Land-use change and windstorms legacies drove the recolonization dynamics of laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary islands

Laurel forests are quite relevant for biodiversity conservation and are among the island ecosystems most severely damaged by human activities.In the past,Canary laurel forests have been greatly altered by logging,livestock and agriculture.The remains of laurel forests are currently protected in the Canary Islands(Spain).However,we miss basic information needed for their restoration and adaptive management,such as tree longevity,growth potential and responsiveness to natural and anthropogenic disturbances.Using dendrochronological methods,we studied how forest dynamic is related to land-use change and windstorms in two well-preserved laurel forests on Tenerife Island.Wood cores were collected from over 80 trees per stand at three stands per forest.We used ring-width series to estimate tree ages and calculate annual basal area increments(BAI),cumulative diameter increases,and changes indicative of released and suppressed growth.Twelve tree species were found in all stands,with Laurus novocanariensis,Ilex canariensis and Morella faya being the most common species.Although some individuals were over 100 years old,61.8%-88.9% of the trees per stand established between 1940 and 1970,coinciding with a post-war period of land abandonment,rural exodus and the onset of a tourism economy.Some trees have shown growth rates larger than 1 cm diameter per year and most species have had increasing BAI trends over the past decades.Strong growth releases occurred after windstorms at both sites,but the effects of windstorms were site-dependent,with the 1958 storm affecting mainly the eastern tip of the island(Anaga massif)and the 1991 storm the western tip(Teno massif).Given the great ability of laurel forest trees to establish after land use cessation and to increase growth after local disturbances such as windstorms,passive restoration may be sufficient to regenerate this habitat in currently degraded areas.

Temperature Trends on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). An Example of Global Warming over the Subtropical Northeastern Atlantic

The variation in temperature on the island of Gran Canaria is studied using the method applied to the nearby island of Tenerife [1]. An upward warming trend of 0.09°C ± 0.05°C (α = 0.01) was seen from 1946 to date, which has accelerated since the seventies to 0.17°C ± 0.10°C (α = 0.01). The increase was higher at night (0.11°C ± 0.05°C) than by day (0.08°C ± 0.06°C), so the temperature range decreased slightly. These values are similar to those of Tenerife and the time series of anomalies for the two islands are highly correlated. On the coast the same relationship to the sea surface temperature was found as in Tenerife, but in the mid-altitude areas to windward, some differences were detected that are hypothetically attributable to the different relief of the two islands.

Temporal dynamics of shallow subtidal meiobenthos from a beach in Tenerife (Canary Islands, northeast Atlantic Ocean)

A shallow subtidal （3 m deep） meiofaunal assemblage in Los Abrigos Bay, Tenerife, Canary Islands was sam- pled during May 2000-April 2001. The main aims were to （1） find temporal variations in meiofaunal assem- blage structure and overall abundance, as well as in the most abundant meiofaunal species throughout the study period, and （2） identify environmental variables （sedimentary composition, organic matter content, and total nitrogen） that better explain meiofaunal assemblage structure during the study year. The most abundant species were the nematodes Siphonolaimus sp. 2 and Catanema sp., which represented 46.2% of the overall meiofaunal abundances and varied significantly throughout the study duration. Overall meio- faunal abundance and the most abundant taxonomic groups （nematodes, copepods, and oligochaetes） showed significant temporal variations during the study period. Nematodes overwhelmingly dominated during the study period, ranging from 78% in May to 97.34% in February. Multivariate analyses showed seasonality in meiofaunal community structure during the study year, with the lowest abundances in May. Keywords： Meiofauna, assemblage structure, subtidal, Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean

Macrofaunal communities of threatened subtidal maёrl seabeds on Tenerife (Canary Islands, north-east Atlantic Ocean) in summer

