The combined effects of farm yard manure and boron application on growth,and oil quality of Canola grown under newly reclaimed soils

Two field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2021/2022 at the Research and Production Station of National Research Centre in Egypt to investigate the effects of farmyard manure(FYM)and boron on Canola growth,yield,oil yield,and quality.The results unequivocally demonstrated that the combined application of FYM at a rate of 14.4 ton ha^(-1)with a foliar spray of boron at 100 ppm positively influenced plant characteristics,leading to enhanced growth rates and higher yields compared to the control group.Moreover,this integrated approach significantly improved nutrient content by enhancing levels of oil content,carbohydrates,proteins,phenolics,flavonoids,and total soluble sugars.These findings provide compelling evidence that utilizing farm manure along with boron can effectively enhance Canola properties in newly reclaimed soils while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

卡诺拉(Canola)油菜籽双相溶剂浸出工艺

对卡诺拉 (Canola)油菜籽双相溶剂浸出工艺流程、主要设备、溶剂特性、工艺特点以及工业化生产所面临的问题等进行了介绍。该工艺对我国油菜籽加工业开发食用级菜籽粕具有一定的借鉴作用。

Canola油低温浑浊现象的原因

研究了 Canola油中混入棉籽油和棕榈油导致浑浊的鉴别方法，基本排除了 Canola油在低温下浑浊是由 于搀假的可能性。蜡和一些高分子、高熔点物质在低温下析出 ， 是引起 Canola油浑浊的真正原因。介绍了这些沉淀 物质的组成及蜡含量的测定方法，并提出了解决问题的方法。

卡诺拉(canola)菜籽油的双相溶剂浸出

对卡诺拉（ｃａｎｏｌａ）菜籽浸出工艺中，应用己烷（Ｃ６Ｈ１４）含５％ （ｖ／ｖ）Ｈ２Ｏ与０．０８％ （ｗ ／ｗ ）ＮａＯＨ的ＣＨ３ＯＨ醇作溶剂浸出生产优质粕和油脂。报道了Ｃ６Ｈ１４—ＣＨ３ＯＨ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＮａＯＨ，粕—己烷以及粕—ＣＨ３ＯＨ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＮａＯＨ—Ｃ６Ｈ１４ 体系中Ｃａｎｏｌａ油的平衡数据。己烷和极性相间油脂分配效率高，可提供较大的传质推动力。ＣＨ３ＯＨ相的存在由于破坏细胞结构，可提高油脂浸出。该工艺证明ＣＨ３ＯＨ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＮａＯＨ 替代ＣＨ３ＯＨ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＮＨ３ 浸出不理想，可回收油籽中９３．５％ 油和油粕中９１．８％ 的蛋白质，而应用ＣＨ３ＯＨ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＮＨ３ 作溶剂，油脂和蛋白质回收率分别为９６．８％ 和９４．０％ 。应用ＮａＯＨ处理虽然简单但只能除去５０．２％ 的芥子甙，并且一些油脂被ＮａＯＨ水解，使工艺效率降低。

双低油菜Canola油——芸苔属食用型高油酸、低亚麻酸油脂的性能和改良

该文摘译自Scarth教授于 1 999年第十届国际油菜会议上发表的关于食用油酯的营养和改良的综述论文。Scarth系统地阐述了油菜中各种脂肪酸的营养特性和科学家采用现代生物技术和传统的育种方法对油酯组分的改良成果。同时介绍了目前油脂市场对食用油脂肪酸的需求和相应的油菜育种目标及方法。

Yield Attributes and Oil Safety in the Hyperaccumulator Canola Plant Grown in a Bioremediated Sewaged Soil

A field experiment was carried out at Abu-Rawash sewage farm to appraise the effect of certain novel remediative amendments on the quality of oil as well as the vegetative parameters and yield criteria of canola plant used as hyperaccumulator for the remediation of sewaged soils. The treatments included fallow soil （irrigated without growing canola）, soil cultivated with canola （Brassica napus L.） and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza （AM）, soil inoculation with Thiobacillus sp. （a mixture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidant）, soil treated with a mixture of 250 mg bentonite plus 250 mg rock phosphate/kg soil and inoculated with phosphate dissolving bacteria （PDB）, and soil treated with all the aforementioned remediative amendments. Results indicated that the vegetative parameters and yield criteria of canola plant did not exhibit any serious adverse impact under all treatments applied. The concentrations of Zn and Cu in canola oil extracted from plants grown in soil inoculated with AM and/or Thiobacillus sp. far exceeded the safe permissible levels. On the other hand, the content of both PTEs in the oil extracted from canola plants grown in soil treated with either probentonite or with mixture of all remediative amendments followed the permissible safe levels.

