Multifractal Characteristics of Intermittent Turbulence in the Urban Canopy Layer

The multifractality of energy and thermal dissipation of fully developed intermittent turbulence is investigated in the urban canopy layer under unstable conditions by the singularity spectrum for the fractal dimensions of sets of singularities characterizing multifractals. In order to obtain high-order moment properties of smallscale turbulent dissipation in the inertial range, an ultrasonic anemometer with a high sampling frequency of 100 Hz was used. The authors found that the turbulent signal could be singular everywhere. Moreover, the singular exponents of energy and thermal dissipation rates are most frequently encountered at around 0.2, which is significantly smaller than the singular exponents for a wind tunnel at a moderate Reynolds number. The evidence indicates a higher intermittency of turbulence in the urban canopy layer at a high Reynolds number, which is demonstrated by the data with high temporal resolution. Furthermore, the temperature field is more intermittent than the velocity field. In addition, a large amount of samples could be used for verification of the results.

Effect of layer thickness and voxel size inversion on leaf area density based on the voxel-based canopy profiling method

Voxel-based canopy profiling is commonly used to determine small-scale leaf area.Layer thickness and voxel size impact accuracy when using this method.Here,we determined the optimal combination of layer thickness and voxel size to estimate leaf area density accurately.Terrestrial LiDAR Stonex X300 was used to generate point cloud data for Masson pines(Pinus massoniana).The canopy layer was stratified into 0.10-1.00-m-thick layers,while voxel size was 0.01-0.10 m.The leaf area density of individual trees was estimated using leaf area indices for the upper,middle,and lower canopy and the overall canopy.The true leaf area index,obtained by layered harvesting,was used to verify the inversion results.Leaf area density was inverted by nine combinations of layer thickness and voxel size.The average relative accuracy and mean estimated accuracy of these combined inversion results exceeded 80%.When layer thickness was 1.00 m and voxel size 0.05 m,inversion was closest to the true value.The average relative accuracy was 92.58%,mean estimated accuracy 98.00%,and root mean square error 0.17.The combination of leaf area density and index was accurately retrieved.In conclusion,nondestructive voxel-based canopy profiling proved suitable for inverting the leaf area density of Masson pine in Hetian Town,Fujian Province.

Thermodynamic Feedback between Clouds and the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer

A cloud-ocean planetary boundary layer (OPBL) feedback mechanism is presented and tested in this paper. Water vapor, evaporated from the ocean surface or transported by the large-scale air flow, often forms convective clouds under a conditionally unstable lapse rate. The variable cloud cover and rainfall may have positive and negative feedback with the ocean mixed layer temperature and salinity structure. The coupling of the simplified Kuo's (1965) cumulus cloud model to the Kraus-Turner's (1967) ocean mixed layer model shows the existence of this feedback mechanism. The theory also predicts the generation of low frequency oscillation in the atmosphere and oceans.

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF STRUCTURE TRANSITION IN THE PEROVSKITE-TYPE LAYER COMPOUND: (n-C_9H_(19_NH_3)_2CuCl_4

Infrared spectra of (n-C_9H_(19)NH_3)_2CuCl_4 in three solid phases were investigated. It was found that the phase transition at T_(cl)(25℃) arises from the change of the interaction and packing structure of the chain. The phase transition at T_(c2)(34℃)is related to the change of a partial conformational order-disorder. The GTC or GTG' and small concentration of TG structure near CH_3 group exist in phase Ⅲ (above 38℃).

Numerical Study on Dry Deposition Processes in Canopy Layer

A coupling model between the canopy layer(CL) and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for the study of dry deposition velocity is developed. The model consists of six parts: chemical species conservation equation including absorptive factor; the species uptake action including detailed vertical variation of absorptive element in CL; momentum exchange in CL which is represented by a first-order closure momentum equation with an additional larger-scale diffusive term; momentum exchange in ABL which is described by a complete set of the ABL turbulent statistic parameters; absorptivity (or solubility or reflection) at the surface including effects of the physical and chemical characters of the species, land type, seasonal and diurnal variations of the meteorological variables; and deposition velocity derived by distributions of the species with height in CL. Variational rules of the concentration and deposition velocity with both height and time are simulated with the model for both corn and forest canopies. Results predicted with the bulk deposition velocity derived in the paper consist well with experimental data.