This study contributes with the first data on physical and taxonomical structure of macrofaunal assemblages of maerl beds from the Canary Islands. Maerl beds and Cymodocea nodosa meadows of the Canary Islands are considered biodiversity hot-spots in terms of taxonomic and functional biodiversity with a broad geographical and depth ranges. The authors have studied the structure of the macrofaunal assemblages on different habitat types （Cymodocea, Caulerpa, sabellid field, garden eel and maerl beds）. Samples were taken at a range of depths between 14 and 46 m. Correlations were performed among abiotic variables （granulometry, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphates） and the most abundant taxa. Similarity analysis was performed to explore the patchiness of seabeds at a local scale. Significant differences were found in macrofaunal assemblages among seabed types, with highest abundances and lowest biodiversity in sabellid fields, where the sabellid Bispira viola dominated. The polychaetes Aponuphis bilineata and Chone filicauda and the mollusc Turritella brochii were the most abundant taxa on maerl beds. The mosaic of granulometric conditions would explain the associated macroinfaunal community structure and contribute to the creation of diversity on these relatively well preserved seabeds at a local scale.

Azores和Canary岛形成浮岩的碱性岩浆的挥发组份

正如Rutherford和Heming(1978)所证实的,用热力学方法,对火山岩中常见的斑晶组合,可以测定H-O-S系统中喷发前岩浆挥发组份的丰度。这些方法,可应用于Tenerife(Canary岛)、Sao Miguel及Faial(Azores)的大气降落和熔结凝灰岩型的碱性浮岩堆积物。表明由含有可估量的次要元素的钛磁铁矿-钛铁矿矿物对,能获得可靠的温度及 fO_2的估算值。然而在流纹岩岩浆中所见到的 fO_2缓冲机理,在更碱性的液体中似乎不起作用。利用黑云母估算 fH_2O,得出高的 fH_2O值,表明与岩浆有关的强烈爆炸现象是符合的.由磁黄铁矿成分,可估算 fS_2。由气体平衡,可算出 fH_2、fH_2S、fSO_2、fSO_3。从硫组份的数据可很粗略地估算不含黑云母样品的水逸度。在碱性及钙碱性的硅铝质岩浆中,这些组份的丰度是类似的。重视有关爆炸性喷发过程中,挥发物的喷出在火山学上的含义。

Potential Fiscal Revenues From Hydrocarbon Extraction for the Tourism Region of the Canary Islands

Hydrocarbon exploration that recently took place in the Canary Islands has triggered a controversy over the compatibility between these activities and tourism. Such exploration was strongly rejected by the region, while being supported by the Spanish government. Many environmental and economic impacts of hydrocarbon extraction were explored, except the fiscal revenues, which represent the main benefit for the producing economies. In this paper, the author addresses this missing piece in the controversy, namely, the assessment of fiscal revenues from hydrocarbons for the Canary Islands. To evaluate these revenues, the author estimates an oilfield production profile, constructs oil and gas price scenarios, and considers the new Spanish tax on hydrocarbons. The estimates are also placed in the socio-economic context of the archipelago. The results show less than overwhelming annual fiscal revenues, below 0.7% of GDP, 10.4% of current public transfers to the region, and 5% of current public spending in 2015. These revenues could be welcome, as the region lags behind the rest of the nation in living standards. However, these benefits from exhaustible resources must be compared to the potential damage to the tourism sector, which has been a long-standing economic driving force for the archipelago.