Canola菜籽粕在猪营养上的研究进展

Canola菜籽粕是Canola油菜籽榨油后的副产物，其营养价值一直存在争议，早期研究显示菜籽粕中存在抗营养因子（ANF），特别是硫代葡萄糖甙，导致将其添加到猪日粮中会有负面影响，因此虽然菜籽粕已经用于猪饲料很长时间了，但是它的添加水平仍然受到限制。通过基因改良推出的Canola油菜籽，抗营养因子的含量明显降低，另外通过改进油菜籽榨油加工工艺，也能够使菜籽粕对非反刍动物具有更优良的营养价值。因此本文目的是综述Canola菜籽粕在猪营养上的应用最新研究、影响其使用的限制因素，以及克服这些限制因素的对策。本文首先回顾了菜籽粕的发展历史。

Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Silicium on Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, and Fatty Acid Contents in Canola Exposure to Salt Stress

The effects of exogenous ascorbic acid and silicium on leaf fresh weigh, seed yield, photosynthesis, changes of the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, chlorophyll content, and fatty acid composition were investigated in salt-stressed canola. A hydroponic pot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design, factorial arrangement was used with 16 combinations of salinity stress （0, 100, 200, and 300 mmol L-1 NaC1）, ascorbic acid （0 and 30 mmol L-1）, and silicium （2 and 4 mmol L-1 from potassium silicate） with three replicates. The results showed that salinity significantly decreased leaf area and leaf fresh weight, seed yield, photosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, and seed protein percentage. Conversely, respiration, antioxidant enzymes activity, proline accumulation, and linolenic acid percentage increased due to salt stress. Ascorbic acid application improved photosynthesis and seed yield and mitigated antioxidant enzyme activity. In addition, nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll a and b were positively affected by ascorbic acid. Regarding silicium application, that was found that leaf area, leaf fresh weight, seed yield and photosynthesis, ascorbate peroxidase activity, nitrate reductase activity, and chlorophyll content increased, while respiration decreased. Furthermore, silicium had not significant effect on antioxidant enzyme activity. In general, ascorbic acid and silicium were involved in the defensive mechanisms against salinity stress and it can be suggested that, ascorbic acid and silicium application had positive effect on canola growth under conditions of salt stress.

Influence of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on quality of canola(Brassica napus L.) under rainfed conditions

Field experiments were conducted at Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak, Nowshera, Pakistan, during winter 2003～2004; 2004～2005 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen; sulfur levels; methods of nitrogen application on canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Bulbul-98) under rainfed conditions. Four levels of S (0, 10, 20,; 30 kg/ha); three levels of N (40, 60,; 80 kg/ha); a control treatment with both nutrients at zero level were included in the experiments. Sulfur levels were applied at sowing while N levels were applied by three methods (100% soil application, 90% soil+10% foliar application,; 80% soil +20% foliar application). The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design having four replications. Oil content increased significantly up to 20 kg S/ha but further increase in S level did not enhance oil content. Glucosinolate content increased from 13.6 to 24.6 μmol/g as S rate was increased from 0 to 30 kg/ha. Protein content increased from 22.4% to 23.2% as S rate was increased from 0 to 20 kg/ha. Oil content responded negatively to the increasing N levels. The highest N level resulted in the highest values for protein (23.5%); glucosinolate (19.9 μmol/g) contents. Methods of N application had no significant impact on any parameters under study.