Different Turbulent Regimes and Vertical Turbulence Structures of the Urban Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer

Turbulence in the nocturnal boundary layer(NBL)is still not well characterized,especially over complex underlying surfaces.Herein,gradient tower data and eddy covariance data collected by the Beijing 325-m tower were used to better understand the differentiating characteristics of turbulence regimes and vertical turbulence structure of urban the NBL.As for heights above the urban canopy layer(UCL),the relationship between turbulence velocity scale(VTKE)and wind speed(V)was consistent with the“HOckey-Stick”(HOST)theory proposed for a relatively flat area.Four regimes have been identified according to urban nocturnal stable boundary layer.Regime 1 occurs where local shear plays a leading role for weak turbulence under the constraint that the wind speed V<VT(threshold wind speed).Regime 2 is determined by the existence of strong turbulence that occurs when V>VT and is mainly driven by bulk shear.Regime 3 is identified by the existence of moderate turbulence when upside-down turbulence sporadic bursts occur in the presence of otherwise weak turbulence.Regime 4 is identified as buoyancy turbulence,when V>VT,and the turbulence regime is affected by a combination of local wind shear,bulk shear and buoyancy turbulence.The turbulence activities demonstrated a weak thermal stratification dependency in regime 1,for which within the UCL,the turbulence intensity was strongly affected by local wind shear when V<VT.This study further showed typical examples of different stable boundary layers and the variations between turbulence regimes by analyzing the evolution of wind vectors.Partly because of the influence of large-scale motions,the power spectral density of vertical velocity for upsidedown structure showed an increase at low frequencies.The upside-down structures were also characterized by the highest frequency of the stable stratifications in the higher layer.

硝-硫混酸硝化四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷制备CL-20反应机理

为了研究四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)的混酸硝化反应机理,采用分阶段终止反应进程的方法,先后分离并表征了五种反应中间体:四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、三乙酰基三硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷两种异构体以及一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷。试验结果表明:TAIW笼底的两个游离仲胺基很容易首先发生硝化作用,在升温条件下,四个乙酰基再逐个发生硝解。运用薄层色谱(TLC)技术跟踪了反应进程,检测到了上述全部中间体。

树冠位置对香樟叶形态性状和异速生长关系的影响

为深入了解树冠位置对植物叶形态性状的影响,在常绿乔木香樟树冠上下2层和东南西北4个方位开展调查取样,系统分析了不同树冠位置间叶形态性状(叶长、叶宽、叶厚、叶柄长、叶柄直径和叶形指数)及其异速生长关系的差异性。结果表明,叶形态性状在不同树冠方位间均差异显著,但上下2层变化趋势不完全一致。在树冠上层,除叶形指数和叶炳长外,其余4个性状均表现为东侧最大。在树冠下层,除叶形指数外,其余5个性状指标均表现为东侧最小。在同一方位上,叶形态性状在上下2层间也存在一定差异,其中叶形指数多为下层高于上层,而其他形态性状多呈相反趋势。此外,树冠层次和方位的交互作用对叶片长、叶片厚、叶柄长和叶柄直径有显著影响。各层次和各方位叶形态性状间多为异速生长关系(即异速生长指数不等于1),且多无显著差异。在所有树冠层次和树冠方位,叶宽与叶厚、叶宽与叶炳长、叶长与叶厚及叶长与叶柄长之间均呈异速生长关系。可见,树冠位置对香樟叶形态性状的影响较大,但形态性状间的异速生长关系相对稳定,这是香樟叶形态性状表型可塑性和内在关系稳定性的重要体现。

