Reliability of DC-link capacitor in pulsed power supply for accelerator magnet

Capacitors are widely used in pulsed magnet power supplies to reduce ripple voltage,store energy,and decrease power variation.In this study,DC-link capacitors in pulsed power supplies were investigated.By deriving an analytical method for the capacitor current on the H-bridge topology side,the root-mean-square value of the capacitor current was calculated,which helps in selecting the DC-link capacitors.The proposed method solves this problem quickly and with high accuracy.The current reconstruction of the DC-link capacitor is proposed to avoid structural damage in the capacitor’s current measurement,and the capacitor’s hotspot temperature and temperature rise are calculated using the FFT transform.The test results showed that the error between the calculated and measured temperature increases was within 1.5℃.Finally,the lifetime of DC-link capacitors was predicted based on Monte Carlo analysis.The proposed method can evaluate the reliability of DC-link capacitors in a non-isolated switching pulsed power supply for accelerators and is also applicable to film capacitors.

Status and Opportunities of Zinc Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Focus on Carbon Materials, Current Collectors, and Separators

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs), which integrate the features of the high power of supercapacitors and the high energy of zinc ion batteries, are promising competitors in future electrochemical energy storage applications. Carbon-based materials are deemed the competitive candidates for cathodes of ZIHC due to their cost-effectiveness, high electronic conductivity, chemical inertness, controllable surface states, and tunable pore architectures. In recent years, great research efforts have been devoted to further improving the energy density and cycling stability of ZIHCs. Reasonable modification and optimization of carbon-based materials offer a remedy for these challenges. In this review, the structural design, and electrochemical properties of carbon-based cathode materials with different dimensions, as well as the selection of compatible, robust current collectors and separators for ZIHCs are discussed. The challenges and prospects of ZIHCs are showcased to guide the innovative development of carbon-based cathode materials and the development of novel ZIHCs.

一种CC/CV平滑切换的宽输出电压充电电路

目前多种动力蓄电池凭借着能量密度高、续航里程长和可循环使用等优势,在新能源汽车领域得到了广泛应用。针对当前以谐振电路为基础构建复合变换器应用于蓄电池充电存在输出电压范围、模式间切换、效率等不同问题,提出了一种四开关Buck-Boost与电容钳位LLC级联复用式变换器作为充电电路。该电路增益曲线的容性区和感性区均可工作,宽调频范围的容性区具有恒流特性,感性区的最佳谐振点具有恒压特性,利于实现蓄电池恒流恒压充电控制。频率与占空比的解耦控制拓宽了变换器的输出电压范围,且负载阻抗连续变化下电压增益连续,利于实现蓄电池恒流恒压平滑切换及满足不同电池充电控制方案,宽增益下的宽调控范围可减少输出纹波。拥有桥臂间移相软开关、复用桥臂增强软开关能力和降低通态电流、变压器低磁链及最终移动于最佳谐振点工作等电路特性,利于实现电能高效传输。仿真与实验结果验证了充电电路全程满足ZVS、ZCS的恒流恒压控制及充电模式间平滑切换特性。

Critical current degradation in an epoxy-impregnated rare-earth Ba_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-x)coated conductor caused by damage during a quench

High-temperature superconducting(HTS)rare-earth Ba_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-x)(REBCO)coated conductors(CCs)have significant potential in high-current and high-field applications.However,owing to the weak interface strength of the laminated composite REBCO CCs,the damage induced by the thermal mismatch stress under a combination of epoxy impregnation,cooling,and quenching can cause premature degradation of the critical current.In this study,a three-dimensional(3D)electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical model based on the H-formulation and cohesive zone model(CZM)is developed to study the critical current degradation characteristics in an epoxy-impregnated REBCO CC caused by the damage during a quench.The temperature variation,critical current degradation of the REBCO CC,and its degradation onset temperature calculated by the numerical model are in agreement with the experimental data taken from the literature.The delamination of the REBCO CC predicted by the numerical model is consistent with the experimental result.The numerical results also indicate that the shear stress is the main contributor to the damage propagation inside the REBCO CC.The premature degradation of the critical current during a quench is closely related to the interface shear strength inside the REBCO CC.Finally,the effects of the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)of the epoxy resin,thickness of the substrate,and substrate material on the critical current degradation characteristics of the epoxy-impregnated REBCO CC during a quench are also discussed.These results help us understand the relationship between the current-carrying degradation and damage in the HTS applications.