Using an Anion Exchange Membrane to Predict Soil Available N and S Supplies and the Impact of N and S Fertilization on Canola and Wheat Growth

A growth chamber study was conducted to determine the relationships between the supply of soil available nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) and canola (Brassica napus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Biggar') N and S uptake and yield in three Western Canadian soils. The suitability of one-hour burial with an anion exchange membrane (AEM) was assessed for its utility as a quick test of the available N:S balance in the soil. Canola and wheat were grown on a Luvisolic soil low in available S and on Brown and Black Chernozemic soils low in both available N and S, with different rates and combinations of N and S fertilizers applied. AEM burial was used to assess soil available nitrate and sulfate supply rates after fertilization. Dry matter yield and N and S concentrations in plant tissues were determined after 6 weeks of growth. The soil available N:S ratio determined by AEM burial closely reflected the relative supplies of available N and S as revealed in the N:S ratios of plant tissue dry matter. The highest yields were achieved where the available N:S ratio in soil and plant tissue ranged from 5 to 13. Thus, a one-hour burial of an AEM probe in the field may be a useful tool to quickly test if a balanced N and S supply is present in the soil for optimum crop yield.

Nucleic Acid Metabolism, Proline Concentration and Antioxidants Enzyme Activity in Canola (Brassica nupus L.) Under Salinity Stress

Seedling of five canola genotypes, Hyola 308, Hyola 401, Hyola 60, Option 50 and RGS003, were grown in Hoagland nutrient solution containing S1 = 0, S2 = 100, S3 = 200 and S4 = 300 mmol L-1 NaCl in controlled environment. Proline, antioxidant activities like catalase （CAT）, ascobrate peroxidase （APX） and guaiacol peroxidase （GPX） and some enzyme activities of nucleic acid metabolism were determined in shoot and root 20 days after induction of salinity stress. Results showed application of stress significantly affected plant growth components such as fresh （FW） and dry weight （DW） of canola genotypes. Among the genotypes, RGS003 had the highest reduction of FW and DW in S3 treatment. By increasing NaCl levels from 0 to 300 mmol L-1, the activity of two antioxidant enzymes （APX and CAT） in shoot and root increased but GPX in all of genotypes decreased. The increase in salinity stress, increased proline concentration in both root and shoot tissues of canola genotypes. Hyola 401 genotype had the maximum concentration of proline in root and shoot in S3 treatment. Along with increased salinity stress in all of the studied plants, salinity significantly increased the level of the total nucleic acid and the activity of DNase I in all of salinity treatments and at the S3 level, RGS003 had the maximum concentration of nucleolytic enzyme.

Canola油氢化时甘油三酸酯中不同位置脂肪酸的反应速度

Canola油在选择性条件和非选择性条件下进行氢化,不同氢化时间的甘油三酸酯经胰脂酶水解后经TLC分离出甘油一酸酯。分别测定甘油三酸酯和甘油一酸酯的组成及反式异构体的含量。甘油酸酯的2—位和1,3—位上的脂肪酸的氢化反应速度是相同的且为一级反应。对于Canola油而言,由于其2—位上亚油酸含量较高,因而其含量的变化亦大于1,3—位。在非选择性氢化条件下,2—位上反式异构体的生成速度略低于1,3—位。本文还报导了2—位和1,3—位的亚油酸氢化选择性的测定结果。

Biodegradation and Sugar Release from Canola Plant Biomass by Selected White Rot Fungi

Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) for their potentials to secrete oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to biodegrade canola plant biomass (CPB), and release sugars. Fuscoporia gilva and Pleurotus tuberregium produced high amount of laccase (440.86 U/L and 480.63 U/L at day 7), as well as carboxylmethylcellulase (CMCase) (4.78 U/mL at day 21 and 3.13 U/mL at day 14) and xylanase (4.48 U/mL and 7.8 U/mL at day 21), respectively. Bjerkandera adusta showed high amount of MnP (50.4 U/L) and peroxidase (64.5 U/L), relative to the other strains. Loss of organic matter peaked after 21 days of incubation in all the tested strains;however, the best result (34.0%) was shown in P. tuberregium. The highest lignin loss was observed in Coriolopsis caperata strains. Among the sugar polymers, hemicellulose was highly degraded by P. tuberregium and P. pulmonarius (4.1% - 4.6%), while cellulose (3.3% - 4.3%) was mainly degraded by F. gilva and B. adusta. Glucose was the dominant sugar released by all the fungi tested, with the highest concentration of 1.25 mg/mL produced by B. adusta at day 14 of incubation. Results indicate that selected white rot fungi can achieve significant delignification of CPB within 14 days of solid state fermentation. Their importance in low cost pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass prior to conversion into biofuels and bio-products of economic importance is discussed.

