PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫对铁皮石斛幼苗生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)模拟干旱对铁皮石斛Dendrobium candidum生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为铁皮石斛的品种选育、产业化栽培和近野生栽培等提供参考。【方法】以铁皮石斛‘晶品1号’D.candidum‘Jingpin No.1’幼苗为实验材料,通过不同质量分数PEG 6000(5%、10%、20%、30%)模拟干旱胁迫处理铁皮石斛幼苗,观察铁皮石斛幼苗茎段和叶片细胞结构,并检测铁皮石斛叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、可溶性糖质量分数、可溶性蛋白质量分数、叶绿素质量分数及叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化。【结果】①高质量分数PEG 6000(20%-30%)处理后铁皮石斛茎段和叶片细胞内叶绿素质量分数减少。②PEG 6000模拟干旱胁迫处理对铁皮石斛幼苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、MDA、POD和CAT有显著影响(P<0.05)。可溶性糖质量分数随着PEG 6000质量分数的增加和处理时间的延长均呈上升趋势,到第12天时达最高值;可溶性蛋白则呈下降趋势;MDA质量摩尔浓度、POD活性和CAT活性随着PEG 6000质量分数的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,在PEG 6000为20%时达到峰值。③PEG 6000模拟干旱处理对铁皮石斛幼苗最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、光合效率(α)、电子传递速度(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(q_(P))和非化学猝灭系数(qNP)等叶绿素荧光参数有显著的影响(P<0.05)。随着PEG 6000胁迫处理时间的延长和PEG 6000质量分数的增加,α、ETR、F_(v)/F_(m)和q_(P)均呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);而qNP则呈先上升后下降的趋势。【结论】20%PEG 6000处理12 d可用作铁皮石斛抗干旱品种的筛选,铁皮石斛幼苗可通过增加可溶性糖质量分数,减少可溶性蛋白质量分数,提高POD和CAT活性等防御酶活性抵抗和适应一定程度的干旱胁迫;铁皮石斛幼苗的最大光能转换效率降低,光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到胁迫损伤,严重影响铁皮石斛幼苗的光合作用。同时,铁皮石斛幼苗通过启动qNP途径来消耗PSⅡ反应中心吸收的过剩光能,维持正常的光合作用。因此,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、POD和CAT以及叶绿体荧光参数均可作为铁皮石斛耐干旱的指标。

添加柑橘果胶和吐温-80的芥末精油纳米乳液稳定性、抑菌活性及其在砂糖橘保鲜中的应用

采用高压均质与超声破碎法制备添加柑橘果胶(pectin,PT)和吐温-80的芥末精油纳米乳液(mustard essentialoilnanoemulsion,MEO-NE)(MEO-NE-PT)和只添加吐温-80的MEO-NE(MEO-NE-T),对比MEO-NE-PT和MEO-NE-T的微观结构、贮藏稳定性、pH值稳定性、离子强度稳定性及热稳定性,并将MEONE-PT应用于砂糖橘采后保鲜。结果表明:MEO-NE-PT的粒径和多分散指数波动幅度更小,表现出更强的稳定性;对MEO、MEO-NE-T、MEO-NE-PT的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度进行探究,发现MEO-NE-PT的MIC(64μL/L)远低于MEO(256μL/L)和MEO-NE-T(128μL/L);且经64μL/L MEO-NE-PT处理6 h后的白地霉孢子萌发率仅有6.67%、芽管长度为8.57μm,远低于对照组(MEO)的100%和165.02μm;扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明,MEO-NE-PT处理会导致白地霉菌丝体皱缩、断裂;与对照组相比,MEO-NE-PT处理可明显降低砂糖橘的腐烂率和质量损失率,并且能够延缓砂糖橘硬度和可溶性固形物含量的下降。因此,MEO-NE-PT作为一种安全、有效的绿色抑菌剂,可以控制柑橘白地霉菌的生长,保持砂糖橘采后品质。

