Understanding the factors influencing cloud-core vertical accelerations during deep convection formation in the WRF model

本文将扰动气压利用一个线性诊断关系代替,重新推导了WRF模式框架地形追随坐标系下的垂直动量方程,建立了垂直加速与对流触发(DCI)影响因子(如温度,水汽等)的直接联系.研究发现,DCI过程与对流核垂直加速相关,三维副散,扰动位势在垂直方向的二阶非均匀性,扰动位温垂直梯度,比湿及其垂直梯度,水凝物拖曳,均是能够直接影响垂直加速和对流触发的物理因子,这些量与模式基本预报量相关,通过解析基本预报量对对流发展的直接影响,可能有助于理解模式对DCI过程预测失败的原因.

Effects of vertical seismic acceleration on 3D slope stability

The conventional pseudo-static approach often neglects the effect of the vertical＇ seismic acceleration on the stability of a slope, but some analyses under plane-strain （2D） conditions show a significant effect on the slope stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the vertical acceleration on the safety of three-dimensional （3D） slopes. In the strict framework of limit analysis, a 3D kinematically admissible rotational failure mechanism is adopted here for 3D homogeneous slopes in frictional/cohesive soils. A set of stability charts is presented in a wide range of parameters for 3D slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loading conditions. Accounting for the effects of the vertical seismic acceleration, the difference in safety factors for 3D slopes can exceed 10%, which will significantly overestimate the safety of the 3D slopes.

Finite Element Modelling of Car Seat with Hyperelastic and Viscoelastic Foam Material Properties to Assess Vertical Vibration in Terms of Acceleration

Primary objective of automobile seats is to offer adequate level of safety and comfort to the seated human occupant, primarily against vibration. Ideally, any sort of automotive seat is constructed by mechanical framework, cushion, backrest and headrest. The frame structures are made of metallic alloys, while the cushion, backrest and headrest are made of polyurethane foam material. During the design phase of automotive seat, the greatest challenge is to assign realistic material properties to foam material;as it is non-linear in nature and exhibit hysteresis at low level stress. In this research paper, a car seat has been modelled in finite element environment by implementing both hyperelastic and viscoelastic material properties to polyurethane foam. The car seat has been excited with the loads due to car acceleration and human object and the effects of vibration in terms of vertical acceleration at different locations have been measured. The aims of this simulation study are to establish a car seat with the foam material properties as accurately as possible and provide a finite element set up of car seat to monitor the vertical acceleration responses in a reasonable way. The RMS acceleration values for headrest, backrest and cushion have been found to be 0.91 mm/sec2, 0.54 mm/sec2 and 0.47 mm/sec2, respectively, which showed that the car seat foam can effectively be modelled through combined hyperelastic and viscoelastic material formulations. The simulation outputs have been validated through real life testing data, which clearly indicates that this computerized simulation technique is capable of anticipating the acceleration responses at different car seat segments in a justified way.

Acceleration-Dependent Analysis of Vertical Ball Screw Feed System without Counterweight

The distinguishing feature of a vertical ball screw feed system without counterweight is that the spindle system weight directly acts on the kinematic joints.Research into the dynamic characteristics under acceleration and deceleration is an important step in improving the structural performance of vertical milling machines.The magnitude and direction of the inertial force change significantly when the spindle system accelerates and decelerates.Therefore,the kinematic joint contact stiffness changes under the action of the inertial force and the spindle system weight.Thus,the system transmission stiffness also varies and affects the dynamics.In this study,a variable-coefficient lumped parameter dynamic model that considers the changes in the spindle system weight and the magnitude and direction of the inertial force is established for a ball screw feed system without counterweight.In addition,a calculation method for the system stiffness is provided.Experiments on a vertical ball screw feed system under acceleration and deceleration with different accelerations are also performed to verify the proposed dynamic model.Finally,the influence of the spindle system position,the rated dynamic load of the screw-nut joint,and the screw tension force on the natural frequency of the vertical ball screw feed system under acceleration and deceleration are studied.The results show that the vertical ball screw feed system has obviously different variable dynamics under acceleration and deceleration.The influence of the rated dynamic load and the spindle system position on the natural frequency under acceleration and deceleration is much greater than that of the screw tension force.

