Study on High Rate Discharge Performance and Mechanism of AB_5 Type Hydrogen Storage Alloys

The effects of surface treatment, particle size distribution,rare earth composition and B additive on the high rate discharge performance of hydrogen storage alloys were investigated. It is found that the activity, discharge capacity and high rate dischargeability of the alloys are improved after physical and chemical modification as a result of the increase of the surface area and formation of the electrocatalysis layers, which increase both the electrochemical reaction rate on the alloy surface and H diffusion rate in the alloy bulk. It is also found that both the over-coarse and over-fine particle size increase the contact resistance of the electrode, resulting in a decrease of discharge capacity, deterioration of high rate dischargeability and lower discharge plateau. In another word, a suitable particle size distribution can enhance the alloy activity, discharge capacity and high rate dischargeability. In addition, the high rate dischargeability is enhanced by increasing La content and decreasing Ce content of the alloy composition because of enlargement of the unit cell volume and the improvement of the surface activity. Moreover, B additive resultes in the formation of the second phase, and makes the alloys easier pulverization, which greatly improves the activity, discharge capacity and high rate dischargeability.

Impact of the Three Gorges Dam on Regulation and Storage Capacity of Poyang Lake

The regulation and storage capacity of Poyang Lake is infl uenced by the fl ow from the main stream of the Yangtze River and the fi ve rivers in the Poyang Lake basin.After the operation of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD),hydrological changes in the main stream of the Yangtze River impact water exchange between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake.Based on the analysis of measured data and factors infl uencing outfl ow at Hukou station,a new empirical formula describing outfl ow at Hukou station and critical water level for lake storage capacity is established.The change in monthly storage capacity of Poyang Lake before and after the construction of the TGD is analyzed quantitatively.The results show that the fl ows from the main stream of the Yangtze River and the fi ve rivers in the Poyang Lake basin affect outfl ow and water storage capacity by changing the water level difference between Xingzi and Hukou stations and by changing the water level at Hukou station.But the Yangtze River and the fi ve rivers in the Poyang Lake basin differ in process and degree.If the water level at Hukou station remains consistent,when the fl ow from the fi ver rivers increases by 1,000 m3/s,the outfl ow at Hukou station increases by 304 m3/s.When the fl ow from the main stream of the Yangtze River increases by 1,000 m3/s,the outfl ow at Hukou station decreases by 724 m3/s.In addition,the operation of the TGD affects the water storage capacity of Poyang Lake.The water volume of Poyang Lake decreases by 49.4%in September,but increases by 47.7%in May.

Hydrogen storage behavior of nanocrystalline and amorphous La-Mg-Ni-based LaMg_(12)-type alloys synthesized by mechanical milling

Nanocrystalline and amorphous LaMg11Ni+x%Ni(x=100,200,mass fraction)alloys were synthesized by mechanicalmilling.The electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of the as-milled alloys were tested by an automatic galvanostatic system.The gaseous hydrogen absorption and desorption properties were investigated by Sievert’s apparatus and differential scanningcalorimeter(DSC)connected with a H2detector.The results indicated that increasing Ni content significantly improves the gaseousand electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of the as-milled alloys.The gaseous hydrogen absorption capacities andabsorption rates of the as-milled alloys have the maximum values with the variation of the milling time.But the hydrogen desorptionkinetics of the alloys always increases with the extending of milling time.In addition,the electrochemical discharge capacity andhigh rate discharge(HRD)ability of the as-milled alloys both increase first and then decrease with milling time prolonging.

Effects of spinning rate on structures and electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of RE-Mg-Ni-Mn-based AB_2-type alloys

La was partially substituted by Ce with the aim of improving the electrochemical hydrogen storage performances ofLa1–xCexMgNi3.5Mn0.5 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) alloys, and melt spinning technology was adopted to fabricate the alloys. Theidentification of XRD and SEM reveals that the experimental alloys consist of a major phase LaMgNi4 and a secondary phase LaNi5.The growth of spinning rate results in that the lattice constants and cell volume increase and the grains are markedly refined. Theelectrochemical measurement shows that the as-cast and spun alloys can obtain the maximum discharge capacities just at the firstcycle without any activation needed. With the increase of spinning rate, the discharge capacities of the alloys first increase and thendecline, whereas their cycle stabilities always grow. Moreover, the electrochemical kinetic performances of the alloys first increaseand then decrease with spinning rate growing.