氨氮降解菌分离鉴定及对发酵鸡粪氮素转化的影响

【目的】解决鸡粪氨气释放和氮素营养流失的问题,减少鸡粪对养殖环境的污染并提高其农用价值。【方法】通过原位筛选法从鸡粪中得到有效降低鸡粪发酵过程中氨气释放的菌株,并采用形态学及分子生物学手段鉴定其种属。将该菌株应用于鸡粪中进行发酵,确定菌株的降氨效果及氮素的转化流向。【结果】在鸡粪中获得一株具有降氨效果的菌株LF10,鉴定为白地霉菌(Geotrichum candidum)。将白地霉LF10接入鸡粪中进行发酵,与对照组相比,在48 h时鸡粪中氨气释放量减少了12.16%,铵态氮含量减少了32.93%,硝态氮含量增加了7.99%,总氮含量增加了3.31%。【结论】白地霉LF10是一株高效降低氨氮的菌株,可以在较短时间内将鸡粪中铵态氮转化为硝态氮,进而降低鸡粪发酵过程中的氨气的排放,有效保留鸡粪中的氮素营养。

坡地和沼泽地野牡丹(Melastoma candidum)叶片的解剖特征与气孔气体交换特性

对在坡地和沼泽地生长的野牡丹叶的解剖特征与气孔气体交换特性的研究表明:两者在形态结构方面存在着一定的差异,坡地野牡丹叶较窄,上表皮细胞小而排列紧密,气孔密度较大,上表皮厚,沼泽地野牡丹整个叶片和海绵组织比较厚,最大导管直径和栅栏细胞长度/宽度比值大,但栅栏组织厚/海绵组织厚比值较小。坡地野牡丹与沼泽地野牡丹的叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量和类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a/b比值的差异都很小。沼泽地野牡丹净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度较高,常用的水分利用效率(Pn/Tr)接近,沼泽地野牡丹的内在水分利用效率(Pn/Gs)略高于坡地,但差异不显著。综合分析其生境条件,土壤与野牡丹叶片解剖结构和生理生态特性相关性密切。但实验结果不足以确定两种生境下生长的野牡丹为不同的生态型。

絮凝剂产生菌Geotrichum candidum的絮凝特性研究

本文研究了活性污泥中分离出的絮凝剂产生菌J-5的絮凝特性。通过形态学、理化特征、18SrDNA序列和G+C含量研究,鉴定J-5为Geotrichum candidum。培养3d,G.candidum的生长量达到最高,但其絮凝活性在1d培养后即达到最大值。絮凝活性分布研究表明G.candidum的胞外分泌物是起主要絮凝作用的物质。培养液的上层清液通过乙醇沉淀和去离子水渗析后得到粗制生物絮凝剂。利用化学分析、紫外分析和红外分析研究生物絮凝剂的化学组成,发现其主要由多糖构成,其中占主要成分的是中性糖和糖醛酸,生物絮凝剂分子含羟基、羧基和甲氧基官能团。

产脂肪酶菌Geotrichum candidum NS3的固定化及其稳定性

从南昌地区含油土样中,筛选到一株脂肪酶产生菌白地霉(Geotrichum candidumNS3)。菌株摇瓶发酵的水解酶活为321 U/g干细胞,合成酶活为0.54 U/g干细胞。以聚氨酯泡沫为载体对菌株Geotrichum candidumNS3进行固定化培养和稳定性研究,结果显示,聚氨酯泡沫颗粒尺寸6 mm×6 mm×6 mm,密度27 kg/m3,摇瓶培养60 h,有73.8%的细胞进入聚氨酯泡沫中生长固定,载体固定细胞干重达到2.32 g/g载体。电镜图片显示白地霉(GeotrichumcandidumNS3)在载体孔隙内和脊壁上缠绕充盈,生长良好,固定结构稳定。固定化细胞颗粒连续5批次催化反应,相对水解酶活保持率和固定细胞干重保持率分别达到63.1%和71%,具有良好的细胞固定稳定性和酶活保持率。

Comparison of Stomatal Characteristics between Dendrobium loddigesii and Dendrobium candidum

