Solvothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Thermal Stability and Quantum Chemistry of Dinuclear Trialkyltin Complexes Constructed by Camphoric Acid

Two dinuclear organotin complexes C8H14（CO2SnCy3）2（1）（Cy = cyclohexyl group） and C8H14[CO2Sn（CH2CMe2Ph）3]2（2） were synthesized by the reactions of camphoric acid with tricyclohexyltin hydroxide and bis[tri（2-methyl-2-phenyl）propyltin] oxide under solvothermal conditions, and these complexes were characterized by infrared spectra, elemental analyses, and H NMR spectra. The crystal of 1 belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 1.83478（19）, b = 1.52707（18）, c = 1.9849（2） nm, β = 122.515（7）°, Z = 4, V = 4.6896（9） nm^3, Dc = 1.324 g/cm^3, μ（MoKα） = 1.103 mm^-1, F（000） = 1952, R = 0.0697 and wR = 0.2040. In addition, thermal stability and quantum chemical calculation of 1 were also studied.

Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of Manganese(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymer with Camphoric Acid and 1,10-Phenanthroline

A novel coordination polymer, Mn(H_2O)(CA)(Phen)·H_2O(CA=camphoric acid, Phen=1,10-phenanthroline), was synthesized and its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Six-coordinated {Mn(Ⅱ)} atoms are linked with carboxyl groups from camphoric acid ligands to form infinite one-dimensional chains. These chains are packed by means of hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, forming a three-dimensional structure. IR, thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility data for Mn(H_2O)(CA)(Phen)·H_2O are given.

Primary Study on Reasons for the Growth Re-cession of Fragrant Camphor Trees at the West Lake Scenic Area and Diagnosis Procedure

Fragrant camphor tree is the city tree of Hangzhou which takes a large proportion of the ancient trees in Hangzhou City. Recently, with the free open of the attractions around the West Lake and the implementation of the comprehensive pro- ject for protecting the West Lake, a part of ancient fragrant camphor trees are fac- ing problems such as altered living conditons. Some of them are showing a decline in growth vigor or even close to death, which will produce extremely negative influ- ences on the maintaining and sustainable development of the West Lake Scenic Area if without any timely measures for the rescue and rejuvenation of the trees. Therefore, strengthening the protection and management of ancient fragrant camphor trees at the West Lake Scenic Area and carrying out researches on the procedure for diagnosing the reasons for the growth recession of the ancient fragrant camphor trees at the West Lake Scenic Area are of great significance for the future protec- tion and rejuvenation of the ancient trees around the West Lake. The factors influ- encing the growth of ancient trees and indexes for judging the growth condition were listed and the reasons for the growth recession were systematically summa- rized in this paper. In addition, measures for the rejuvenation of the ancient fragrant camphor trees were also simply discussed.

Physiological Changes and Cold Tolerance of Three Camphor Species During Natural Winter Temperature Fluctuations

The dynamic changes in the malondialdehyde（MDA）, superoxide dismutase（SOD）, soluble sugar, proline, and soluble protein contents, as well as the relative electrolyte conductivity and the corresponding cold resistance, of Cinnamomum bodinieri Level., C. camphora L., and C. caudiferum Kisterm were investigated during the winter months of October 2009 to April 2010. During the short period of temperature decline that lasted until mid-December, the changes in the relative electrolyte conductivity and MDA content with temperature were insignificant. In January, SOD activity continued to increase and then peaked as a result of rapid increases in soluble sugar, proline, soluble protein, as well as the inhibition of the relative electrolyte conductivity and decrease in MDA content. These physiological changes protected the camphor trees from cold damage during winter. From February to March, SOD activity and the soluble protein and proline contents increased with the increase in temperature. However, the relative electrolyte conductivity and MDA content decreased, indicating that the cell membrane damaged by low temperature was gradually being repaired. The cold dip in April led to slight increases in the relative electrolyte conductivity and MDA content. Using a fuzzy mathematics method, the cold resistance adaptability of the camphor trees was divided into three periods namely, the enhancement setting stage, the vigorous stage, and the reducing stage. The cold tolerance abilities were ranked as the following order： C. bodinieri Level〉C. camphora L.〉C. caudiferum Kisterm.