Phase Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Rare Earth Based Hydrogen Storage Alloys

The rare earth based hydrogen storage alloys MmxM1 1 - x ( Ni3.55 Co0.75 Mn0.4 A10.3 ) ( x = 0 ～ 0.5 ) were investigated in this work.Adjusted Ml: Mm ratio to change the content of La,Ce,Pr and Nd in the alloys and then to change the phase structure, the influences of phase structure on the electrochemical properties were analyzed.The results indicate that the main phase of all alloys is LaNi5 with CaCu5 type structure and the crystal lattices constants of LaNi5 are changed with increasing x value, i.e, decreased a-axis, increased c-axis and axis ratio and nonlinear decreased crystal volume.The crystal volume of the alloy with x = 0.3 is larger than others.There is second phase A1LaNi4 in alloys when x≥0.3, which decrease the discharge capacity, but increase the cycling stability and high rate discharge ability.Compared comprehensively, the alloy with x = 0.3 shows the higher discharge capacity and the better cycling stability.

Study on Structure and Electrochemical Properties of La_( 0.7)Mg_(0.3)Ni_ (2.98)Co_ (0.52) Hydrogen Storage Alloy

A hydrogen storage electrode alloy La_ 0.7Mg_ 0.3Ni_ 2.98Co_ 0.52 was obtained by electromagnetism inductive melting of alloys such as La, Mg, Ni and Co. XRD analyses indicate that the microstructure of the prepared alloy was composed of LaNi_5 phase as matrix and another unknown phase as secondary phase. In this experiment, the highest discharge capacity of alloy is 378 mAh·g -1 at 293 K, which is 20% higher than the discharge capacity of LaNi_5-type alloys. The alloy was activated after two cycles and the discharge potential is high and stable, and more than 90% of the discharge time is in a voltage higher than 1.2 V. However, the cycle stability is poor as practical application, to improve the cycle life of the alloy becomes the key factor. Moreover, the loose structure of the alloy is maybe one reason that makes the cycle stability capacity of the alloy decrease by SEM.

Improved electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of Mg-Y thin films as a function of substrate temperature

Pd-capped Mg78Y22 thin films have been prepared by direct current magnetron co-sputtering system at different substrate temperatures and their electrochemical hydrogen storage properties have been investigated.It is found that rising substrate temperature to 60 ℃ can coarsen the surface of thin film,thus facilitating the diffusion of hydrogen atoms and then enhancing its discharge capacity to 1725 mAh·g-1.Simultaneously,the cyclic stability is effectively improved due to the increased adhesion force between film and substrate as a function of temperature.In addition,the specimen exhibits a very long and flat discharge plateau at about —0.67 V,at which nearly 60%of capacity is maintained.The property is favorable for the application in metal hydride/nickel secondary batteries.The results indicate that rising optimal substrate temperature has a beneficial effect on the electrochemical hydrogen storage of Mg-Y thin films.

Effect of Al on Behavior of AB_5-Type Metal Hydride Anodes at Elevated Temperature

AB 5 type hydrogen storage alloys are the most promising materials used as the anode in commercial Ni MH secondary battery. It is very important for electrode materials to have a wider operation temperature range. The component Al is the dominant element to control the electrochemical behavior of the AB 5 type alloys at elevated temperature. With the increase of the amount of Al the discharge capacity decreases and the retention of discharge capacity increases with increasing temperature. It is mainly due to the formation of stable and dense surface oxide film Al 2O 3, which inhibits the electrode corrosion and the further oxidation underneath the surface films.

考虑氢能应用的光伏直流微电网中储能容量配置寻优方法研究

针对光伏出力的间歇性与不稳定性,使得单纯依赖蓄电池进行能量平抑和调节,难以满足微电网持续稳定运行的需求,提出考虑氢能应用的光伏直流微电网中储能容量配置寻优方法。考虑氢能在光伏直流微电网中的应用,对光伏电池、蓄电池以及电解槽—储氢罐—燃料电池建模分析。根据建模分析结果,设计功率平抑控制策略与混合储能充放电管理策略。将最大化年净利润与光伏自消纳率作为优化目标,建立储能容量配置优化模型,获得储能容量最优配置结果。实验结果表明,应用所提方法后,光伏直流微电网的功率偏移率实现了显著的降低,调峰能力得到了有效优化,并且调度后微电网的自平衡率大幅提升,表明该方法具有良好的容量配置效果。