Canary群岛西部火山岛侧翼斜坡滑塌

滑塌是西Canary群岛地质演化中的关键过程。年轻且火山活动强烈的Canary群岛（如：El Hierro、La Palma和Tenerife等）非常清楚地显示了最新的滑塌活动。滑塌的证据包括岛屿侧翼的滑塌痕迹、岛屿斜坡下部的碎屑流沉积和岛屿相邻的海盆底的火山碎屑浊流沉积。在E1Hierro、LaPalma和Tenerife岛的侧翼斜坡处，至少发现有14个大型的滑塌构造，它们大部分非常新，约1Ma，其中ElHierro西北侧翼斜坡处的滑塌年龄最新，为15Ka。较老的滑塌由于已经被较新的火山岩和沉积物埋藏而难以确定其年龄。Canary群岛侧翼的滑塌主要被分为岩崩、滑坡和碎屑流。岩崩是较长距离的灾难性的滑塌，它仅影响岛屿火山层序的浅表层，最大厚度约1～2km。它们是发育最普通的滑塌类型。与其相比，滑坡移动距离一般较短，但其可能影响整个火山建造。碎屑流主要影响岛屿侧翼水下处的沉积覆盖层。而有些滑塌包括了上述一种以上的滑塌类型。单个岩崩体积在50-500km^3，覆盖数千平方公里，可离开其产生岩崩处达130km之远。总体来说，岩崩占较小且相对年轻的E1 Hierro和LaPalma岛的火山建造体积的10％。岩崩的体积和滑塌的年龄这些参数往往难以确定。岩崩的最主要特征：3000m水深之上的岛屿斜坡相对窄的斗壁和凹槽，并在3000m水深之下变宽为沉积扇。岩崩具有典型的块石状形态特征，单个块体直径常达1km多。然而，不同岩崩可能会有变化。例如ElHierro上的E1Golfo岩崩沿海底随机零星分布有大岩块。而在Tenerife北部侧翼斜坡上Icod有很多较小的岩块，一些大的岩块在沉积边缘位置。Icod也存在重力沉积流（纵向剪切带和隆起上），而在E1 Golfo处不存在。岩块构造及其分布可能与滑塌物质的性质和重力流相关。ElGolfo和Icod滑塌体的碎屑泥石流有所不同，这可能是由于Icod滑塌沉积中细粒物质含量较高。换句话说，这与火山岩的性质有关，E1Hierro不但存在玄武岩，而且其火山碎屑沉积的含量要较Tenerife高。滑塌的产生主要受岛屿上的火山裂谷带位置的控制，滑塌延伸方向与裂谷方向垂直。然而，一些岛屿的滑塌沉积分布不规则，这可能表明在岛屿形成时不稳定的侧翼可能是个“薄弱点”，此时侧翼裂谷带就无法解释此现象。这可能使由于某些岛屿侧翼太陡，且延伸至更大水深，或者缺少周围地形的支撑。也可能是因为火山形成后的滑塌主要集中在滑塌划痕上，因此该区域接下来的滑塌主要集中在此处。滑塌是火山在某处形成后的主要产物，此处的火山产物已经较其自身质量要小。尽管滑塌实际的驱动机制不甚清楚，但这可能受与岩浆侵入、地震活动或海平面／气候变化相关的岩脉侵入、孔隙压力变化等影响。我们认为Tenerife的火山口坍塌和滑塌可能无相关性，这些已被有利证据所证实。

基于Canary复用的SSP安全缺陷分析

核保护机制(SSP)是缓解栈缓冲区溢出漏洞攻击最有效的安全机制,通过系统生成的随机数保证栈不被修改,目前关于SSP机制的绕过技术主要是基于暴力破解.为此,揭示了一种可以泄露随机数的安全缺陷模型,由于操作系统没有及时清空死亡栈帧,导致随机数可能存在于无效空间,利用此特性的绕过方式被称为Canary复用.实验验证了这种安全缺陷的可利用性与稳定性,基于此特点,提出了两种有效的解决方案.

Hairless canary seeds (Phalaris canariensis L.) as a potential source of antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antiobesity biopeptides

Rising consumer concerns with synthetic drugs to treat non-communicable diseases(NCDs)have promoted a shift towards using natural biological active constituents that offer similar health benefits.Hairless canary seed(Phalaris canariensis L)is an emerging crop traditionally used in Mexico to treat NCDs.Peptides liberated during simulated digestion of canary seed protein are believed to be responsible for their biological activity;however,no studies have shown the effect of controlled protein hydrolysis using commercial proteases on canary seed protein’s biological activity.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the in vitro antihypertensive,antidiabetic,and anti-obesity activity of canary seed peptides derived from proteolysis with Alcalase®.Protein fractions were primarily composed of prolamins(54.07±1.8%),glutelins(32.19±3.18%),globulins(5.97±0.52%)and albumins(5.97±0.52%).The<3 kDa and 3–10 kDa peptide fractions showed the highest inhibition capacity(p<0.05)towards angiotensin-converting enzyme(IC50=0.028–0.032 mg/mL)lipase(IC50=2.15–2.27 mg/mL),α-glucosidase(IC50=0.82–1.15 mg/mL),and dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV(IC50=1.27–1.60 mg/mL).Additionally,these peptide fractions showed high antioxidant activity against DPPH(134.22–150.66μmol TE/mg)and ABTS(520.92–813.33μmol TE/mg).These results provide an insight into the potential development of functional foods using commercial enzymatic hydrolysis of canary seed proteins for treating hypertension,type-2 diabetes,and obesity.