Analysis of Internal Moisture Change of Camphor Seeds during Drying by Low-Field NMR

In this study,low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR)was used to collect the transverse relaxation signals of camphor seeds that had been dried at different temperatures and for different durations.The transverse relaxation time of the hydrogen nucleus was obtained by SIRT(Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique)inversion,and the correlation between the moisture content on dry basis and the amplitude of NMR signal of camphor seeds sampled at different drying stages was analyzed.The results showed that water existed in three main forms strongly bound water,weakly bound water and free water in camphor seeds.During the drying process,the peak position of strongly bound water remained unchanged,but the peak positions of weakly bound water and free water fluctuated.Drying rate increased with drying temperature increasing.In addition,there was a very significant linear relationship between the total NMR signal amplitude and moisture content on dry basis,and the correlation coefficient reached 0.984 4.

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-chain Biodiesel from Cinnamonum camphora Seed Oil

The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.

Low Temperature Plasma CVD Grown Graphene by Microwave Surface-Wave Plasma CVD Using Camphor Precursor

Hydrocarbon precursor such as methane has been widely used to grow graphene films and the methods of growing quality graphene films are dominated by thermal CVD （chemical vapor deposition） system. Graphene films grown by plasma process are generally highly defective which in turns degrade the quality of the films. Here, using a green precursor, camphor we demonstrate a simple and economical method to get high-quality graphene film on copper substrate by micro wave surface-wave plasma CVD at relatively low temperature 550℃. Graphene film grown using camphor shows superior quality than that of the film grown using methane. Results revealed that camphor precursor is a good alternative to hydrocarbon precursors for graphene research.

Simultaneous determination of borneol and its metabolite in rat plasma by GC-MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study

A gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC-MS） method has been developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of natural borneol （NB） and its metabolite, camphor, in rat plasma. Following a single liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an HP-5MS capillary column （0.25 mm ？ 30 m ？ 0.25μm） and analyzed by MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. Selected ion monitor （m/z） of borneol, camphor and internal standard was 95, 95 and 128, respectively. Linearity, accuracy, precision and extraction recovery of the analytes were all satisfactory. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of NB after oral administration to Wistar rats.

UV- VIS SPECTRA OF POLYANILINE DOPED WITH CAMPHOR SULFONIC ACID IN DIFFERENT ORGANIC SOLVENTS

The doping reaction of polyaniline with camphor sulfonic acid (CSAH) in different organic solvents was studied by UV Vis spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the polaron band of the species was shifted to shorter wavelength when polyaniline was doped with CSAH in N methyl 2 pyrrolidione (NMP) solvent, while the red shift of polaron band was observed when it was in N, N dimethylformamide (DMF). It indicates that the influence of different processing solvents on the doping property of polyaniline is greatly different. N methyl 2 pyrrolidione is a good solvent for polyaniline, polyaniline chain is unfolded in it. The interaction of NMP with CSAH is so strong that the resulting product is apt to dedoping, while the solubility of polyaniline in DMF is relatively low and polyaniline chain is in partly folded state. Thus the doping reaction is kinetically disadvantageous but thermodynamically advantageous.

Synthesis of Chiral 3-Acylcamphors

3-Acylcamphors were synthesized in moderate yields by the condensation of camphor with esters using sodium hydride as a base.

THE ASYMMETRIC ALKYLATIONS OF CHIRAL TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES OF(+)—CAMPHOR IMINE

The asymmetric alkylations of chiral transition metal complexes derived from (+)-camphor and 2-aminomethyl-6-methylpyridine were examined under mild conditions.The formation of the complexes 2 is conductive to the enhancement of di- astereoselectivity in the alkylations at room temperature.