光伏微网储能系统用电峰谷差自适应控制技术

光伏微网储能系统(PMESS)用电峰谷差的增大会导致电网负荷波动增大,影响电网的稳定性。为了有效降低电网的峰谷差,提出一种光伏微网储能系统用电峰谷差自适应控制技术。通过估计光伏微网发电系统的负荷,计算光伏微网储能系统的充电功率和电量,并根据该计算结果计算光伏微网储能系统的额定容量。设置用电峰谷差自适应控制约束条件,并结合二轮迭代的方式实现光伏微网储能系统用电峰谷差自适应控制。实验结果表明,所提技术可以准确估计光伏微网发电系统负荷,并将用电峰谷差控制在200 kW左右,同时,可以有效提升光伏微网储能系统的有功功率,具有良好的实际应用效果。

计及分布式光伏承载力的配电网侧独立储能充放电策略

在“双碳”目标、新型电力系统加快推进下,中国分布式光伏呈现快速发展态势,在高比例分布式光伏接入地区易发生电网电压升高越限和反向潮流设备过载等问题,影响分布式光伏接入配电网承载力。充分考虑配电网侧独立储能调节作用,研究提出了提高分布式光伏接入电网承载力水平的独立储能优化配置及充放电策略。考虑了基于时序潮流和两步式迭代的配电网侧独立储能应用综合成本效益,以系统成本最小为原则,科学合理确定独立储能配置容量和充放电控制策略。选取某村低压配电网为案例,通过配电系统经济分析和优化软件(DEAP),仿真分析了所提独立储能充放电控制策略的有效性。

Microstructure and electrochemical properties of La0.8-xMMxMg0.2Ni3.1Co0.3Al0.1(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3)alloys

The present study aims to improve electrochemical properties of the La-Mg-Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys through partial substitution for La by mischmetal（MM）.The La_（0.8-x）MM_xMg_（0.2）Ni_（3.1）Co_（0.3）Al_（0.1）（x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3）alloys were prepared by inductive melting,and their phase structures and electrochemical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscope（SEM）,energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry（EDX）and electrochemical tests.Results show that the alloys mainly consist of La_2Ni_7-type phase,La_5Ni_（19）-type phase,LaNi_5-type phase and LaNi_3-type phase.The addition of MM does not change the phase compositions,while it leads to more uniform phase distribution and obviously promotes the formation of La_2Ni_7-type phase which possesses favorable electrochemical properties.Electrochemical studies indicate that the substitution for La by MM could effectively improve the high rate dischargeability（HRD）of the alloy electrode,and the optimal value of HRD_（1500）（HRD at 1500 mA·g^（-1））increases from 40.63%（x=0）to 60.55%（x=0.3）.Although the activation properties of the alloy electrodes keep almost unchanged,both the maximum discharge capacity（C_（max））and the cycling stability are significantly improved by MM addition.

Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

Mesoporous molecular sieve confined phase change materials with high absorption,enhanced thermal conductivity,and cooling energy charging/discharging capacity

The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is crucial for expanding their applications in the more demanding cold storage field.In this study,novel formstable low-temperature composite PCMs are prepared with mesoporous materials,namely SBA-15 and CMK-3(which are prepared using the template method),as supporting matrices and dodecane as the PCM.Owing to the combined effects of capillary forces within mesoporous materials and interactions among dodecane molecules,both dodecane/SBA-15 and dodecane/CMK-3 exhibit outstanding shape stability and thermal cycling stability even after 200 heating/cooling cycles.In comparison to those of dodecane/SBA-15,dodecane/CMK-3 exhibits superior cold storage performance and higher thermal conductivity.Specifically,the phase transition temperature of dodecane/CMK-3 is-8.81℃ with a latent heat of 122.4 J·g^(-1).Additionally,it has a thermal conductivity of 1.21 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 9.45 times that of dodecane alone.All these highlight its significant potential for applications in the area of cold energy storage.

