Progress and prospect of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage in CNPC oilfields

The development history of carbon capture,utilization and storage for enhanced oil recovery(CCUS-EOR)in China is comprehensively reviewed,which consists of three stages:research and exploration,field test and industrial application.The breakthrough understanding of CO_(2) flooding mechanism and field practice in recent years and the corresponding supporting technical achievements of CCUS-EOR project are systematically described.The future development prospects are also pointed out.After nearly 60 years of exploration,the theory of CO_(2) flooding and storage suitable for continental sedimentary reservoirs in China has been innovatively developed.It is suggested that C7–C15 are also important components affecting miscibility of CO_(2) and crude oil.The mechanism of rapid recovery of formation energy by CO_(2) and significant improvement of block productivity and recovery factor has been verified in field tests.The CCUS-EOR reservoir engineering design technology for continental sedimentary reservoir is established.The technology of reservoir engineering parameter design and well spacing optimization has been developed,which focuses on maintaining miscibility to improve oil displacement efficiency and uniform displacement to improve sweep efficiency.The technology of CO_(2) capture,injection and production process,whole-system anticorrosion,storage monitoring and other whole-process supporting technologies have been initially formed.In order to realize the efficient utilization and permanent storage of CO_(2),it is necessary to take the oil reservoir in the oil-water transition zone into consideration,realize the large-scale CO_(2) flooding and storage in the area from single reservoir to the overall structural control system.The oil reservoir in the oil-water transition zone is developed by stable gravity flooding of injecting CO_(2) from structural highs.The research on the storage technology such as the conversion of residual oil and CO_(2) into methane needs to be carried out.

Monitoring Technologies for Marine Carbon Sequestration in Zhanjiang

Marine carbon sequestration is an important component of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage(CCUS) technology. It is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China. However, CO_(2) leakage may lead to seabed geological disasters and threaten the safety of marine engineering. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the safety monitoring technology of marine carbon sequestration.Zhanjiang is industrially developed and rich in carbon sources. Owing to the good physical properties and reservoirs and trap characteristics,Zhanjiang has huge storage potential. This paper explores the disaster mechanism associated with CO_(2) leakage in marine carbon sequestration areas. Based on the analysis of the development of Zhanjiang industry and relevant domestic monitoring technologies, several suggestions for safety monitoring of marine carbon sequestration are proposed: application of offshore aquaculture platforms, expansion and application of ocean observation networks, carbon sequestration safety monitoring and sensing system. Intended to build a comprehensive and multi-level safety monitoring system for marine carbon sequestration, the outcome of this study provides assistance for the development of marine carbon sequestration in China's offshore areas.

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

Life-cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Capture for Enhanced Oil Recovery

The development and deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage （CCS） technology is a cornerstone of the Norwegian government＇s climate strategy. A number of projects are currently evaluated/planned along the Norwegian West Coast, one at Tjeldbergodden. COe from this project will be utilized in part for enhanced oil recovery in the Halten oil field, in the Norwegian Sea. We study a potential design of such a system. A combined cycle power plant with a gross power output of 832 MW is combined with CO2 capture plant based on a post-combustion capture using amines as a solvent. The captured CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery （EOR）. We employ a hybrid life-cycle assessment （LCA） method to assess the environmental impacts of the system. The study focuses on the modifications and operations of the platform during EOR. We allocate the impacts connected to the capture of CO2 to electricity production, and the impacts connected to the transport and storage of CO2 to the oil produced. Our study shows a substantial reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions from power production by 80% to 75 g·（kW·h）^-1. It also indicates a reduction of the emissions associated with oil production per unit oil produced, mostly due to the increased oil production. Reductions are especially significant if the additional power demand due to EOR leads to power supply from the land.

Remarkable carbon dioxide catalytic capture (CDCC) leading to solid-form carbon material via a new CVD integrated process (CVD-IP): An alternative route for CO_2 sequestration

Through our newly-developed ＂chemical vapor deposition integrated process （ISVD-IP）＇＂ using carbon OlOXlae （t..u2） as me raw matenal and only carbon source introduced, CO2 could be catalytically activated and converted to a new solid-form product, i.e., carbon nanotubes （CO2-derived） at a quite high yield （the single-pass carbon yield in the solid-form carbon-product produced from CO2 catalytic capture and conversion was more than 30% at a single-pass carbon-base）. For comparison, when only pure carbon dioxide was introduced using the conventional CVD method without integrated process, no solid-form carbon-material product could be formed. In the addition of saturated steam at room temperature in the feed for CVD, there were much more end-opening carbon nano-tubes produced, at a slightly higher carbon yield. These inspiring works opened a remarkable and alternative new approach for carbon dioxide catalytic capture to solid-form product, comparing with that of CO2 sequestration （CCS） or CO2 mineralization （solidification）, etc. As a result, there was much less body volume and almost no greenhouse effect for this solid-form carbon-material than those of primitive carbon dioxide.