滇南不同类型森林优势种幼树枝生态化学计量特征

【目的】探究不同森林类型植物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征,对于深入了解物种养分元素的分布格局、受限制状况及吸收利用资源效率具有重要作用。【方法】以滇南地区热带季节雨林、热带山地雨林和中山湿性常绿阔叶林3种森林主要优势种为研究对象,分析不同类型森林上、下层优势种幼树枝C、N、P化学计量特征。【结果】滇南森林优势种幼树枝C含量为441.67~494.33 mg/g,N含量为6.26~12.47 mg/g,P含量为0.34~1.06 mg/g;滇南3种森林优势种幼树枝C、N、P含量平均值总体上随海拔梯度的增加而增加;C∶N的平均值在热带季节雨林最高、热带山地雨林最低;C∶P和N∶P平均值在热带山地雨林最高、中山湿性常绿阔叶最低;3种森林的N∶P平均值均介于10~20之间;上层优势种幼树枝C、N含量平均值低于下层优势种,P含量平均值上层高于下层,上层N∶P低于10,下层优势种接近于20;热带季节雨林中,C∶N与N∶P间呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);热带山地雨林中,C∶N与C∶P之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);中山湿性常绿阔叶林中,C∶N与C∶P、N∶P之间均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);3种森林上、下层优势种幼树枝C、N、P含量之间均无显著相关性。【结论】滇南3种森林优势种幼树枝C、N、P元素含量相对较高,C∶N和C∶P相对较低的分配格局特征。一方面反映出滇南森林植被C元素分解释放相对较快,植被生长受N、P元素共同限制的特征;另一方面,滇南森林上层树种对养分元素的吸收利用效率略高于下层树种。滇南森林物种所处的群落层次对其枝化学计量特征的影响程度大于海拔因素。

目标检测算法Yolov8用于转色柑桔果实检测的改进

为提高在自然环境下对柑桔果实的识别,针对当前柑桔目标检测中树冠大、果实个体小、密集且遮挡严重等导致果实检测难度大的问题,基于自然状态下转色中后期温州蜜柑单侧完整树冠图像构建的果实数据集,提出了一种在Yolov8检测模型上添加小目标检测层的I-Yolov8检测模型。结果表明,以自然环境下的冠层为背景,丰富了数据集的目标特征,而添加的小目标检测层可用于检测4像素×4像素以上的目标。模型的训练平均精度(mAP)达到93.5%,相比Yolov8提升了1.3百分点。在晴天和阴天两个自然场景下分别进行预测,I-Yolov8和Yolov8的检测精确率均为100%;I-Yolov8的召回率分别达72.45%和91.61%,相比Yolov8分别提升了16.33和14.63百分点。I-Yolov8网络模型对于自然环境中柑桔的检测精度高,具备较高的应用潜力。

微尺度城市冠层模型下的通风与放射性核素扩散特性

采用数值模拟方法研究了城市冠层形态对放射性核素迁移扩散特性的影响,并引入速度比(VR)、空气龄(τ_(p))、滞留时间(τ_(c))和大气弥散因子(ADF)4个指标评价城市冠层行人高度处放射性核素的流动和扩散状况。数值结果表明,城市冠层形态的改变对主街道上的空气龄影响较小,但对街道峡谷内的空气龄影响较大;在较高建筑迎风侧下洗风的现象较强,通风状况较好,而在其背风侧存在气流停滞现象,通风状况较差。放射性核素的迁移扩散主要受城市冠层形态的影响,通风良好的街道峡谷不一定有较小的滞留时间,而通风较差的街道峡谷也不一定有较大的滞留时间。受建筑群的机械扰流影响,大气弥散因子明显降低,当城市冠层为凸型和递增型时,放射性核素在下游距离450~900 m区域内扩散效果最好。

An Application of the RAMS/FLUENT System on the Multi-Scale Numerical Simulation of the Urban Surface Layer—A Preliminary Study

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS） and the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） codes known as FLUENT are combinatorially applied in a multi-scale numerical simulation of the urban surface layer （USL）. RAMS and FLUENT are combined as a multi-scale numerical modeling system, in which the RAMS simulated data are delivered to the computational model for FLUENT simulation in an offline way. Numerical simulations are performed to present and preliminarily validate the capability of the multi-scale modeling system, and the results show that the modeling system can reasonably provide information on the meteorological elements in an urban area from the urban scale to the city-block scale, especially the details of the turbulent flows within the USL.

