Mechanism of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil for analgesia based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry integrated network pharmacology

This study aims to explore the analgesic ingredients and mechanism of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil(CCEO).The constituents in CCEO were characterized qualitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Targets related to active ingredients were collected by PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction.Targets related to pain were screened by TTD and OMIM database,and compound-target network was established by Cytoscape software.Gene ontology(GO)function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis of targets were carried out by DAVID database.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was established and analyzed by STRING database.Molecular docking method was used to verify the interaction between main components and relevant core targets.A total of 13 compounds were identified in CCEO,and 58 related targets were predicted.GO function enrichment analysis revealed that the selected targets were mainly involved in biological processes such as chemical synaptic transmission and molecular function such as neurotransmitter receptor activity;24 signal pathways were screened by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and calcium signaling pathway.Docking results showed that the main constituents had certain affinities with the key targets.The active ingredients in CCEO regulated multiple signaling pathways to ameliorate pain through AR,ACHE,ESR1,GABRG2,PTGS2 and PPARγ.

广东阳春现代樟树树轮宽度变化及其对气候因子的响应

树木年轮方法定年准确、连续性强、分辨率高和易于获取复本等 ,成为全球气候变化研究的重要手段之一。在热带、亚热带地区 ,受树木生理特性的影响 ,树轮研究工作开展较少。通过广东阳春过渡热带现代樟树树木年轮宽度的变化 ,发现秋季降水是影响研究区樟树生长的重要因子。树轮记录的准 4～ 4 .92 a周期的树轮指数变化可能与厄尔尼诺的周期有关 ,即厄尔尼诺引起气候变化对树木生长产生影响。尽管樟树生长快 ,树轮不清晰 ,交叉定年困难 ,但由于研究区存在明显的旱季 ,樟树树轮仍然能够在一定程度上反映气候条件的影响。

樟树叶水浸提液对高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

试验探讨了不同浓度的樟树[Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl]叶水浸提液对草坪植物高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明,樟树叶水浸提液对受体植物种子的萌发及幼苗生长均有明显的化感抑制作用,且随着水浸提液浓度的升高,抑制效应增强。当水浸提液浓度达到150 mg/mL时,高羊茅种子的发芽率、发芽指数和单株幼苗的苗长、苗鲜重、根长、根鲜重均与去离子水处理的对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。其中对高羊茅种子发芽指数的化感抑制效应高于对发芽率的化感抑制效应;对幼苗生长指标的化感抑制作用强度高低排序依次为根长、苗长、根鲜重、苗鲜重;显示出樟树叶片中含有较强活性和具稳定性的化感物质。

超声波辅助提取香樟根中总黄酮的工艺优化

为了优化香樟[Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl.]根中总黄酮的超声波辅助提取工艺,采用单因素试验考察了超声波处理时间、乙醇体积分数、料液比对香樟根总黄酮得率的影响,结合正交设计L9(34)进行提取工艺优化试验,以芦丁为标准品,采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠可见分光光度法测定总黄酮浓度。单因素试验及正交试验结果表明,影响香樟根总黄酮得率的因素为乙醇体积分数>料液比>超声波处理时间;最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶25(m/V,g∶mL)、乙醇体积分数50%、超声波处理时间30 min,在该条件下香樟根总黄酮的得率为2.692 mg/g。

综合开发利用樟树资源

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora(Linn.)Presl)系樟科樟属植物。植物体中所含芳香油是香料宝库,是轻化工业的主要原料。樟树是我国传统的香料资源,开发利用历史悠久,古老的利用方法是砍伐大树,而后用木材和树根提取系列香料,这种开采方式严重地破坏了植物资源。如,黄樟和沉水樟等树种,频临灭绝的危险,因而导致香源短缺。为了保护资源和发展樟树资源,进行了利用樟树叶子提取香料的研究,并已发展到工业生产的规模。但樟树的天然果实迄今未被人们重视,一直处于自生自灭。樟树分为三种不同的生化类型,我们研究了芳樟型C.camphora(L.)Presl Var.,Linaloolifera Fujita的叶子和果实挥发油以及种子脂肪油的理化性质和化学成分。

正交试验法对樟树根中总黄酮提取工艺的优选

以樟树[Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl.]根为原料,利用超声波辅助提取樟树根中的总黄酮成分。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验法,重点考察了超声波功率、提取温度、提取时间和料液比等因素对总黄酮提取率的影响,并最终确定最佳工艺条件为:超声功率为480 W,提取温度为50℃,料液比为1∶25(g∶m L),提取时间为30 min,采用该最佳提取工艺,总黄酮的提取率可达13.50%。

