a modified nutrient medium that was specifically designed for the identification of ammonifiers respectively. Prepared fertilizer samples were applied to young tea plants that were grown in the Mawanella area in Sri Lanka (7°15'12.42"N 80°26'47.62"E) and according to the results, it is clear that fertilizer mixture 1 (N:P:K, 10:5:10, tea dust + Gliricidia + banana trunk) and fertilizer mixture 2 (N:P:K, 10:5:10, tea dust + Gliricidia + banana leaves) has the potential to increase the growth of young tea plants.
文摘The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.
基金We thank Prof.Liang Chen for insightful input and valuable scientific suggestions,Prof.Dr Xinchao Wang,Lu Wang and Yuchun Wang for kindly supplying experimental materials,Xiwang Li and Jianying Jin for looking after the insects and plants.This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272053,31901898)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2023PT03,1610212019001)the Elite Youth Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for Meng Ye.
文摘Protease inhibitors promote herbivore resistance in diverse plant species.Although many inducible protease inhibitors have been identified,there are limited reports available on the biological relevance and molecular basis of constitutive protease inhibitors in herbivore resistance.Here,we identified a serine protease inhibitor,CsSERPIN1,from the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).Expression of CsSERPIN1 was not strongly affected by the assessed biotic and abiotic stresses.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CsSERPIN1 strongly inhibited the activities of digestive protease activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin.Transient or heterologous expression of CsSERPIN1 significantly reduced herbivory by two destructive herbivores,the tea geometrid and fall armyworm,in tea and Arabidopsis plants,respectively.The expression of CsSERPIN1 in Arabidopsis did not negatively influence the growth of the plants under the measured parameters.Our findings suggest that CsSERPIN1 can inactivate gut digestive proteases and suppress the growth and development of herbivores,making it a promising candidate for pest prevention in agriculture.
基金supported by the Major Special Project of Scientific and Technological Innovation on Anxi Tea, China (AX2021001)the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Construction Project for Technological Innovation and Service System of Tea Industry Chain, China (K1520005A01)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-19)the fund for Excellent Master’s Dissertations of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (1122YS01007)。
文摘Various genetic and biochemical characteristics exist in tea plant cultivars,and they largely determine production suitability and tea quality.Here,we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of young shoots of seven tea cultivars and identified major regulatory transcription factors(TFs)for the characteristic metabolites in different cultivars based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA).Phenotypically,we found that‘Tieguanyin’(TGY)and‘Fujian Shuixian’(FJSX),which are suitable for oolong tea,had higher catechin contents.The metabolites of‘Jinxuan’(JX)were more prominent,especially the contents of phenolic acids,flavonoids,terpenes,and tannins,which were higher than those of the other six cultivars.Moreover,‘Fudingdabai’(FDDB),which is suitable for white tea,was rich in amino acids,linolenic acid,and saccharides.At the molecular level,hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HCT)(CsTGY12G0001876,and CsTGY06G0003042)led to the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in TGY.The main reason for the higher l-ascorbic acid content in FJSX was the high expression levels of L-galactono-1,4-lactone hydrogenase(GalLDH)(CsTGY13G0000389)and Myo-inositol oxygenase(MIOX)(CsTGY14G0001769,and CsTGY14G0001770),which were regulated by WRKY(CsTGY11G0001197).Furthermore,FDDB,‘Longjing 43’(LJ43),‘Shuchazao’(SCZ)and‘Baihaozao’(BHZ)had higher free fatty acid contents,among which MYB(CsTGY14G0002344)may be a hub gene for the regulation of palmitoleic acid accumulation.More importantly,we found that the shoots of TGY were green with purple,mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins and the downregulation of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX nonomethyl ester cyclase(MPEC)(CsTGY10G0001989)gene that affects chlorophyll synthesis.These results will provide a theoretical reference for tea cultivar breeding and suitability.
基金This study was funded by Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.RCYX20210706092103024)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B020220004).
文摘Dear Editor,Tea plant(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)is one of the world’s most important non-alcoholic beverages,with great economic,health,and cultural value.Recently,several genomes of C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA)(Yunkang 10),C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS)(Shuchazao,Biyun,Longjing 43,Tieguanyin,Huangdan),and ancient tea plant(DASZ)have been deciphered[1-3].
基金Funding Statement:The authors express their gratitude for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101475)the Yuemu Technology Plan Project(YMKJ202201).
文摘In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160348)the Department Program of Guizhou Province (ZK[2021]162 and[2019]2325)+1 种基金the Special Project of“Doctor Professor Service Group of Kaili University (BJFWT201906)the Cultivation Project of Guizhou University of China ([2019]37)。
文摘A new protein wood adhesive was studied with Camellia oleifera protein.Formaldehyde and N-(2)-L-Ala-L-Gln(LAG)were used as the model compounds of amino resins and Camellia oleifera protein,aiming to provide scientific foundations for the improvement and applications of Camellia oleifera protein adhesive by the reaction of model compounds.The experimental results demonstrate that,under alkaline conditions,formaldehyde is easier to react with Camellia oleifera protein by quicker reaction and lower curing temperature.Under acid conditions,amino hydroxymethylated structure of aliphatic series from LAG is difficult to form stable reactive intermediates and further polycondensation.Hydroxymethylation of end acylamino and peptide bond amino from LAG is relatively weak.Under alkaline conditions,the free aliphatic amino and acylamino of LAG both can make hydroxymethylation reaction with formaldehyde.In the polycondensation,hydroxymethyl amide is the initial structure and the reactive intermediate is produced by E1cb reaction of hydroxymethyl amide.Methylene bridge bonds and methylene ether bonds are structures of the polycondensation products,which are competing reactions.The former is mainly formed by the reaction between alkaline reactive intermediate and amino of aliphatic series,and the latter is produced by the reaction of reactive intermediate and amino of hydroxymethyl aliphatic series with hydroxymethyl amide.