Cinnamomum camphora: a long history for epidemics control

Camphor(C_(10)H_(16)O)is a white crystalline solid exist in enantiomeric form R and S camphor.It is a terpenoid obtained from turpentine oil.Synthetically it is synthesized by catalytic process as alpha pinene.Naturally camphor is obtained by steam distillation of woods of Cinnamomum camphora tree,also known as Camphor tree,camphor laure and camphor wood.Camphor has many pharmacological properties.It acts as antiviral,anticancerous,antimicrobial,insecticidal,anticoccidial,anti-nociceptive and antitussive drug.In addition,it can be used as skin penetrating enhancer.Camphor gives a soothing and cooling effect,which helps to reduce pain.The reason behind its soothing effect is camphor act as a counter-irritant by activating heat sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 3 receptors and inhibits the transient receptor potential melastatin-subfamily member 8 receptor.As a result,these receptors provide a sensation of scalding heat and pain(nociception)and could be used to treat neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis,chemotherapy,or amputation,as well as pain associated with the inflammatory response of damaged tissue such as in osteoarthritis.Camphor has a history of epidemics cure.During leishmaniosis(kala-azar)pandemic in 14th century,camphor was used as fumigant to control the spread of plague in European countries.In 19th century when cholera,small pox and influenza spreads,camphor was used as mothballs in Indian subcontinent as a(cough reliever)agent.During 18th century Russian influenza“flu pandemic”founder of Homeopathy Hahnemann in 1831,published his research work on camphor and suggested camphor as a“divine remedy”for influenza given in extremely small doses.In the same year,several companies launched to sell menthol rub as natural rub ointment consisting camphor as prevention measures for spread of influenza.As the recent epidemic of COVID-19 arises,prevention and control of spread of disease is an alarming issue.This article covered the glimpse of uses and importance of camphor in the history of epidemic cure.

Gold Determination by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Preconcentration Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Menthol and Camphor

A novel analytical procedure for the determination of gold by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry combined with selective liquid-liquid extraction by natural deep eutectic solvents(NADESs)is presented.The extraction ability of the NADESs prepared using menthol,thymol and camphor toward gold in hydrochloric acid solutions was studied.The extraction efficiency was improved by optimizing the parameters including the composition of the NADES s,the volume ratio of organic and aqueous phases,kinetics,and acidity of the solution.Quantitative determination of gold was carried out by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry directly in the NADES s phase dissolved in isopropyl alcohol.The extraction recovery of gold from 1 mol/L HCl with the NADESs based on menthol and camphor mixed in a molar ratio 1:1 was 99.7%at an enrichment factor of 100.The limits of detection and quantification of the proposed procedure were 1μg/L and 3.3μg/L,respectively,with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%.The developed procedure was applied for determination of gold in the certified reference material of ore,environmental and waste waters.

Response of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in two subtropical forest types

Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen(N)deposition in terrestrial ecosystems,which directly and indirectly affects soil biogeochemical processes,including soil respiration.However,the effects of the increases in N availability on soil respiration are not fully understood.In this study,soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas analyzer system with soil chambers under four N treatments(0,5,15,and 30 g Nm^-2 year^-1 as control,low N(LN),moderate N(MN),and high N(HN),respectively)in camphor tree and slash pine forests in subtropical China.Results showed that soil respiration rates decreased by 37% in the camphor tree forest and 27% in the slash pine forest on average on an annual base,respectively,in the N-fertilized treatments when compared with the control.No significant differences were found in the soil respiration rate among the LN,MN,and HN treatments in both forest types as these fertilized plots reached an adequate N content zone.In addition,soil microbial biomass carbon(C)content and fine root biomass declined in N-treated plots compared to the control.Our results indicated that elevated N deposition might alter the tree growth pattern,C partitioning,and microbial activity,which further affect soil C sequestration by reducing soil respiration in subtropical forests of China.