滇润楠与香樟幼苗受旱复水后的生理变化对比研究

通过对云南乡土树种滇润楠和外来树种香樟幼苗的盆栽控水和复水试验,探讨土壤干旱胁迫解除后的水分生理变化以比较二者的耐旱能力。结果表明:(1)控水9d后复水的第3d滇润楠幼苗各指标值均已接近对照组,而香樟叶片的脯氨酸含量和相对外渗率仍与对照组有显著差异;(2)控水11d再复水3d后香樟幼苗的大多数测定指标都远离对照水平,而与此同时滇润楠幼苗的各项测定指标都有了明显恢复,除了脯氨酸含量和相对外渗率与对照指标差距较大外,叶水势和叶绿素含量都基本恢复到对照水平。研究表明在遭受同等程度的干旱胁迫之后再复水,滇润楠幼苗可恢复的指标多,部分生理指标比香樟恢复得快,表明滇润楠幼苗的耐旱性能比香樟强。

樟树不同化学型叶片结构比较解剖学研究

了解樟树(Cinnamomum camphora[Linn.]Presl)4种不同化学型叶片结构及油细胞和粘液细胞解剖差异,为樟树化学型分化研究提供可参考解剖学依据,采用组织透明法、石蜡切片法分别对樟树的4种不同化学型叶结构进行比较解剖学研究,依据数量性状、多元编码性状及转换数量性状等16项指标对4种不同化学型樟树进行聚类分析;12种非编码指标相关性分析及主成分分析。结果表明,樟树的4种化学型叶片解剖结构在叶厚、栅栏组织层数、栅海比、有无表皮毛、油细胞分布部位等方面均存在差异;通过叶片解剖结构16个指标对4种化学型进行聚类分析,4种化学型聚为3类,柠檬醛型与樟脑型聚为一类,龙脑型、芳樟醇型各自聚为一类;聚类结果可为不同化学型分化研究提供解剖学参考依据;12种非编码指标存在一定的相关关系,经主成分分析,叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度等是反映不同化学型叶片解剖结构的主要指标。

大叶樟的种类及栽培技术

大叶樟,湖南广泛推广应用的园林绿化新树种,以其生长速度快、冠形好、叶大光亮、病虫害少、深受人们的喜爱,大叶樟叶形大,长6—12厘米,宽3—6厘米,是其主要特征,是与香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)相区别被人们所统称的樟属几个树种。

不同坡位杉木樟树混交林地上部分和地下部分生物量分布

对福建省尤溪县4年生杉木、樟树人工混交林地上部分和地下部分生物量及其分配进行了调查。结果表明,从混交林生长指标来看,不同坡位杉木及樟树平均胸径、平均树高及单位面积平均材积均体现为下坡位生长量>中坡位生长量>上坡位生长量;从生物量来看,下坡位杉木、樟树平均木单株总生物量最高,其次为中坡位,上坡位杉木、樟树林分总生物量最低;从各器官生物量分配率上看,不同坡位杉木各器官生物量分配率均表现为干部>叶部>枝部,樟树各器官生物量均表现为干部>枝部>叶部。从平均木各径级根生物量分配率来看,杉木不同坡位均表现为骨骼根>中根>大根>小根>细根,樟树不同坡位均表现为骨骼根>大根>中根>细根>小根。

Characteristics of water relations in seedling of Machilus yunnanensis and Cinnamomum camphora under soil drought condition

The soil drought stress experiment in different durations (no watering within 3d, 6d, 9d, 11d individually) was conducted to study the drought-resistant capacity of one-year-old seedlings for the native tree species (Machilus yunnanensis) in Yunnan Province and the introduced tree species (Cinnamomum camphora). The leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, proline content and plasma membrane permeability for two species seedlings were measured in different soil drought conditions. The results showed that, on the 9th day of drought stress, the leaf water potential of two species decreased obviously, whereas the free proline content and plasma membrane permeability increased sharply. On the 11th day, the leaf water potential of C. camphora seedlings was lower than that of M. yunnanensis seedlings; the plasma membrane permeability in C. camphora seedling leaves increased much more than that in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves, which showed that the injury to the former by soil drought stress was more severe than that to the latter. The free proline content in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves continued to increase on the 11th day, but that in the C. camphora seedling leaves started to drop obviously, indicating that the reduction of osmotic regulation substance in C. camphora seedling leaves after the 11th day was unable to maintain the osmotic balance between the plasma system and its surroundings and the water loss occurred inevitably. Comprehensively, M. yunnanensis seedlings enhanced the drought-resistance in the course of soil drought stress by maintaining higher leaf water potential and by increasing osmotic regulation substance to promote cell plasma concentration and maintain membrane structure integrity so as to reduce water loss. The subordination function index evaluated with fuzzy mathematic theory also showed that the drought-resistant capacity of M. yunnanensis seedlings was stronger than that of C. camphora seedlings.

Contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components in Cinnamomum camphora foliar litter in different-sized gaps in Pinus massoniana plantations

Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.

福州地区樟青凤蝶生物学特性

采用室内饲养结合野外调查的方法,对福州地区樟青凤蝶(Graphium sarpedon Linnaeue)生物学特性进行观察和研究。结果表明,樟青凤蝶在福州地区的寄主植物种类和数量较多,分布广泛;主要以幼虫为害香樟、肉桂等树木的嫩叶及新梢,影响新叶萌发,降低其观赏效果。该虫1年发生5代,世代重叠现象明显,以蛹越冬,非越冬代平均历期60.5 d,越冬代平均历期136.5 d。卵期约5 d,常单卵产于香樟(Cinnamomum camphora Presl.)嫩叶;幼虫共5龄,历期26~30 d,食量随着龄级增加而增大;多于香樟叶背结蛹,蛹期约16 d,越冬蛹约92 d;成虫历期8~11 d,羽化率为87.5%。依据该虫在福州的危害情况编制其生活史表,为制定科学的防治策略提供依据。此外,饲养过程中还发现约8%的幼虫疑似感染病原而死亡,同时发现天敌广大腿小蜂(Brachymeria lasus Walker)寄生樟青凤蝶,自然寄生率约为3%,对自然种群的控制发挥了重要作用。

Effect of plant growth regulators on direct somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree(Cinnamomum camphora L.)from immature zygotic embryos and embryogenic calli induction

A description of a successful direct somatic embryogenesis induction from immature zygotic embryos of a camphor tree （Cinnamomum camphora L.） is presented. After a subculture of 2-3 years, embryogenic calli could be derived from primary somatic embryos. Immature zygotic embryos were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog （MS） basal medium supplemented with a range of combinations of cytokinins （BA） and auxins （2,4-D or NAA） for somatic embryo induction. Primary somatic embryos could be induced directly in almost all PGR combinations. A positive effect of 2,4-D on somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos of camphor tree was obtained. BA at appropriate concentrations （〈 5 mg-L-1） had an effect similar to 2,4-D, whereas high concentrations （〉 5 mg·L^-1） of BA had the effect of restraining somatic embryo induction. NAA had a less positive effect on somatic embryogenesis than 2,4-D.

Yellowing of disease? Or differentiating for adaptation? Study on Cinnamomum camphora ecotypes

Cinnamomum camphora （L.） Presl is an evergreen broad-leaved tree of the Lauraceae family, widely distributed in the sub-tropical areas in the south of China and used as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets in Shanghai for its beautiful shape and intensive stress-resistance. However, yellowing of C camphora in recent years casts doubt about its significance. We believe the green-leaved and yellow-leaved C camphora might be two different ecotypes, and tentatively refer to the green-leaved C camphora as C camphora f. viridis f. nov （CCV） and the yellow-leaved as C camphora f.flavus f. nov （CCF）. We studied their differences and arrived at the following conclusions： 1） compared with CCF, the area of lamina of CCV is significantly larger and the amount of chlorophyll （Chl） significantly higher; 2） the lamina and palisade tissues of CCV are significantly thicker than those of CCF, but its cuticle is significantly thinner; 3） the shape of the stomata of CCV is different from that of the CCF; the stomatal density and stomatal index of CCV are significantly lower than those of CCF. These results show that C camphora might evolve adaptive dif- ferentiation in some aspects which can be used in virescence in urban streets and gardens.

Studies on Antibacterial Effect of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora( L.) Presl. to Avian Escherichia coli and Salmonella

[Objective]This study aimed to observe the antibacterial activity of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora（ L.） Presl. aqueous extracts and their antibiotical effect when being used with commonly used antibiotics in- vitro. [Method] Broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution method were used and the reference strain E. coli ATCC25922 and clinical sample separation strains of E. coli and Salmonella were selected to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration（ MIC） and fractional inhibitory concentration（ FIC）. [Result] The MICs of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora（ L.） Presl. for E. coli and Salmonella were both 1 mg /mL,and that of other antibiotics for the two strains were in the quality control range provided by NCCLS. [Conclusion] The synergistic effect or additive effect were observed when they were applied with the commonly used antibiotics.