[Objective]This study was to reveal the physiological and ecological mechanism of growth and development of test-tube seedlings.[Methods]Leaf stomata of test-tube seedlings of D.loddigesii and D.candidum at different growth and development stages were observed under scanning electron microscope,and their fluorescence induction response curve was assayed by using modulate fluorometer.[Results] At each growth and development stage,D.loddigesii test-tube seedling has a higher leaf stomatal density over D.candidum,while a lower stomata opening rate.Along with the growth,the size of stomata of both D.loddigesii and D.candidum did not change obviously,but their stoma density increased by 83% and 17.6% respectively.Leaf stomata opening rate reached the highest at the age of 240-day-old.Under the conditions of three settled light intensities,stomatal opening degree of D.loddigesii was increased by the intensity of illumination,the maximum aperture occurred at the light intensity of 54 μmol/m2·s.Given the same culture condition,both the maximum electron transport rate（14 μmol/m2·s）and light saturation point（318 μmol/m2·s）of D.loddigesii test-tube seedling are lower than that of D.candidum（20 μmol/m2·s,483 μmol/m2·s）.Moreover,the potential photosynthetic capacity of D.loddigesii is relatively poor.[Conclusion]The photosynthetic rate varies among different species of Dendrobium,which could be attributed to their different stomatal characteristics.Usually,the light intensity of tissue culture chamber is set up as 27 μmol/（m2·s）,where both D.loddigesii and D.candidum do not acquire an optimal state for their leaf stomatal opening.Considering the characteristics to select suitable culture condition,the stomatal aperture and photosynthetic rate could be enhanced,which can promote the growth and development of test-tube seedlings.

Optimization of Culture Conditions for Chromium-enriched Protocorm of Dendrobium candidum

[Objective] To optimize the techniques for culturing Cr-enriched Dendrobi-um candidum protocorm. [Method] By adopting Plackett-Burman test, the effects of time, temperature, Cr-content in medium, NAA content, KT content and light intensi-ty on Cr-enriched protocorm were researched. Three factors of time, Cr-content in medium and light intensity had statistical y significant effects; then steepest ascent procedures were applied to define optimal response region of these three factors; fi-nal y the optimal factors were determined by RSM analysis. [Result] The results showed that the optimal conditions for Cr-enrichment were chromium concentration at 0.37 mg/L, culture time of 59 d and il umination intensity of 1 822.22 lx. The predicted value of Cr-content in protocorm was 5.08 mg/kg. [Conclusion] RSM can optimize the techniques for culturing Cr-enriched protocorm of Dendrobium can-didum, provide the optimum process parameters and lay the foundation for further research.

响应面法优化白地霉(Galactomyces candidum)发酵产果胶酶

为解决红枣浓缩汁超滤困难的现象,对实验室保藏菌株白地霉进行液体发酵产果胶酶工艺条件的优化。首先采用单因素实验设计果胶酶发酵的适宜条件,并在此基础上进行响应面优化,通过Design Expert 8.05统计软件确定培养基的适宜组合。结果表明,果胶酶发酵的较适宜条件为:发酵时间4 d,发酵温度30℃,接种量7%,红枣果胶添加量0.9%,硫酸铵添加量2%。回归分析得到的优化发酵条件为:发酵时间3.66 d,发酵温度29.13℃,红枣果胶添加量0.89%,此时的酶活是7648.71 U/mL。

基于Gash修正模型的野牡丹灌丛降雨截留模拟

冠层截留是森林降雨再分配过程的重要组成部分,其量化对研究生态系统的水分平衡和养分循环具有重要意义。近年来,许多研究运用不同方法来解释这一过程,并确定不同森林植被的适用模型,但对具有复杂结构的灌丛的冠层截留研究较少。通过实地观测收集气象、降雨组分等数据,分析野牡丹灌丛降雨组成特征,应用Gash修正模型进行冠层截留的模拟及验证,并进行模型敏感性分析。结果表明,Gash修正模型能够很好地模拟野牡丹灌丛对降雨的截留过程。测得穿透雨632.6 mm、茎干流118.2 mm,计算得冠层截留141.4 mm,分别占总降雨的70.9%、13.2%和15.8%。总降雨与穿透雨、茎干流均有显著的线性相关性,表明穿透雨、茎干流随总降雨的增加而增加,而用二次函数拟合总降雨与冠层截留效果较理想(R^(2)=0.71)。对数方程能较好地解释穿透雨率、茎干流率、冠层截留率与总降雨量的相互关系。穿透雨、茎干流和冠层截留模拟分别比实测值高3.6%、低10.6%和7.3%。从模型模拟的各组成部分来看,冠层截留蒸发量占截留总量的44.4%,是截留的主要去向。敏感性分析表明:冠层郁闭度c、树干持水能力St的变化对Gash修正模型模拟冠层截留的影响最显著,而其他参数变化对该模型影响不明显。研究为湿润区结构复杂的灌丛降雨再分配研究提供了思路,有助于量化灌丛生态系统对局地水资源的影响。

