Behavior observation of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in captivity

The various behaviors of four Amur tigers in captivity were investigated in March from 1998 to 2001 in Harbin Zoo. The results showed that the behavior could be divided into 5 major types: moving, resting, sleeping, eating and other behaviors (including drinking, urinating, grooming, playing, standing). Of all behavioral models, sleeping and moving behaviors alone accounted for 75.18% and were two major behavioral models of all behaviors. Resting, eating and other behaviors accounted for 24.82%. Apart from eating, one male and two female individuals have similar peak periods of 4 major behaviors (one peak period in the daytime, and one peak period at night), similar to that of wild Amur tiger. However, one female individual have two clear peak periods at night.

The First Birth and Survival of Cub in Captivity of Critically Endangered Malayan Pangolin(Manis javanica)

Two adult captive Malayan pangolin （Manis javanica） successfully mated on February 3, 2015, and gave birth to one healthy cub on April 8 in Pangolin＇s Breeding Center of College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University. Current- ly, the two adults and the cub are in good state of health, and especially the cub is healthily growing according to its weight and other health indicators. This is the first birth and survival of cub of Malayan pangolins in captivity. It proves that Malayan pangolin can successfully breed in appropriate captivity conditions and the reproductive parameters of Malayan pangolin are also determined, which provide valuable reference for other species of pangolins in artificial breeding, and also give effective way for population growth, ecological restoration and species conservation for pangolin in the wild.

Effects of capture and captivity on plasma corticosterone and metabolite levels in breeding Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Background: Bringing free-living animals into captivity subjects them to the stress of both capture and captivity, leading to the alteration of normal physiological processes and behaviors through activation of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal axis. In free-living birds, although elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) is an important adaptation regulating physiological and behavioral responses during the process of capture and captivity stress, little information is currently available on the effects of such stress on plasma metabolite levels. Methods: We examined the effects of immediate capture and 24-h captivity on body mass, body condition, plasma CORT, and metabolite levels including glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), uric acid (UA), in breeding Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus). Results: CORT and Glu levels were increased significantly by the stress of capture, whereas TC and UA levels decreased. Body mass, body condition declined notably after 24 h in captivity, but CORT, Glu, and UA levels increased. Furthermore, male sparrows had lower TG levels after both capture and captivity than those of females. The relationships between plasma CORT and metabolite levels varied between sexes. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the metabolic status of Eurasian Tree Sparrows could be dramatically altered by capture and captivity. Monitoring the dynamic effects of both capture and captivity on plasma CORT, metabolite levels in a free-living bird contributes to a better understanding of the stress-induced pathways involved in sexdependent energy mobilization.

Breeding and Reproduction of African Gray in Artificial Captivity

The breeding process, management norms and reproduction measures of African gray were briefly introduced, and the problems in breed-ing environment and reproduction process were put forward, so as to provide a reference for captive breeding of African gray.

Relationship Between Behavioral Frequency and Reproductive Potential of Female Alpine Musk Deer in Captivity

Between June 2005 and February 2006, focal sampling and all occurrence behavior recording were used to quantify the behavioral patterns of captive female alpine musk deer （Moschus sifanicus） at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu Province, China. Copulation success was used to differentiate individuals into two groups （successful and unsuccessful） and to provide a basis for behavioral comparisons, throughout both mating （rut） and non mating seasons. The results indicated significant differences between the behavior patterns of successful and unsuccessful females; however, the reproductive season played an important environmental factor. Pooling results across reproductive seasons, successfully copulating females showed significantly higher frequencies of vigilance and lower frequency of feeding behavior as compared with unsuccessfully copulating females. In the non-mating season, unsuccessfully copulating females had higher frequency of self-directed behavior, environment sniffing, and were less aggressive than successful copulating females. Furthermore, females who were successful at copulating also demonstrated tail-pasting behavior; however, this only occurred during the rut season. The results of this study can improve management practices for musk deer farms through increasing mating success and reducing maintenance costs. Furthermore, variation in behavior may also be used as a predictor of copulation success and reproductive potential, whereby females can be grouped and separated according to their reproductive history and past reproduction success.