Cyclometalated platinum(Ⅱ) complexes with sterically bulky camphor-derived groups as β-diketonate ancillary ligand:a new route to efficiently reducing π-π interactions and Pt-Pt interactions

A new series of mono-cyclometalated square planar platinum(Ⅱ) complexes have been synthesized and the single-crystal X-ray structures of complex 1 and 2 have been determined.The complexes have the general formula ppyPt(O^O),where ppy is 2-phenylpyridyl,and O^O is β-diketonate ancillary ligands with the acyl substituent group in position 3 of(D)-(+)-camphor.Although,like the many Pt(Ⅱ) complexes with square-planar geometry,these complexes have plane stacking modes in crystal structure,the sterically bulky camphor-derived groups compel extensive slipping of the molecular stacking planes,resulting in the negligible overlapping of the aromatic ring fragments between molecules and the considerable Pt-Pt distance.The resolved spectra and a little shifted emission in solid state of complexes show that there is significant reduction of π-π interactions and Pt-Pt interactions,and suggest these complexes may be good candidates for doped phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes(PhOLEDs) and even for nondoped PhOLEDs.

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves （CTLs）,which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were ＋6 （sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate）,＋5.2 （sulfonate）,＋2.2 （suloxides）,＋0.6 （thiols and thiothers）,＋0.2 （organic sulfides）.Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds （organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate） assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.

Investigation of solar-induced photoelectrochemical water splitting and photocatalytic dye removal activities of camphor sulfonic acid doped polyaniline-WO3-MWCNT ternary nanocomposite

The camphor sulfonic acid doped polyaniline-WO3-multiwall carbon nanotube(CSA PANI-WO3-CNT)ternary nanocomposite was synthesized during in-situ oxidative polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The application of CSA PANIWO3-CNT ternary nanocomposite was investigated as the photocatalyst in the degradation of methylene blue dye(MB)and as the noble metal-free photoanode in photoelectrochemical water splitting under solar light irradiation.The degradation percentage of MB dye after 60 min illumination by CSA PANI-WO3-CNT ternary nanocomposite reached 91.40%which was higher than that of pure WO3(43.45%),pure CSA PANI(48.4%)and CSA PANI-WO3 binary nanocomposite(85.15%).The photocurrent density of indium tin oxide(ITO)/CSA PANI-WO3-CNT photoanode obtained 0.81 m A/cm2 at 1.23 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode under illumination which was 1.27,2.13,and 4.26 times higher than that of the ITO/CSA PANI-WO3(0.64 m A/cm2),ITO/pure CSA PANI(0.38 m A/cm2),and ITO/pure WO3(0.19 m A/cm2).Also,the applied bias photon-to-current efficiency(ABPE)of ITO/CSA PANI-WO3-CNT was obtained 0.11%which showed two-fold,four-fold,and five-fold enhancements compared to the ITO/CSA PANI-WO3,ITO/CSA PANI,and ITO/WO3,respectively.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,as well as the Mott-Schottky results,confirmed the better photoelectrocatalytic activity of ITO/CSA PANI-WO3-CNT in comparison with ITO/WO3,ITO/CSA PANI,and ITO/CSA PANI-WO3.The observed improvement in the photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic performances of WO3 in the presence of CSA PANI is due to the formation of type-II heterojunction between WO3 and CSA PANI which allows the separation of charge carriers easier and faster.On the other hand,MWCNT addition to the CSA PANI-WO3 nanocomposite provided the conducting substrate for efficient interfacial charge separation as well as transferring.

Study on the Synthesis of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane Modified Montmorillonite Supported Hydroxysulfonamide

1 Results A novel chiral hydroxysulfonamides,which have hydroxysulfonamide structures,are designed and synthesized from natural camphor.It has been studied for the application as chiral catalyst.This class of ligands can be used in many reactions that are catalysed by amino alcohol ligands.In this paper,we prepared a novel chiral hydroxysulfonamides by immobilization of on MMT modified by γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.The MMT was first pretreated with hydrochloric acid according to a reported patent[1]. ...