考虑储能寿命损耗的楼宇风光储系统储能容量优化

在“双碳”目标驱动下,构建含风电、光伏等新能源和储能的智慧楼宇逐渐成为促进分布式新能源消纳的重要途径。基于风、光、荷的互补性可合理配置储能,利用储能“低充高放”的能力可调节楼宇净负荷,有利于提升含楼宇风光储系统的运行经济性。因此,提出一种考虑电池储能寿命损耗的楼宇风光储系统储能容量优化模型。首先,重点考虑电池储能放电深度和循环次数对储能寿命的影响,构建储能日损耗成本模型;其次,以总投资和运维成本最低为目标,建立楼宇风光储系统储能容量优化模型,并满足其在典型日运行的各类约束;然后,针对所建优化模型中由于储能寿命损耗计算带来的非线性项,先后采用分段线性化、二进制扩展方法进行线性化处理,将所建模型最终转换为一个混合整数线性规划问题。基于江苏地区某一楼宇开展算例分析,验证了本文所建计及寿命损耗的储能容量优化模型的有效性。

阀控式铅酸动力电池装配压力的设计

装配压力是阀控式铅酸动力电池制造工艺的重要参数之一。研究了装配压力对电池初期性能、电池储液量、开路电压、一次放电合格率的影响,以及循环过程中湿态压力的变化。结果表明,装配压力过高或过低都会对电池的性能产生影响。确定装配压力的一个合理范围,保持合适的压缩比,可以对电池的初期性能、电池储液量、开路电压、一次放电合格率有可靠保证。

可再生能源混合储能优化配置研究

当今时代,可再生能源的研究和利用越来越重要。光伏发电、风力发电是可再生能源发电最主要的两种方式,但是由于这两种发电方式在时间上和空间上具有很大的不确定性,所以储能系统的应用与研究对减小弃光、弃风率有着极其重要的意义。文章考虑到外部电能供应,并把混合储能系统作为一个整体后,建立了考虑外部电能供应的风光发电混合储能系统,并以该系统模型为基础,以全天运营总成本最小为目标函数,利用粒子群算法进行了混合储能系统、外部发电装置的功率分配,得到了功率分配结果,验证了储能装置在提高光能、风能消纳率方面的作用。

计及荷电状态的混合储能系统容量优化配置

为平抑风电输出功率波动,降低对电力系统造成的冲击,提出一种计及荷电状态的混合储能系统容量优化配置策略。采取滑动平均控制的方法抑制功率波动性,运用频谱分析将风力发电波动部分转化为高、低频波动控制量,由混合储能系统按频段分别平抑控制,构建基于储能系统不同荷电状态区间的充、放电功率优化控制策略,以年平均成本最优为目标函数建立了计及蓄电池循环使用周期的成本模型。仿真结果表明,所提方法可实现功率波动的平滑控制,实现混合储能系统功率优化分配,使荷电状态保持在合理范围内,避免发生过充和过放,具有可行性以及经济优越性。

Dynamic discharging characteristics of absorption thermal battery under different capacity regulation strategies

Thermal battery plays an important role in renewable energy utilization towards carbon neutrality.The novel absorption thermal battery(ATB)has excellent performance but suffers from serious capacity attenuation.To address this problem,two capacity regulation methods,i.e.,variable solution flow and variable cooling water flow,are proposed to achieve a demanded discharging rate.The effects of the two regulation strategies on the dynamic discharging characteristics and overall storage performance are comparatively investigated.To demon-strate the adjustability of the output capacity,several stable discharging rates are successfully maintained by the proposed methods.To maintain a higher discharging rate,the stable discharging time has to be sacrificed.As the demanded output increased from 0.5 kW to 6.0 kW,the stable discharging time decreased from 781.8 min to 27.9 min under variable solution flow and from 769.9 min to 30.7 min under variable cooling water flow.With the increase of solution or water flow rate,the energy storage density is improved,while the energy storage efficiency is slightly increased first and decreased later.The regulation method of variable water flow shows relatively lower energy storage efficiency due to the larger pump power.This study could facilitate reasonable development and application of ATB cycles.

中国草地生态系统水源涵养服务时空变化

生态系统服务已成为国际上生态学和经济学研究的热点,水源涵养是草地生态系统重要的服务之一,是植被、水与土壤相互作用所产生的综合功能的体现。基于降水贮存量法,利用草地植被覆盖度确定水分调节参数,估算了中国不同区域、不同时段下草地生态系统的水源涵养量。通过前后两个10年(20世纪80年代末—2000年、2000—2010年)年平均水源涵养量的对比分析,评估中国草地生态系统水源涵养服务功能时空变化。结果表明,前后两个10年相比较,我国草地生态系统年平均水源涵养量增加了22.15亿m3/a,水源涵养服务功能保有率上升了4.80%,草地生态系统水源涵养服务功能有所提升。