Mathematical Modeling and Control Algorithm Development for Bidirectional Power Flow in CCS-CNT System

As the demand for more efficient and adaptable power distribution systems intensifies, especially in rural areas, innovative solutions like the Capacitor-Coupled Substation with a Controllable Network Transformer (CCS-CNT) are becoming increasingly critical. Traditional power distribution networks, often limited by unidirectional flow capabilities and inflexibility, struggle to meet the complex demands of modern energy systems. The CCS-CNT system offers a transformative approach by enabling bidirectional power flow between high-voltage transmission lines and local distribution networks, a feature that is essential for integrating renewable energy sources and ensuring reliable electrification in underserved regions. This paper presents a detailed mathematical representation of power flow within the CCS-CNT system, emphasizing the control of both active and reactive power through the adjustment of voltage levels and phase angles. A control algorithm is developed to dynamically manage power flow, ensuring optimal performance by minimizing losses and maintaining voltage stability across the network. The proposed CCS-CNT system demonstrates significant potential in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of power distribution, making it particularly suited for rural electrification and other applications where traditional methods fall short. The findings underscore the system's capability to adapt to varying operational conditions, offering a robust solution for modern power distribution challenges.

currentMKMJ25-22型自愈式脉冲电容器耐久性试验条件的验证及其重要意义

随着电力装备制造技术的不断提升,自愈式脉冲电容器作为一种关键的电子元器件,在多个领域的应用逐渐得到广泛推广。为了确保这些电容器在实际应用中的稳定性和可靠性,必须对其进行严格的耐久性试验。然而,目前主流的试验方法尚不能准确快速地反映MKMJ25–22型自愈式脉冲电容器的实际性能。针对MKMJ25–22型自愈式脉冲电容器的试验问题,文章对标行业试验标准,对试验设备的能力进行了理论分析,并在元件选取、充放电回路等方面对试验回路进行了优化设计。通过对1台MKMJ25–22型自愈式脉冲电容器进行2000次的耐久性试验,证明回路、设备、配件均能够满足MKMJ25–22型自愈式脉冲电容器的试验要求。

LCC-LCC/S自切换恒流-恒压复合型无线电能传输系统

为了解决蓄电池充电过程中的恒流过充或恒压欠充问题,该文提出一种LCC-LCC/S自切换恒流-恒压复合型无线电能传输系统。通过副边电力开关切换,该系统不仅可实现恒流-恒压输出,且能有效应对蓄电池充电过程中的各种异常工况;另外,在充电完成负载移除时,该系统能自动进入低功耗待机状态。首先,给出LCC-LCC/S自切换复合拓扑,分析恒压-恒流及零相角(ZPA)特性;其次,分析恒流-恒压切换点并验证其最优性;然后,通过分析充电过程中出现的副边缺失、负载短路、负载断路等异常工况,系统能通过开关切换有效应对以上异常工作情况,并且充电完成负载移除后系统能自动进入低功耗待机状态;接着,通过与目前研究较多的S-SP拓扑的系统特性进行对比,突出了LCC-LCC/S拓扑的优势;最后,搭建仿真和实验平台,实现最大电流为5.03 A、最大电压为48.92 V的高效率输出,验证了所提理论的正确性。

基于频率切换实现电池恒流和恒压充电的LCC-S补偿WPT系统研究

无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)系统具有安全、方便、美观等性能优势,已逐步渗入到人们的日常生活中。在电池充电应用中,通常期望WPT系统能够在零相角ZPA(zero phase angle)条件下实现负载无关的恒流和恒压充电功能。提出了一种基于频率切换的LCC-S补偿WPT系统及其参数设计方法,可使系统在2个不同的ZPA频率点分别实现负载无关的恒流和恒压充电输出,无需改变电路拓扑结构。设计的LCC-S补偿WPT系统接收侧仅有一个补偿电容,确保了WPT系统接收侧紧凑性。最后,搭建了一台充电电流和电压分别为3 A和50 V的实验样机,验证了本研究中WPT系统的合理性与实用性。

A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SINUSIODAL WAVE INVERTER WITH PI REGULATORS AND CAPACITOR CURRENT FEEDBACK

Objective For the inverters used in UPS, it is important to maintain the pure sinusoidal AC output voltage waveform over all loading conditions and transients. Methods A novel sinusoidal output voltage control strategy is pregented in this paper. The output voltage is controlled by introducing filtering eapacitor current feedback. Two simple PI regulators are used for the current and voltage control loops. Results With the new control strategy, the inverter achieves very low output voltage distortion, good output voltage regulation and strong perturbation rejection, fast dynamic response, and good performance under nonlinear loads. The THD under capacitance rectifying load is better than 0.2%, the output voltage regulation within 0 to full load is less than 0.1%. The resting time under load transient is within 200?μ s . Conclusion The merits of the new control strategy include rapid response and good steady state stiffness.