Canola油脂肪酸分布及甘三酯组份的研究

1980年加拿大命名该国生产的双低菜籽油称为Canola油。Canola油色浅质佳,但其组成还未十分稳定。至今有关该油甘三酯结构的研究报导还不多见。 本研究采用了硝酸银浸渍薄层色谱板(“Ag~—TLC”)离析与胰脂酶水解相结合的方法,对Canola油作了脂肪酸分布及甘三酯组份的测定。与此同时还用“格氏试剂降解法”与“胰脂酶水解法”做了对比。 经过数据分析,结合前人有关甘三酯结构的假说,提出了适用于Canola油以及与其相类似结构油脂的脂肪酸分布模式(简称R—分布)。

The effect of ozone and drought on the photosynthetic performance of canola

Canola plants were fumigated in open-top chambers with ozone（O3）（120 ppb）under well-watered（WW）and water-stressed（WS）conditions for 4 weeks.Non-fumigated plants were also studied to facilitate comparison between treatments for the same week and over time.Therefore,the treatments were：WW,WW-O3,WS and WS-O3.The fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transients OJIP for the four treatments emitted upon illumination of dark-adapted leaves were measured after week 1,2,3,4 and analysed by the JIP-test to evaluate the resulting changes in photosynthetic performance.Ozone fumigation led to a decline of total performance index（PI（total））in well-watered plants.The effect of O3 was minor under drought conditions,as revealed by a decrease of PI（total） by 3%.The PI（total） decreased as the treatment was prolonged,due to leaf ageing for all cases and the decline was more pronounced under WW-O3.Taking the average of all weeks,WW had the highest PI（total)and the lowest WW-O3（decrease by 27%）,while in WS and WS-O3,it was lower than WW（14 and 17%,respectively）.We found that the absorption（ABS）/reaction centre（RC）increases,while the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry（φ（Po））undergoes slight changes,and trapping（TR0）/RC closely followed the increase in ABS/RC.This indicates that O3and drought caused an increase in the functional antenna size.The maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry showed slight differences for all treatments and over time,suggesting that this parameter is less sensitive to drought and O3 stress.Therefore,the more sensitive components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain appeared to be the probability that an electron from the intersystem electron carriers is transferred to reduce end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side（δ（Ro））and the RC density on a chlorophyll basis（RC/ABS）.

Canola菜籽的特性与制取工艺初探

对Ｃａｎｏｌａ菜籽理化特性，制取工艺方法。

Effect of Field Treatment on Microfloral Respiration and Storability of Canola under Different Storage Conditions

Whether different field treatments such as straight cut, swathing, or pre-harvest aid application can influence the canola storage is the critical information for growers. The effect of these different field treatments on the infection and development of microflora on canola seeds with 9%, 11%, and 14% moisture content at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C was determined. To evaluate the microfloral infection and development, concentration of CO2 and O2 in 150 g canola bulks were measured every 3 d. At the beginning and end of the study (66 d), the seed moisture content, germination, visible mold, invisible fungal infection, and yellow seed count were measured. The swathed and nature ripened canola had a slightly higher respiration rate at ≥30°C and ≥ 2 wk than the seeds with other field treatments. The swathed canola had a marginally lower initial germination and higher germination at 66 d. The Glyphosate treated and nature ripened canola seeds had a slightly higher chance of visible model development. However, all these differences were not significant at α = 0.05 level and different field treatments and storage conditions did not influence the yellow seed count.

Chronic consumption of thermally processed palm oil or canola oil modified gut microflora of rats

Dietary oils have critical influences on human health,and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils.Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry,but its health effects remain debatable.In the current study,we aimed to compare the effects of thermally oxidized palm oil and canola oil on gut microbiota.Palm oil or canola oil were heated at 180°C for 10 h to prepare high-fat diets.Rats were fed high-fat diets for 3 months,and hematological properties,gut microflora composition and intestinal gene expression were examined.The results indicated that heated canola oil consumption elevated plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c levels compared with unheated canola oil,but heated palm oil do not had these effects;and consumption of heated palm oil significantly elevated the relative abundance of Lactobacillucs and Roseburia in gut,compared with non-heated palm oil or two canola oil groups.Moreover,intestinal expression of IL-22 was increased in heated palm oil fed animal,though ZO-1 and GPR41 were reduced.In conclusion,heating process may enhance the effects of palm oil on proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillucs,and weaken the effects of canola oil on cholesterol transport and metabolism.