The European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure(ECCSEL)

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Carbon dioxide catalytic conversion to nano carbon material on the iron–nickel catalysts using CVD-IP method

The over-consumption of fossil fuels resulted in the large quantity emission of carbon dioxide （CO2）, which was the main reason for the climate change and more extreme weathers. Hence, it is extremely pressing to ex- plore efficient and sustainable approaches for the carbon-neutral pathway of CO2 utilization and recycling. In our recent works with this context, we developed successfully a novel ＂chemical vapor deposition integrated process （CVD-IP）＂ technology to converting robustly CO2 into the value-added solid-form carbon materials, The monometallic FeNi0-Al2O3 （FNi0） and bimetallic FeNix-Al2O3 （FNi2, FNi4, FNi8 and FNi20） samples were synthesized and effective for this new approach. The catalyst labeled FNi8 gave the better performance, exhibited the single pass solid carbon yield of 30%. These results illustrated alternative promising cases for the CO2 capture utilization storage （CCUS）, by means of the CO2 catalytic conversion into the solid-form nano carbon materials.

Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Gas Hydrate Technology

According to IPCC （Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change） Fourth Report, carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels have been identified as the major contributor to global warming and climate change. One of the new approaches for capturing carbon dioxide and subsequently lowering the emissions is based on gas hydrate crystallization. Gas hydrates have a large capacity for the storage of gases which also resemble an attractive method for gas filtration. The basis of the separation is the selective partition of the target component between the hydrate phase and the gaseous phase. It is expected that carbon dioxide is preferentially encaged into the hydrate crystal phase compared to the other components. In the present paper, after a comparison of gas hydrates with existing capture technologies, a novel apparatus for gas hydrate production is illustrated and results of a first set of experimental applications of the reactor for CO2 hydrate formation and separation are presented. In particular, the effects of two different promoters were investigated. Results show that the reactor allows a good level of temperature control, resulting in rapid hydrate formation and mild operating conditions. Results are a basis for setting up a procedure for CO2 separation and capture.

Renewable Methanol Production Using Captured Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Generated through Water-Splitting

The global warming issues associated with fossil fuels have forced the world to shift towards environment-friendly alternatives. The studies on the capture and storage of CO2 have gained significant research attention, and to attract the world towards CO2 capturing and storing, it is necessary to find suitable applications for this captured CO2. Methanol is one of the products which can be produced by utilizing the captured CO2 and hydrogen that can be produced by water splitting. Keeping in view both these green fuel production processes, this study proposes a combined application of both these technologies for the production of methanol, which is an important chemical used in manufacturing industries. This review paper presents a brief study of both carbon capture and hydrogen production technologies. It also provides research trends, economic aspects, and methods of incorporating both these technologies to produce methanol. Additionally, the prospects of the approach in Oman have also been presented.

Research progress of CO_(2) capture and mineralization based on natural minerals

Natural minerals,such as kaolinite,halloysite,montmorillonite,attapulgite,bentonite,sepiolite,forsterite,and wollastonite,have considerable potential for use in CO_(2) capture and mineralization due to their abundant reserves,low cost,excellent mechanical prop-erties,and chemical stability.Over the past decades,various methods,such as those involving heat,acid,alkali,organic amine,amino sil-ane,and ionic liquid,have been employed to enhance the CO_(2) capture performance of natural minerals to attain high specific surface area,a large number of pore structures,and rich active sites.Future research on CO_(2) capture by natural minerals will focus on the full utiliza-tion of the properties of natural minerals,adoption of suitable modification methods,and preparation of composite materials with high specific surface area and rich active sites.In addition,we provide a summary of the principle and technical route of direct and indirect mineralization of CO_(2) by natural minerals.This process uses minerals with high calcium and magnesium contents,such as forsterite(Mg_(2)SiO_(4)),serpentine[Mg_(3)Si_(2)O(OH)_(4)],and wollastonite(CaSiO_(3)).The research status of indirect mineralization of CO_(2) using hydro-chloric acid,acetic acid,molten salt,and ammonium salt as media is also introduced in detail.The recovery of additives and high-value-added products during the mineralization process to increase economic benefits is another focus of future research on CO_(2) mineralization by natural minerals.