铁皮石斛近野生活树附生栽培技术研究

铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale是我国名贵的中药材,市场需求量大,林下种植应运而生,铁皮石斛活树附生栽培模式是其最主要的形式。选择平原不同附生树种、山地天然次生阔叶混交林不同坡向不同附生树种进行近野生活树栽培试验,并进行生长及效果观测,以期实践总结出最佳的铁皮石斛的活树附生栽培技术。研究结果表明,不同附生树种、不同坡向对活树附生栽培铁皮石斛的茎高、茎粗和单丛鲜质量有显著影响,选择合适的林地和附生树种能有效提高铁皮石斛近野生栽培的产量。仙居县及类似地区铁皮石斛近野生栽培平原附生树种宜选择与南方红豆杉Taxus wallichiana var.mairei相似树冠相对透光率大的树种,铁皮石斛种苗宜选择‘晶品1号’;山地天然次生阔叶混交林铁皮石斛近野生活树附生栽培宜选择向阳坡和东南坡多的林地,附生树种优先选择青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca、化香树Platycarya strobilacea、檵木Loropetalum chinense、枫香树Liquidambar formosana、野柿Diospyros kaki var.silvestris等阔叶树。

3个野牡丹品种耐热性研究

为探究紫绮、紫姝和霓裳3个优良野牡丹品种的耐热能力,以3个野牡丹品种叶片为材料,分析其表皮形态,在室温、35、40、45、50、55、60和65℃的水浴下加热15 min,测定其细胞伤害率,通过Logistic方程确定高温半致死温度,进行隶属函数分析。结果表明,霓裳、紫姝和紫绮的高温半致死温度分别为58.97、57.81和57.05℃,隶属函数综合值分别为2.436、2.305和1.184。综合考虑,3种野牡丹品种均具备一定的耐热能力,耐热性综合排序为霓裳>紫姝>紫绮。

A new cyclodipeptide from the cultures of Geotrichum candidum

A new cyclodipeptide, cyclo(phenylalanyl-N-methyltyrosyl) 1, was isolated from the mycelial solid cultures of Geotrichum candidum. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The antifungal activity of the new compound against Peronophythora litchii was assessed by microplate Alamar blue assay (MABA).

First report of a new potato disease caused by Galactomyces candidum F12 in China

Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)is an important crop throughout the world.An uncharacterized disease has been observed on potato plants during the growing season and tubers during the storage period from Nileke County,Qitai County and other locations in Xinjiang,China.A particular fungus was consistently isolated from the infected potato plants and tubers.Based on its morphology,molecular characteristics,pathogenicity test and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequence,the pathogens was identified as Galactomyces candidum F12.Further study also showed that the hyphae and conidia of the pathogenic fungus grew faster as the temperature was 30℃,pH was 7,soluble starch was used as optimal carbon source and yeast powder as optimal nitrogen source.In addition,12-h continuous ilumination light was beneficial to the hyphal growth,while 24-h continuous ilumination was beneficial to the sporulation of the strain at 30℃.To our knowledge,this is the first report of Galactomyces candidum causing leaf wilt and postharvest tuber rot on potato in China.