Performance and Analysis of a Model for Describing Layered Leaf Area Index of Rice

Layered leaf area index （LAIk） is one of the major determinants for rice canopy. The objective of this study is to attain rice LAI k using morphological traits especially leaf traits that affected plant type. A theoretical model based on rice geometrical structure was established to describe LAI k of rice with leaf length （Li）, width （Wi）, angle （Ai）, and space （Si）, and plant pole height （H） at booting and heading stages. In correlation with traditional manual measurement, the model was performed by high R2-values （0.95-0.89, n=24） for four rice hybrids （Liangyoupeijiu, Liangyou E32, Liangyou Y06, and Shanyou 63） with various plant types and four densities （3 750, 2 812, 1 875, and 1 125 plants per 100 m2） of a particular hybrid （Liangyoupeijiu）. The analysis of leaf length, width, angle, and space on LAI k for two hybrids （Liangyoupeijiu and Shanyou 63） showed that leaves length and space exhibited greater effects on the change of rice LAI k . The radiation intensity showed a significantly negative exponential relation to the accumulation of LAI k , which agreed to the coefficient of light extinction （K）. Our results suggest that plant type regulates radiation distribution through changing LAI k . The present model would be helpful to acquire leaf distribution and judge canopy structure of rice field by computer system after a simple and less-invasive measurement of leaf length, width, angle （by photo）, and space at field with non-dilapidation of plants.

A Simplified Scheme of the Generalized Layered Radiative Transfer Model

In this paper, firstly, a simplified version （SGRTM） of the generalized layered radiative transfer model （GRTM） within the canopy, developed by us, is presented. It reduces the information requirement of inputted sky diffuse radiation, as well as of canopy morphology, and in turn saves computer resources. Results from the SGRTM agree perfectly with those of the GRTM. Secondly, by applying the linear superposition principle of the optics and by using the basic solutions of the GRTM for radiative transfer within the canopy under the condition of assumed zero soil reflectance, two sets of explicit analytical solutions of radiative transfer within the canopy with any soil reflectance magnitude are derived： one for incident diffuse, and the other for direct beam radiation. The explicit analytical solutions need two sets of basic solutions of canopy reflectance and transmittance under zero soil reflectance, run by the model for both diffuse and direct beam radiation. One set of basic solutions is the canopy reflectance αf （written as α1 for direct beam radiation） and transmittance βf （written as β1 for direction beam radiation） with zero soil reflectance for the downward radiation from above the canopy （i.e. sky）, and the other set is the canopy reflectance （αb） and transmittance βb for the upward radiation from below the canopy （i.e., ground）. Under the condition of the same plant architecture in the vertical layers, and the same leaf adaxial and abaxial optical properties in the canopies for the uniform diffuse radiation, the explicit solutions need only one set of basic solutions, because under this condition the two basic solutions are equal, i.e., αf = αb and βf = βb. Using the explicit analytical solutions, the fractions of any kind of incident solar radiation reflected from （defined as surface albedo, or canopy reflectance）, transmitted through （defined as canopy transmittance）, and absorbed by （defined as canopy absorptance） the canopy and other properties pertinent to the radiative transfer within the canopy can be estimated easily on the ground surface below the canopy （soil or snow surface） with any reflectance magnitudes. The simplified transfer model is proven to have a similar accuracy compared to the detailed model, as well as very efficient computing.

Cl离子掺杂对钙钛矿薄膜结构及光学性能的影响

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿光吸收层薄膜的结构、形貌及结晶度对电池的光电性能起决定性作用。采用一步溶液法通过改变CH_3NH_3I和PbCl_2的摩尔比调控钙钛矿前驱体溶液中Cl离子的掺杂量,从而制备钙钛矿光吸收层薄膜。利用荧光光谱(PL)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及EDS能谱分别对钙钛矿溶液的荧光性能、薄膜的结构、表面形貌及反应后Cl离子的含量进行表征。结果表明,随着CH_3NH_3I和PbCl_2的摩尔比的增加,前驱体溶液的荧光强度逐渐减弱(激发波长为325 nm);晶体结构由立方相CH_3NH_3PbCl_3转换成了纯的四方相CH_3NH_3PbI_3钙钛矿薄膜,晶粒尺寸增大,晶格应变随之增加;表面覆盖率逐渐升高,薄膜表面无针状结构出现;薄膜中Cl离子的含量逐渐减少,改善了薄膜的质量。