Design of a Switched Capacitor Negative Feedback Circuit for a Very Low Level DC Current Amplifier

To miniaturize a very low level dc current amplifier and to improve its output response speed, the switched capacitor negative feedback circuit (SCNF), instead of the conventionally used high-ohmage resistor, is presented in this paper. In our system, a switched capacitor filter (SCF) and an offset controller are also used to decrease vibrations and offset voltage at the output of the amplifier using SCNF. The theoretical output voltage of the very low level dc current amplifier using SCNF is obtained. The experimental results show that the unnecessary components of the amplifier’s output are much decreased, and that the response speed of the amplifier with both the SCNF and SCF is faster than that using high-ohmage resistor.

High Frequency Oscillator Design Using a Single 45 nm CMOS Current Controlled Current Conveyor (CCCII+) with Minimum Passive Components

In the field of analog VLSI design, current conveyors have reasonably established their identity as an important circuit design element. In the literature published during the past few years, numerous application have been reported which are based on a variety of current conveyors. In this paper, an oscillator circuit has been proposed. This oscillator is designed using a single positive type second generation current controlled current conveyor (CCCII+). A CCCII has parasitic input resistance on it’s current input node. This resistance could be exploited to reduce circuit complexities. Thus in this accord, a novel oscillator circuit is proposed which utilizes the parasitic resistance of the CCCII+ along with a few more passive components.

Active Current Sharing of LCLC Resonant Converter with Switch-Controlled-Capacitor Technology

In this paper,an interleaved LCLC converter with enhancement-mode(E-mode)GaN devices is introduced to achieve the accurate current sharing performance for data center applications. Any tolerance in the resonant tank elements can lead to large load imbalance between any two different phases. Due to the steep gain curves of LCLC converters,conventional current sharing methods are not effective. In the proposed converter,the impedances of the resonant networks are matched by switching a capacitor,i.e.,switch controlled capacitor(SCC),in series with the resonant capacitor in one or some of the phases,which results in accurate load current sharing among the phases with an accuracy around 0.025%. The load share of a phase is sensed through the resonant current on it,and the control logic applied to such current sharing can be achieved. By this method,accurate current sharing is achieved for a wide input voltage range required for the hold-up time in data center applications. Interleaving is applied in the proposed multiphase LCLC converter,resulting in low current stress on the output capacitor and allowing ceramic capacitor implementation. Moreover,phase shedding accomplishes high light load efficiency. The performance of the proposed interleaved LCLC converter is verified by a two-phase 1 k W prototype with an input voltage ranging from 250 V to 400 V and a fixed 12 V output voltage.

磁脱扣器动作响应分析及储能电容匹配设计

驱动电路与磁脱扣器是电磁式漏电保护器的核心组件,磁脱扣器需与储能电容匹配。在电磁式漏电保护器基本工作原理分析的基础上,建立磁脱扣器的数学模型与有限元计算模型,根据激磁安匝变化进行衔铁响应状态分析,仿真不同线圈激励形式下磁脱扣器动作响应状态。研究衔铁角动量与角位移变化特征,根据无激励时衔铁释放临界角动量与角位移关系,确定不同线圈激励形式下的衔铁临界释放条件。研究电容电压激励源下衔铁所受力矩冲量的变化规律,分析电容及其储能对衔铁释放响应状态的影响,根据临界储能最小的原则确定电容匹配,可以降低衔铁可靠释放所需储能。通过对磁脱扣器样机进行实验测试,验证了理论分析与仿真计算的正确性。

一种两倍升压五电平开关电容逆变器

开关电容型逆变器具有使用单直流电源输入、电容电压自均衡、输出谐波含量低以及高电压增益的优势。本文提出一种新型五电平逆变器拓扑,该拓扑由1个直流电源、2个浮动电容、1个电感以及4对互补开关管构成;采用多载波层叠调制策略实现开关电容与输入电源的分时串并联运行;实现了2倍电压增益、五电平输出以及电容电压自均衡;通过增加电感抑制了开关电容充电时存在的脉冲电流,降低了开关管的电流应力。此外,逆变电路中没有单独二极管器件,使得该电路具有能量双向流动的能力,扩展了电路的应用范围。本文详细分析了电路的构成及工作过程,仿真及实验结果验证了所提出的逆变器具有可行性。