CO_(2) capture by modified clinoptilolite and its regeneration performance

This study focuses on CO_(2) capture by pressure swing adsorption(PSA),with modified clinoptilolite as the adsorbent.Natural clinoptilolite is modified by roasting,by acid pickling,by a combination of acid pickling and roasting,and by ion exchange.Modification by acid pickling-roasting and by ion exchange are found to give the highest CO_(2) adsorption capacities,of 730 mL/g and 876.7 mL/g,respectively.It is found that regeneration of clinoptilolite by a combination of vacuum desorption and heating enables recovery of as much as 89%of its previous CO_(2) adsorption capacity.To examine the CO_(2) adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite when applied to mixed gas,a simulated coking exhaust containing 12%CO_(2) and 4%O_(2) is used,and it is found that ion exchange modified clinoptilolite achieves a CO_(2) removal efficiency of 92.5%.A BET test reveals that acid pickling-roasting and Na^(+) modification enhance the porosity of clinoptilolite,thereby improving its adsorption capacity.This work demonstrates the feasibility of applying modified clinoptilolite as an effective adsorbent for COO_(2)capture,providing a promising tool for dealing with greenhouse gases.

High-value utilization of CO_(2) to synthesize sulfur-doped carbon nanofibers with excellent capacitive performance

Carbon nanofiber(CNF)is considered a promising material due to its excellent physical and chemical properties.This paper proposes a novel way to transform CO_(2) into heteroatom-doped CNFs,with the introduction of Fe,Co,and Ni as catalysts.When the electrolyte containing Ni O,Co2O3,and Fe_(2)O_(3) was employed,sulfur-doped CNFs in various diameters were obtained.With the introduction of Fe catalyst,the obtained sulfur-doped CNFs showed the smallest and tightest diameter distributions.The obtained sulfur-doped CNFs had high gravimetric capacitance(achieved by SDG-Fe)that could reach 348.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g,excellent cycling stability,and good rate performance.For comparison purposes,both Fe and nickel cathodes were tested,where the active metal atom at their surface could act as catalyst.In these two situations,sulfur-doped graphite sheet and sulfur-doped graphite quasi-sphere were the main products.

Parametric study and effect of calcination and carbonation conditions on the CO_2 capture performance of lithium orthosilicate sorbent

The world is currently facing the challenges of global warming and climate change. Numerous efforts have been taken to mitigate CO2 emission, among which is the use of solid sorbents for CO2 capture. In this work, Li4SiO4 was synthesised via a sol-gel method using lithium nitrate （LiNO3） and tetraethylorthosilicate （SiC8H20O4） as precursors. A parametric study of Li：Si molar ratio （1-5）, calcination temperature （600-800℃） and calcination time （1-8 h） were conducted during sorbent synthesis. Calcination temperature （700-800℃） and carbonation temperature （500-700℃） during CO2 sorption activity were also varied to confirm the optimum operating temperature. Sorbent with the highest CO2 sorption capacity was finally introduced to several cyclic tests to study the durability of the sorbent through 10 cycles of CO2 sorption-desorption test. The results showed that the calcination temperature of 800℃ and carbonation temperature of 700℃ were the best operating temperatures, with CO2 sorption capacity of 7.95 mmol CO2·（g sorbent）^-1 （93% of the theoretical yield）. Throughout the ten cyclic processes, CO2 sorption capacity of the sorbent had dropped approximately 16.2% from the first to the tenth cycle, which was a reasonable decline. Thus, it was concluded that Li4SiO4 is a potential CO2 solid sorbent for high temperature CO2 capture activity.

Effect of Ca/Mg molar ratio on the calcium-based sorbents

Steelmaking industry faces urgent demands for both steel slag utilization and CO_(2)abatement.Ca and Mg of steel slag can be extracted by acid solution and used to prepare sorbents for CO_(2)capture.In this work,the calcium-based sorbents were prepared from stainless steel slag leachate by co-precipitation,and the initial CO_(2)chemisorption capacity of the calcium-based sorbent prepared from steel slag with the Ca and Mg molar ratio of 3.64:1 was 0.40 g/g.Moreover,the effect of Ca/Mg molar ratio on the morphology,structure,and CO_(2)chemisorption capacity of the calcium-based sorbents were investigated.The results show that the optimal Ca/Mg molar ratio of sorbent for CO_(2)capture was4.2:1,and the skeleton support effect of MgO in calcium-based sorbents was determined.Meanwhile,the chemisorption kinetics of the sorbents was studied using the Avrami-Erofeev model.There were two processes of CO_(2)chemisorption,and the activation energy of the first stage(reaction control)was found to be lower than that of the second stage(diffusion control).