Preparation and Characterization of a New Layered Double Hydroxide,Mg–Fe–Ce

1 Introduction In the present paper,MgCl2·6H2O,FeCl3·6H2O,and CeCl3·6H2O were used as raw materials in the precipitationhydrothermal method to synthesize MgF eC e hydrotalcite.The effects of the Fe:Ce molar ratio on the composition,crystal structure,and thermal stability of hydrotalcite are examined.Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-

六盘山区辽东栎林分结构对各植物层生物量的影响

[目的]量化宁夏六盘山区辽东栎次生林各植物层(乔木层、林下植物层(草本和灌丛)、枯落物层)生物量随郁闭度及林分密度的变化,确定能使各层生物量均维持在较高水平的最佳林分结构,以充分发挥森林多种功能。[方法]基于野外调查样地数据,利用上外包线分析法确定辽东栎林各层生物量对林分密度和郁闭度的响应规律,并经综合权衡后确定最佳郁闭度范围。[结果]随郁闭度和林分密度增加,乔木层生物量先快速增加,在郁闭度0.75和密度1050株∙hm^(−2)时分别达到292.3和296.9 t∙hm^(−2),分别为其外包线最大值的80%和82%,之后增速变缓;林下植物层生物量先缓慢下降,在郁闭度0.75和密度1150株∙hm^(−2)时分别达到9.08和9.17 t∙hm^(−2),分别为其外包线最大值的89%和86%,之后快速减小;枯落物层生物量先逐渐增加,在郁闭度0.75时达到33.34 t∙hm^(−2),为外包线最大值的97%。综合分析各层生物量随郁闭度的变化表明,需维持林冠郁闭度在0.75~0.79左右,才能使林分各层生物量都保持在各自上外包线最大值的80%以上。[结论]在宁夏六盘山区,要使辽东栎林的乔木层、林下植物层、枯落物层的生物量均维持在较高水平,需维持林冠郁闭度在最佳范围0.75~0.79左右,这可用于指导该地区及类似地区的辽东栎林多功能经营。

机载激光点云单木分割方法对比及精度分析

通过对机载激光点云基于冠层高度模型、基于点云以及基于层堆叠种子点分割方法,对针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林3种不同类型林分进行单木分割,并通过计算单木分割的检测率、正确率、F-score等精度指标,探究不同分割方法在不同类型林分的适用性。实验结果表明,对于针叶林,基于点云分割方法的分割精度最高,基于层堆叠种子点分割方法对树木分割的正确率最高;对于阔叶林和针阔混交林,基于层堆叠种子点分割方法的分割精度和检测率较高,优于其他两种分割方法。

光亮酸铜液中Cl^-含量对镀层外观的影响试验

对703型微染料及×××公司染料型酸铜光亮剂在不同液温段下Cl-含量对镀层外观影响的试验结果表明:Cl-对不同体系的影响不尽相同;含量低时共同表现是使镀层高Jc处产生发白粗糙沉积,而含量过高时主要是降低镀液整平性及低Jc处镀层光亮性。液温稍高,允许含量上限提高。在最佳Cl-含量时,微染料型能在(7-40)℃宽温范围内得到镜面光亮镀层,而染料型宜在(20-31)℃范围内使用。工业生产中应防止Cl-积累并及时去除过量Cl-。

谈CPS-CL反应粘结型高分子湿铺卷材施工质量控制

结合工程实例,介绍了CPS-CL反应粘结型高分子湿铺卷材的施工工艺流程,从基层清理、润湿、细部处理等方面,分析了该卷材在施工中常见的质量问题,并归纳了一系列施工注意事项,以达到预期的施工效果。