基于比例重复控制的MMC-SST子模块电容纹波电压抑制策略

基于模块化多电平变换器的固态变压器(modular multilevel converter based solid state transformer,MMC-SST)是实现交直流混合配电网柔性互联及能量多向流动的关键装备。针对固态变压器输入级MMC子模块电容纹波电压过大,导致装置的体积和成本增加的问题,提出一种基于比例重复控制的MMC-SST改进纹波电压抑制策略。首先利用基于比例重复控制的电容电压闭环得到调整后的功率移相角。然后,通过双有源桥变换器将子模块电容纹波功率传递到低压直流母线,从而有效抑制MMC子模块的各频次纹波电压,达到减小电容值的目的。最后,仿真结果表明在网侧电压对称或不对称工况下,基于比例重复控制的MMC-SST子模块电容纹波电压抑制策略均具有良好的纹波电压抑制能力。

基于LC谐振单元的多回路开关电容型均衡电路

传统的串并联开关电容型均衡电路在工作过程中会产生影响电路可靠性的冲击电流,为了改善该问题对电路性能的影响,同时提升电路的均衡速度,提出一种基于LC谐振单元的多回路开关电容型均衡电路。电路的LC谐振单元由均衡电容串联电感元件组成,所有开关器件均工作在零电流开关模式下,这将有效降低开关损耗,并有效抑制电路中的冲击电流,从而延长开关器件的使用寿命,提高电路的可靠性。所提出的均衡电路采用两个LC谐振单元作为储能元件组的组间均衡支路,可以同时实现储能元件单体与单体之间以及储能元件组与组之间的均衡,在保证均衡精度的同时,有效地提升电路均衡的速度。详细地分析了电路的特点与工作原理,通过搭建仿真平台,将所提出电路与现有的同类型均衡电路对比,验证了所提出均衡电路对均衡速度的提升作用。搭建了五个串联超级电容的实验平台,实验结果表明,所提出的电路可以提升55.85%的均衡速度,并且对冲击电流有显著的抑制作用。

电容电压平衡的四电平有源中性点钳位逆变器的改进模型预测电流控制

多电平有源中点钳位(ANPC)逆变器具有功率器件电压应力小、电流谐波低和器件损耗可调控等优点,被广泛应用于工业驱动中。针对四电平ANPC(4L-ANPC)逆变器的控制与调制研究相对较少,现有的调制方案实现复杂,中点电压(NPV)控制难度较大。因此,该文针对三相4L-ANPC逆变器,提出一种改进的有限集模型预测电流控制(FS-MPCC)算法,避免了复杂的调制过程。首先,使用仅包含电流误差的代价函数对位于六边形顶点的6个大电压矢量进行寻优;其次,对参与第一步寻优的大矢量划分扇区,使用包含电流误差和电容电压误差的代价函数对最优大矢量所在扇区的所有电压矢量滚动寻优,得到目标电压矢量并作用于逆变器;最后,仿真和实验结果表明,与传统的FS-MPCC相比,所提方法在降低系统计算负担的同时,还具有较好的控制性能和电容电压平衡能力。

不平衡电网下模块化多电平换流器的直流环流均衡策略

不平衡电网下模块化多电平换流器(MMC)存在三相直流环流不均衡问题,易导致相间电流应力和热应力差异,降低其在不平衡工况下安全运行能力。该文从桥臂功率角度分析不平衡电网下三相MMC直流环流不均衡现象和基于零序电压注入的直流环流均衡机理。提出一种零序电压注入的直流环流均衡方法,通过网侧电流与直流环流偏差量计算得到零序电压相位,经过比例谐振控制器生成零序电压注入量,进而实现直流环流的快速、有效均衡。在所提出的控制策略的基础上,研究该方法对MMC桥臂电流峰值、有效值及子模块电容电压纹波的影响规律。仿真与实验结果验证了该文理论分析与控制策略的有效性。

感应电能传输系统多并联拾取模块电流和输出功率均衡方法

大功率感应电能传输系统通常采用多并联拾取模块结构。然而,多并联拾取模块参数不一致,会导致各个拾取模块的电流和输出功率不均衡,从而降低系统效率,严重时会因模块过流而造成系统故障。为解决该问题,文中提出一种基于并联拾取模块补偿电容器的多并联拾取模块电流和输出功率均衡方法。首先,介绍了传统感应电能传输系统与所提出的感应电能传输系统拓扑的特性。然后,分别分析了互感、拾取线圈自感及内阻对电流分布和系统效率的影响。最后,通过4个并联拾取模块的感应电能传输系统实验平台验证了所提方法的有效性。实验结果表明,采用所提方法时多并联拾取模块的电流和输出功率基本一致,并且相比传统感应电能传输系统,系统效率最高提升了2.21%。