酱香大曲中Geotrichum candidum MTBD菌株筛选及发酵产物研究

对从酱香大曲中分离的白地霉菌株Geotrichum candidum MTBD进行了鉴定,并对该菌株的固态发酵和液态条件下产蛋白酶及其产酶条件进行了研究,以及该菌株利用酿酒原料的固态和液态发酵产物分析。结果表明,该菌株能产较高活力的蛋白酶,发酵代谢产物包括酸类、酯类、芳香族化合物、醛酮类、含氮化合物等多种成分,与茅台地区酱香型白酒的风味成分分析结果进行比较分析,结果表明,该菌株也是酱香型白酒生产的主要功能菌株,对提供发酵动力和风味形成具有重要的贡献。

Molecular Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum and Geotrichum candidum Isolated from Two Tomato Varieties Commonly Consumed in Some Southwestern Town in Nigeria

Fusarium oxysporum and Geotrichum candidum, which are among important pathogens of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato), are sometimes misidentified during morphological misidentification. The study was carried out to evaluate molecular diversity of F. oxysporum and G. candidum isolated from two tomato varieties obtained from Akure, Ilorin and Ibadan, Nigeria. The tomato samples were collected and brought back to the laboratory for fungal isolation. Isolation of the pathogens were done following standard procedures. DNA extraction from pure cultures of the pathogens was done at the Centre Laboratory of University of Ibadan. Genetic relationships among the organisms were also estimated by constructing a Dendrogram through UPGMA using the Mega6 Software and genetic distance was computed also using the Mega6 Software. Five strains of F. oxysporum and seven strains of G. candidum were identified. Percentage similarity of the pathogens with those in GenBank was 99.17% - 100.00% for F. oxysporum and 98.48% - 100.00% for G. candidum. The T-01 marker showed the lowest major allele frequency of 0.0833, while T-10 marker has the highest value for major allele frequency of 0.6667 and an average value of 0.3958. Evolutionary relationship showed that the two strains of G. candidum (MN650247 and MN650250) were similar. The three strains of F. oxysporum (MN650246 and MN650248, MN650245 and MN650253) were also similar. Genetic distances among pairs of the fungal strains ranged from 0.12 to 6.30 in pairwise fashion, with an average of 1.32. Evolutionary relationship or closeness among strains of a fungal species can thus be said not to depend on location.

Artificial Pollination and Seed Germination of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl.

The artificial pollination and the seed germination on Dendrobium candidum were conducted. Results showed that the percentage of fruit-setting reaches the highest under cross pollination before 10 o＇ clock in the morning after blooming 2 d to 4 d. The optimal medium for seeds germination was MS＋ NAA 0.5 mg/L ＋ potato juice 10% ＋ active charcoal 0.5%, and cultured for 7 d in the dark then under light.

Peritonitis due to <i>Geotrichum candidum</i>in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

This paper is a report of a 34-year-old man with chronic renal failure undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis which developed peritonitis due to Geotricum candidum. The diagnosis was established by culture of dialysis fluid. The purpose of this report is to provide data on a fungal peritonitis due to a non-common agent.

Effect of Different Ratios of DL-type Starter Culture： Mould Geotrichum candidum on the Viscosity and Sensory Properties of Fermented Milk

A great variety of dairy products with different flavour, texture and health-promoting properties can be obtained from milk using different technologies and starter cultures. Fermented milks are consumed in many parts of the world and are relished for their acidic taste and health benefits. The aim of this study was to compare effects of different ratios of DL-type starter culture： mould Geotrichum candidum grown in milk on its viscosity and sensory properties on the 5th, 10th and 15th day of storage at 4 ~C~ in order to determine the best ratio to prepare fermented milk on basis of Iranian acceptance. We have examined the production of fermented milk by 80： 20, 70： 30, and 60：40 ratios of DL-type starter culture： mould Geotrichum candidum grown in milk. The results obtained from viscosity measurement and sensory evaluation showed no significant difference between these treatments used in the study and were not satisfactory; their viscosity was not accepted and scores attributed to odour and flavor of fermented milks by panelists were low.

一株白地霉在低碳氮比废水中降氨氮新功能的研究

该文从垃圾渗滤液中筛选出一株低C/N营养条件下氨氮去除效果显著的菌株。ITS序列测序鉴定表明,该菌株为白地霉(Galactomyces candidum)。经不同pH、温度、C/N的培养条件下培养24 h,测定其生长密度及氨氮去除情况,结果发现,白地霉培养基最佳降氨氮条件为:pH 8.0,C/N 1.5,温度30℃,其最佳氨氮去除率可达93.1%。该文发现了白地霉在污水处理,尤其是低C/N污水处理中具有氨氮去除的新功能,为其在低C/N污水生化处理工业化应用提供了新的菌株资源和技术途径。