Study on Gastrointestinal Parasitism of Wild Animals in Captivity at the Zoological Garden of Haramaya University, Ethiopia

Captivity of wild animals and restriction of their movement can lead to stress, resulting in suppressed immune response and reduced disease resistance ability. Wild animals in zoological gardens can predominately affected by various gastro-intestinal parasites. This study was therefore, conducted to determine occurrence, identify types and assess seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites in captive animals at the Zoological garden of Haramaya University. The study involved a retrospective investigation of zoo records and fecal examinations. Twenty two fecal samples were collected in December, 2013 from all the animals in the garden and examined using concentration and fecal culture techniques. Sampling was repeated after four months in April, 2014 to assess seasonal variations of the parasites. The result from the retrospective study showed death of 21 animals in the last five years. Fecal examination confirmed presence of gastrointestinal parasites with an overall mean prevalence rate of 73.8%. A total of 9 parasite taxa were identified of which 6 (66.67%) and 4 (33.33%) were helminths and protozoa respectively. No Cestode and Trematode species were recovered. Trichuris spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides spp., Toxascaris leonine, Passalurus ambiguous and Ascaridia spp. were the helminth parasites observed in the garden. Entamoeba spp., Isospora spp. and Eimeria spp. were the protozoan parasites encountered. No remarkable seasonal variation in parasitic infection was noticed in the garden. The study revealed occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the zoological garden, most of which are zoonotic and hence future studies are needed to determine risks of cross-transmission.

Short-term captivity influences maximal cold-induced metabolic rates and their repeatability in summer-acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis

Studies of metabolic variation in birds have involved both wild and captive individuals, but few studies have investi- gated whether captivity directly influences metabolic rates, despite such variation potentially confounding conclusions regarding how metabolic rates respond to the conditions under study. In addition, whether short-term captivity influences metabolic rate re- peatability in birds is currently uninvestigated. In this study, we measured Msum （maximal cold-induced metabolic rates） in sum- mer acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis directly after capture from wild populations, after approximately 2 weeks of indoor captivity （Captive 1）, and again after an additional 1-2 weeks of captivity （Captive 2）. M~ increased significantly （16.9%） following the initial captive period, but remained stable thereafter. Body mass （Mb） also increased significantly （9.2%） during the initial captive period but remained stable thereafter, suggesting that muscle growth and/or remodeling of body composition pro- duced the observed metabolic variation. Mb and Msum were not significantly repeatable between wild and Captive 1 birds, but were significantly repeatable between Captive 1 and Captive 2 groups. These data suggest that caution must be exercised when extrapolating metabolic rates from short-term captive to wild populations. In addition, Msum was a repeatable trait for birds under conditions where mean metabolic rates remained stable, but Msum repeatability disappeared during acclimation to conditions pro- moting phenotypically flexible metabolic responses. This suggests that the capacity for phenotypic flexibility varies among indi- viduals, and such variation could have fitness consequences

A comparison of reproductive parameters of female Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)in the wild and captivity

A healthy population of captive Amur tigers might assist recovery of the wild population in Northeast China if individuals were properly prepared and considered suitable for release in the wild.We analyzed the breeding records of 68 female Amur tigers from 1995 to 2010 in the Hengdaohezi Felid Breeding Center of China and compared the reproductive parameters of this population to wild female Amur tigers.We found that the reproductive parameters of the captive population(the age of first parturition,length of gestation and litter survival rate)were not significantly different from those of wild Amur tigers.Differences in birth date and litter size between wild and captive populations may be caused by management protocols for the captive population or insufficient field data from the wild population.Reproductive parameters of females giving birth after losing a litter were similar to parameters of females that did not lose a litter,except for birth date.These results provide no indication of major problems in using captive females for a breeding program for release of cubs into the wild,but additional information is still needed to assess their suitability.