主动声纳探测效能评估的HMG法

海洋水声环境时空变化显著,评估其对主动声纳探测效能的影响具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。提出HMG方法用以评估水声环境效应对主动声纳探测的影响。采用UMPE(The university of miami parabolic equation)、CANARY、JACKSON模型模拟特定海洋环境下的传播损失、环境噪声、混响分布,将模拟结果融入主动声纳检测概率模型,计算检测概率。评估结果发现近场检测概率较高,远场可检测的区域与声能汇聚区一致。

BGA封装FPGA焊点失效故障诊断系统设计

针对BGA(Ball Grid Array)封装FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)焊接点连接失效的故障诊断问题,提出了一种故障检测系统设计方案;该方案分别从焊点级、芯片级和系统级故障诊断3个层次构建故障检测系统;方案基于Altera公司的DE2硬件平台构建单个焊点健康信息提取IP核;针对芯片焊点众多,难以全部监控的问题采用Canary故障检测法监测4个角落的敏感焊点的健康信息;敏感焊点的健康信息经菊花链式通信链路实现了不同FPGA芯片之间的信息互联,完成整个系统的焊点健康信息整合。

Clinical and pathological findings of concurrent poxvirus lesions and aspergillosis infection in canaries

Objective:To investigate clinical,pathological and mycological findings in canaries,in which pox lesions and Aspergillus fumigatus(A.fumigatus)infection were observed simultaneously.Methods:This study was performed on a breeding colony(about 100 canaries)affected by fatal wasting disease.Necropsy was undertaken on 10 severely affected canaries,and gross lesions were recorded.Samples from internal organs displaying lesions were obtained for histopathological evaluation.Tracheal swap samples of internal organs of the all infected animals with lesions at necropsy were cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for mycological examination.Results:At necropsy,caseous foci were determined in the lungs,on the air sacs,liver,spleen,heart.Swelling of the eyelids,diffuse hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue with small papular lesions of the skin were other typical necropsy findings.Histopathologically,pathognomonic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies,which called Bollinger bodies,in both skin cells and vacuolated air way epithelial cells confirmed canary pox infection.Moreover,histopathological examination of the white-yellowish caseous foci revealed necrotic granulomatous reaction consisting of macrophages,heterophil leukocytes and giant cells encapsulated with a fibrous tissue.After the culture of the tissue samples,the formation of bluish green colonies confirmed A.fumigatus infection.Conclusions:Canary pox has been known as the disease that can result in high losses in a short time,as a re-emerging disease that has not been present during recent years in canary flocks in Iran.So,the current paper provides useful information to prevent misdiagnosed of canary pox disease which can cause secondary mycotic infection.

Confounding response of macrofauna from a confluence of impacts: brine and sewage pollution

Throughout the shores of the world, a confluence of different sources of pollution is common, e.g., through outlets releasing brine, industrial, and domestic sewage. In this study, we assessed whether a combined disposal of domestic sewage and brine altered the patterns of abundance and assemblage structure of sub- tidal macrofauna inhabiting sandy seabeds on the south coast of Gran Canaria （Canary Islands, NE Atlantic Ocean）. Samples were collected in two surveys （May 2008 and January 2009） at three distances （0, 15, and 30 m） away from the discharge point. Macrofaunal abundances showed different patterns with varying proximity from the disposal point in the two surveys. In May 2008, lower abundances were observed at 0 m （53.89±46.82 ind.） than at 15 m （120±91.7 ind.） and 30 m （283.89±189.33 ind.） away from the dis- posal point. In January 2009, however, higher abundances were observed at 0 m （131.33±58.69 ind.） than at 30 m （100±24.44 ind.） and 15 m （84.78±58.39 ind.） away from the disposal point. Significant differ- ences in macrofaunal assemblage structure were found with varying proximity from the discharge point in both surveys. The effect of proximity from the disposal point was confounded by changes in sedimen- tary composition between surveys, which contributed to explain differences in macrofaunal abundances and assemblage structure with varying proximity from the discharge point. As a result, confounding driver- s of macrofaunal assemblage structure, here, changes in sediment composition, accounted for changes in macrofaunal abundances and assemblage structure with varying proximity from a combined disposal point of brine and sewage.