樟树主要食叶害虫种类及其防治技术

樟树Cinnamomum camphora别名香樟、樟木等,是南方最常见的绿化树种,广泛用作庭荫树、行道树,也可用于营造风景林和防护林,是南方最主要的森林树种。随着城市园林化、生态化和农村城镇化建设的推进,近年来,荆州市樟巢螟、大袋蛾、樟刺蛾、黄刺蛾、樟蚕、乌桕黄毒蛾、樟叶蜂等7种主要食叶害虫的发生和危害呈逐年上升趋势。

Preventive effect of essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora leaves against mice allergic contact dermatitis

This article was aimed to study the antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects of essential oil of camphor leaves and its possible mechanism. The chemical constituents of essential oil of camphor leaves were analyzed by GC-MS. Mice allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) models were induced 0.5% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) solution. The contents of IL-4, 5-LOX, LTB4 and LTR1 in serum and the histomorphology of mice ear cutaneous tissue were measured after induction. Pathological examination showed a large number of inflammatory cells in the model group. Inflammatory cells were not seen in essential oil high dose group. The dermis slightly thickened in the low doses of essential oil group. The contents of 5-LOX, LTB4 and LTR1 of the drug groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with that of the model group. However, the essential oil of camphor leaf had no significant effect on IL-4 (P > 0.05). Essential oil of camphor leaves has significant antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects on ACD by inhibiting the 5-LOX-LTB4-LTR1 pathway.

Impact of elevated CO_2 concentration under three soil water levels on growth of Cinnamomum camphora

Forest plays very important roles in global system with about 35% land area producing about 70% of total land net production. It is important to consider both elevated CO2 concentrations and different soil moisture when the possible effects of elevated CO2 concentration on trees are assessed. In this study, we grew Cinnamomum camphora seedlings under two CO2 concentrations （350 μmol/mol and 500μmnol/mol） and three soil moisture levels [80%, 60% and 40% FWC （field water capacity）] to focus on the effects of exposure of trees to elevated CO2 on underground and aboveground plant growth, and its dependence on soil moisture. The results indicated that high CO2 concentration has no significant effects on shoot height but significantly impacts shoot weight and ratio of shoot weight to height under three soil moisture levels. The response of root growth to CO2 enrichment is just reversed, there are obvious effects on root length growth, but no effects on root weight growth and ratio of root weight to length. The CO2 enrichment decreased 20.42%, 32.78%, 20.59% of weight ratio of root to shoot under 40%, 60% and 80% FWC soil water conditions, respectively. And elevated CO2 concentration significantly increased the water content in aboveground and underground parts. Then we concluded that high CO2 concentration favours more tree aboveground biomass growth than underground biomass growth under favorable soil water conditions. And CO2 enrichment enhanced lateral growth of shoot and vertical growth of root. The responses of plants to elevated CO2 depend on soil water availability, and plants may benefit more from CO2 enrichment with sufficient water supply.

Biological traits and life history of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),a weevil pest on camphor trees in China

Cinnamomum camphora(L.)J.Presl.(Laurales:Lauraceae)is widely cultivated as an important landscape tree species in many urban areas in South China,especially in Shanghai City.Pagiophloeus tsushimanus Morimoto has become a destructive insect pest of C.camphora plantations in Shanghai,but the biological and ecological traits of this pest remain largely unknown.In this study,we investigated the damage and life history and determined the larval instar of P.tsushimanus.The results indicated that P.tsushimanus is a monophagous weevil pest,and C.camphora is the unique host tree species.C.camphora plantations in all administrative districts of Shanghai have been seriously damaged by P.tsushimanus.Adults often aggregate for feeding on the tender bark of twigs and occasionally on newly emerged buds.After experiencing damage,the twigs shrink and crack and the buds will shrink.Adults tend to repeatedly mate and oviposit,and all females lay single eggs at a time.Eggs will be covered with a mixture of secretions and wood chips by female adults.Larvae(1 st-2 nd instar)feed on the phloem,while 3 rd-5 th instar can bore into the phloem and the cambium.Massive tunnels,including three shapes(inverted"L",inverted"T",and inverted"Z"),were observed in the trunk of each tree,and resulted in swelling of the outer bark.P.tsushimanus has one life cycle per year in Shanghai.Both adults and larvae(3 rd-5 th instar)overwinter from early November to early April.Adults overwinter in grooves on the underside of branches or at branch nodes,and larvae overwinter in tunnels.Five larval instars of P.tsushimanus were determined according to Dyar’s and Crosby’s rules.The biological traits and life history of P.tsushimanus have been identified and can provide guidance in terms of pest control and plantation management.