Molecular simulation on carbon dioxide capture performance for carbons doped with various elements

Among the different types of CO_(2)capture technologies for post-combustion,sorption CO_(2)capture technology with carbon-based sorbents have been extensively explored with the purpose of enhancing their sorption perfor-mance by doping hetero elements due to the rapid reaction kinetics and low costs.Herein,sorption capacity and selectivity for CO_(2)and N 2 on carbon-based sorbents doped with elements such as nitrogen,sulfur,phosphorus,and boron,are evaluated and compared using the grand canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)method,the universal force field(UFF),and transferable potentials for phase equilibria(TraPPE).The sorption capacities of N-doped porous carbons(PCs)at 50℃were 76.1%,70.7%,50.6%,and 35.7%higher than those of pure PCs,S-doped PCs,P-doped PCs,and B-doped PCs,respectively.Its sorption selectivity at 50℃was approximately 14.0,nearly twice that of pure PCs or other hetero-element-doped PCs.The N-doped PCs showed the largest sorption heat at 50℃among all the PCs,approximately 20.6 kJ·mol^(−1),which was 9.7%−25.5%higher than that of the pure PCs under post-combustion conditions.Additionally,with the product purity of 41.7 vol.%−75.9 vol.%for vacuum pressure swing sorption,and 53.4 vol.%−83.6 vol.%for temperature swing sorption,the latter is more suitable for post-combustion conditions than pressure-swing sorption.

Progress in research on Li–CO_2 batteries: Mechanism, catalyst and performance

Rechargeable Li-CO2 batteries provide a promising new approach for carbon capture and energy storage technology. However, their practical application is limited by many challenges despite much progress in this technology. Recent development in Li-CO2 batteries is presented. The reaction mechanism with an air cathode, operating temperatures used, electrochemical performance under different CO2 concentrations, stability of the battery in different electrolytes, and utilization of different cathode materials were emphasized. At last, challenges and perspectives were also present- ed. This review provides a deep understanding of Li-CO2 batteries and offers important guidelines for developing reversible and high efficiency Li-CO2 batteries.

Review on current advances,future challenges and consideration issues for post-combustion CO_2 capture using amine-based absorbents

Among the current technologies for post-combustion CO2 capture,amine-based chemical absorption appears to be the most technologically mature and commercially viable method.This review highlights the opportunities and challenges in post-combustion CO2 capture using amine-based chemical absorption technologies.In addition,this review provides current types and emerging trends for chemical solvents.The issues and performance of amine solvents are reviewed and addressed in terms of thermodynamics,kinetics,mass transfer,regeneration and solvent management.This review also looks at emerging and future trends in post-combustion CO2 capture using chemical solvents in the near to mid-term.

Carbon dioxide capture using polyethylenimine-loaded mesoporous carbons

A high efficiency sorbent for CO2 capture was developed by loading polyethylenimine （PEI） on mesoporous carbons which possessed well-developed mesoporous structures and large pore volume. The physicochemical properties of the sorbent were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, thermal gravimetric analysis （TG） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） techniques followed by testing for CO2 capture. Factors that affected the sorption capacity of the sorbent were studied. The sorbent exhibited extraordinary capture capacity with CO2 concentration ranging from 5% to 80%. The optimal PEI loading was determined to be 65 wt.% with a CO2 sorption capacity of 4.82 mmol-CO2/g-sorbent in 15% CO2/N2 at 75℃, owing to low mass-transfer resistance and a high utilization ratio of the amine compound （63%）. Moisture had a promoting effect on the sorption separation of CO2. In addition, the developed sorbent could be regenerated easily at 100℃, and it exhibited excellent regenerability and stability. These results indicate that this PEI-loaded mesoporous carbon sorbent should have a good potential for CO2 capture in the future.

Application of membrane separation technology in postcombustion carbon dioxide capture process

Membrane separation technology is a possible breakthrough in post-combustion carbon dioxide capture process. This review first focuses on the requirements for C02 separation membrane, and then outlines the existing competitive materials, promising preparation methods and processes to achieve desirable CO2 selectivity and permeability. A particular emphasis is addressed on polyimides, poly （ethylene oxide）, mixed-matrix mem- brane, thermally-rearranged polymer, fixed site carrier membrane, ionic liquid membrane and electrodialysis process. The advantages and drawbacks of each of materials and methods are discussed. Research threads and methodology of CO2 separation membrane and the key issue in this area are concluded

Amine reclaiming technologies in post-combustion carbon dioxide capture

Amine scrubbing is the most developed technology for carbon dioxide（CO2） capture.Degradation of amine solvents due to the presence of high levels of oxygen and other impurities in flue gas causes increasing costs and deterioration in long term performance,and therefore purification of the solvents is needed to overcome these problems. This review presents the reclaiming of amine solvents used for post combustion CO2capture（PCC）. Thermal reclaiming, ion exchange, and electrodialysis, although principally developed for sour gas sweetening, have also been tested for CO2 capture from flue gas.The three technologies all have their strengths and weaknesses, and further development is needed to reduce energy usage and costs. An expected future trend for amine reclamation is to focus on process integration of the current reclaiming technologies into the PCC process in order to drive down costs.