滤过型固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中15种全氟化合物的含量

提出了滤过型固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鸡蛋中全氟丁酸、全氟戊酸、全氟己酸、全氟庚酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一酸、全氟十二酸、全氟十三酸、全氟十四酸、全氟丁烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸、全氟庚烷磺酸、全氟辛烷磺酸等15种全氟化合物含量的方法。鸡蛋样品(2 g)中加入0.1 mL 20.0μg·L^(-1)同位素内标混合溶液,经10 mL 80%(体积分数)乙腈溶液振荡和超声提取后,离心;分取5 mL滤液,直接过滤过型Captive EMR-Lipid柱净化,收集流出液,氮吹至近干,加入500μL甲醇复溶,经涡旋、离心处理后测定。采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18)RRHD色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)分离,以不同体积比的2 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵溶液和甲醇的混合溶液梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源负离子扫描模式下,以多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果表明:15种全氟化合物标准曲线的线性范围均为0.125~20.0μg·L^(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为0.05~0.16μg·kg^(-1);在0.500,4.00,16.0μg·kg^(-1)加标浓度水平下,15种目标物的回收率为78.0%~111%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.87%~14%。

超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联离子阱质谱法同时检测动物源性食品中26种新型抗病毒药物

目的建立一种超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联离子阱质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole tandem ion trap-mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测动物源性食品中多种抗病毒药物的方法。方法样品经三氯乙酸-乙腈(20:80,V:V)溶液提取,Captive EMR-Lipid净化柱净化,采用Waters BEH C18色谱柱分离,UPLC-MS/MS检测,多反应监测-信息关联扫描-增强子离子扫描(multiple response monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion,MRM-IDA-EPI)确证,外标法定量。结果26种抗病毒药物定量限为0.1~5.0μg/kg,相关系数均高于0.99,回收率范围为71%~97%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~10.7%。结论采用新型通过型净化技术及四极杆串联离子阱质谱法,可同时对26种抗病毒药物进行定性、定量检测;采用二级全扫描谱图与谱库检索比对,实现了化合物的确证分析。

Diurnal activity rhythms and time budgets of captive Qinling golden takin(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi,China

In July 2006, the diurnal activity rhythms of 13 heads of captive Qinling golden takin were observed in Shaanxi Provincial Centre for the Breeding and Conservation of Rare Wildlife （SPCBCRW） at daylight （from 9：00 am to 4：00 pm in July）. The behavioral ethnogram was identified through observation at the sampling site, with the behaviors of golden takin recorded at 5 min interval using instantaneous scannable sampling method. The results indicated that the resting of golden takin took an important part in the daylight activities. Meanwhile, drinking and urinating and defecating were 1.92 and 0.54 and 0.92 times per head per day. Ambient temperature had a strong effect on the diurnal activity rhythms of golden takin. The diurnal activity rhymes were affected by ages of the animals effectively, which was expressed through differentiation of the time budgets. Moreover, different individuals in the same population showed some non-synchronously activity rhythms.

Tree shrew models:A chronic social defeat model of depression and a one-trial captive conditioning model of learning and memory

Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depression in tree shrew（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）.Two male tree shrews were housed in a pair-cage consisting of two independent cages separated by a wire mesh partition with a door connecting the two cages.After one week adaptation,the connecting door was opened and a brief fighting occurs between the two male tree shrews and this social conflict session consisted of 1 h direct conflict（fighting） and 23 h indirect influence（e.g.smell,visual cues） per day for 21 days.The defeated tree shrew was considered the subordinate.Compared with na？ve animals,subordinate tree shrews at the final week of social conflict session showed alterations in body weight,locomotion,avoidance behavior and urinary cortisol levels.Remarkably,these alterations persisted for over two weeks.We also report on a novel captive conditioning model of learning and memory in tree shrew.An automatic trapping cage was placed in a small closed room with a freely-moving tree shrew.For the first four trials,the tree shrew was not trapped when it entered the cage and ate the bait apple,but it was trapped and kept in the cage for 1 h on the fifth trial.Latency was defined as the time between release of the tree shrew and when it entered the captive cage.Latencies during the five trials indicated adaptation.A test trial 24 h later was used to measure whether the one-trial trapping during the fifth trial could form captive memory.Tree shrews showed much longer trapping latencies in the test trial than the adaptation trials.The N-methyl-d-aspartate（NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801（0.2 mg/kg,i.p.）,known to prevent the formation of memory,did not affect latencies in the adaptation trails,but did block captive memory as it led to much shorter trapping latencies compared to saline treatment in the test trial.These results demonstrate a chronic social defeat model of depression and a novel one-trial captive conditioning model for learning and memory in tree shrews,which are important for mechanism studies of depression,learning,memory,and preclinical evaluation for new antidepressants.