Are assemblages of the fireworm Hermodice carunculata enhanced in sediments beneath offshore fish cages?

Abundances of the fireworm Hermodice carunculata were counted through a monitoring assessment study of fish cages in Barranco Hondo（NE Tenerife）. Seven campaigns were conducted from November 2007 to June 2010 and temporal variations were found, as well as differences among sampling stations. The polychaete H. carunculata obtained its highest abundance in sediments beneath fish cages throughout the study period. Thus, the assemblages of this omnivorous species were favoured by the presence of fish cages.

Colorado Water Watch: Real-Time Groundwater Monitoring for Possible Contamination from Oil and Gas Activities

Currently, only a few states in the U.S. (e.g. Colorado and Ohio) require mandatory baseline groundwater sampling from nearby groundwater wells prior to drilling a new oil or gas well. Colorado is the first state to regulate groundwater testing before and after drilling, requiring one pre-drilling sample and two additional post-drilling samples within 6 - 12 months and 5 - 6 years of drilling, respectively. However, the monitoring method is limited to ex-situ sampling, which offers only a snapshot in time. To overcome the limitations and increase monitoring effectiveness, a new groundwater monitoring system, Colorado Water Watch (CWW), was introduced as a decision-making tool to support the state’s regulatory agency and also to provide real-time groundwater quality data to both industry and the public. The CWW uses simple in-situ water quality sensors based on surrogate sensing technology that employs an event detection system to screen the incoming data in near real-time. This objective of this study was to improve the understanding of groundwater quality in Wattenberg field and assess event detection methods. The data obtained from 5 sites (the earliest monitoring sites in the CWW network) for 3 years of the regional monitoring network in Wattenberg field is used to illustrate the background information about groundwater quality and its changing trend, and make comparisons between two outlier detection methods, CANARY and simple moving median.

Earth-Moon Barycentre Excursions and Anomalous Quaternary Sea Level Highstands

Plate tectonics is driven by Earth-Moon barycentre shifts in the lower mantle. The eastern Canary Islands have geographic and geological conditions derived from the movements of the Central American plates. Some features of these islands are influenced by the rotation of the Earth from west to east in the evolution of the marine currents that surround them and the opening of the North Atlantic to the North Pole with little dependence of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). In addition, their position with respect to the Tropic of Cancer and the African continent affect the north-south and east-west climatic change dynamics and their tectonic stability respectively. Dated lavas contain marine and aeolian deposits and some of the Pleistocene marine deposits indicate higher sea level in cooler circumstances, which is anomalous. Relating those marine deposits produced during the warmest interglacial, the last interglacial and the Holocene with their equivalents in the Southern Hemisphere, they reflect shifts in the barycentre. Thanks to Holocene radiocarbon, topographic and day length data and alkenone temperature, we describe a mechanism by which the oscillation of the Moon’s inclination (and declination) reaches extreme values (14&#186;and 34&#186;about 4.9&#186;more than current values) approximately every 1450 years. These values occur when there is a harmonic distortion in surface areas of the Earth’s crust as response associated with oscillations in the displacements of the barycentre of the Earth-Moon system. As the declination influences the movement of oceanic waters, there is also a relationship with the Bond Events of the North Atlantic, of unknown cause until now.

Unlink Attack Defense Method Based on New Chunk Structure

The Unlink attack is a way of attacking the heap overflow vulnerability under the Linux platform. However, because the heap overflow data seldom directly leads to program control flow hijacking and related protection mechanism limitations, the existing detection technology is difficult to judge whether the program meets the heap overflow attack condition. There are certain inspection measures in the existing unlink mechanism, but with carefully constructing the contents of the heap, you can bypass the inspection measures. The unlink mechanism must be triggered with the free function, and this principle is similar to function-exit of stacks. The paper obtains the inspiration through the canary protection mechanism in the stack, adds it to the chunk structure, encrypts the canary value, and defends the unlink attack from the fundamental structure. The experimental results show that this method can effectively prevent the occurrence of unlink attacks and has the ability to detect common heap overflows.