基于Captivate的网络多媒体课件制作技术研究

课件制作是现代远程教育发展中的重要一环,课件质量的优劣直接影响到远程教育的质量。针对传统多媒体课件开发技术和平台存在功能太简单、使用复杂、网络传输与播放不方便等方面的不足,本文着重探讨了Cap-tivate技术的特点和对教育培训业的影响,探讨了其在网络多媒体课件制作中的应用,介绍了用Captivate技术制作多媒体课件的方法,旨在高效便捷地进行多媒体教学课件的开发和网络课程的开发。

计算机基础课程改革的探索与实践

计算机基础课是提高学员信息素质,培养适应信息化战争所需高素质人才的核心课程,对我军信息化人才的培养起着关键作用。从教学内容的组织、教学方法的改进、教学手段的采用和灵活的考核机制等方面进行了改革和探索,为计算机基础课程改革提供了新的思路和方法。

信息技术能力培训中视频教程的制作---Macromedia Captivate的介绍与使用

该文简单介绍了屏幕录制软件Macromedia Captivate的主要功能和特点,并对利用Captivate制作演示型课件和交互型课件做了详细的介绍。信息技术培训者可以利用该软件轻松地制作出高质量的视频教程,从而实现对信息技术学习者的远程交互性指导。

微课制作利器——Adobe Captivate

随着微课的优点一天天显现,越来越多老师开始尝试自己制作微课,但由于市面上微课制作软件种类较多,难易程度不一,许多老师不知道如何选择。该文着重介绍集录屏、剪辑于一体的微课制作软件——Adobe Captivate,旨在为广大教师提供参考,从而制作出更多精彩的微课,弥补传统教学课件的不足,促进学生更加高效地学习。

基于互动技术的多媒体课件开发

本文针对近年来多媒体课件开发过程中出现的新趋势,结合课件的设计原则与互动技术的应用,对多媒体课件的制作过程进行详细的阐述。使得教师能够从教学活动和学生的实际需要出发,通过互动式多媒体技术的应用,进一步完善教学内容,制作出符合现代教育技术需要的优秀课件。

基于Adobe Captivate的交互式微课的设计与开发

近年来,伴随着教育信息化的程度越来越高,微课已经普及到我国的各级各类教育中.审视当前众多类型的微课程资源,我们发现交互式微视频更加符合多媒体制作软件类课程的教学.因此,我们以《图形图像处理》课程为例,利用Adobe Captivate录屏软件,设计与开发了一套交互式微课程,并在教学实践中加以应用,更好地提高了软件类课程的教学效果.

Adobe Captivate及其在教学中的应用

着重探讨了Captivate软件的技术特点和在网络多媒体课件制作中的应用,旨在高效便捷地进行多媒体教学课件的开发和网络课程的开发。

Adobe captivate软件在高师技能训练教学中的应用

在高师师范技能训练和青年教师课堂教学技能的实践训练中,微格教学系统起非常重要的作用。Adobe Captivate软件是一款屏幕录制软件,经过整合后使用方便,可以随时随地进行训练或演示;制作的课件交互性强,录制的视频、音频的效果佳,从节约资源和平时练习多媒体教学技能的需求方面考虑,开发以此软件为主要环境的训练平台具有一定的现实意义。