Sliding response of gravity dams including vertical seismic accelerations

Seismic safety assessment of gravity dams has become a major concern in many regions of the world while the effects of vertical seismic accelerations on the response of structures remain poorly understood.This paper first investigates the effect of including vertical accelerations in the sliding response analysis of gravity dams subjected to a range of historical ground motion records separated in two groups according to their source-to-site distance.Analyses showed that the incidence of vertical accelerations on the sliding response of gravity dams is significantly higher for near-source records than for far- source records.The pseudo-static 30% load combination rule,commonly used in practice to account for the non-simultaneous occurrence of the peak horizontal and vertical accelerations,yielded good approximations of the minimum safety factors against sliding computed from time-history analyses.A method for empirically estimating the vertical response spectra based on horizontal spectra,accounting for the difference in frequency content and amplitudes between the two components is investigated.Results from analyses using spectrum compatible horizontal and vertical synthetic records also approximated well the sliding response of a gravity dam subjected to series of simultaneous horizontal and vertical historical earthquake records.

Comparison of Measured and Dynamic Analysis Vertical Accelerations of High-Speed Railway Bridges Crossed by KTX Train

Since high-speed railway bridges are subjected to cyclic loading by the continuous wheel loads traveling at high speed and regular spacing, their dynamic behavior is of extreme importance and has significant influence on the riding safety of the trains. To secure the riding safety of the trains, advanced railway countries have limited the vertical acceleration of the bridge slab below critical values at specific frequency domains. Since these limitations of the vertical acceleration constitute the most important factors in securing the dynamic safety of the bridges, these countries have opted for a conservative approach. However, the Korean specifications limit only the size of the peak acceleration without considering the frequency domain, which impede significantly rational evaluation of the high-speed railway bridges in Korea. In addition, the evaluation of the acceleration without consideration of the frequency domain is the cause of disagreement between the dynamic analysis and measurement results. This study conducts field monitoring and dynamic analysis on high-speed railway bridges to gather the acceleration signals and compare them. Significant difference in the size of the vertical acceleration was observed between the measured and dynamic analysis accelerations when discarding the frequency domain as done in the current specifications. The comparison of the accelerations considering only low frequencies below 30 Hz showed that the dynamic analysis reflected accurately the measured vertical acceleration.

A Model Study on Accelerated Consolidation of Coir Reinforced Lateritic Lithomarge Soil Blends with Vertical Sand Drains for Pavement Foundations

Sub-grade soils of lateritic origin encountered in the construction of highway embankments in various regions of India, often comprise intrusions of soft lithomargic soils that result in large settlements during constructions, and differential settlements at later stages. This necessitates the use of appropriate soil improvement techniques to improve the load-carrying capacity of pavements. This work deals with accelerated consolidation of un-reinforced and coir-rein- forced lateritic lithomargic soil blends, provided with three vertical sand drains. The load-settlement characteristics were studied for various preloads ranging from 50 kg (0.0013 N/mm2) to 500 kg (0.013N/mm2) on soil specimens prepared in circular ferro-cement moulds. It was observed that at lower preloads up to 200kg, across the blends, the relative increase in consolidation (Rct) for randomly reinforced soil with vertical drains was sig-nificantly higher than that of un-reinforced soil without vertical drains, with an average value of 124.8%. Also, the Rct for un-reinforced soil with vertical drains was quite higher than that of un-reinforced soil without vertical drains, with an average value of 103.9%. In the case of higher preloads, the Rct values for randomly reinforced soil with vertical drains were moderate with an average value of 30.88%, while the same for un-reinforced soil with vertical drains was about 20.4%. The aspect-ratio of coir fibers used was 1:275.

Vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio for offshore ground motions:Analysis and simplified design equation

In order to study the differences in vertical component between onshore and offshore motions,the vertical-to-horizontal peak ground acceleration ratio(V/H PGA ratio) and vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio(V/H) were investigated using the ground motion recordings from the K-NET network and the seafloor earthquake measuring system(SEMS).The results indicate that the vertical component of offshore motions is lower than that of onshore motions.The V/H PGA ratio of acceleration time histories at offshore stations is about 50%of the ratio at onshore stations.The V/H for offshore ground motions is lower than that for onshore motions,especially for periods less than 0.8 s.Furthermore,based on the results in statistical analysis for offshore recordings in the K-NET,the simplified V/H design equations for offshore motions in minor and moderate earthquakes are proposed for seismic analysis of offshore structures.

Influence of Vertical Motion on Initiation of Sediment Movement

This paper makes an attempt to answer why the observed critical Shields stress for incipient sediment motion deviates from the Shields curve. The measured dataset collected from literature show that the critical Shields stress widely deviates from the Shields diagram’s prediction. This paper has re-examined the possible mechanisms responsible for the validity of Shields’ diagram and found that, among many factors, the vertical velocity in the sediment layer plays a leading role for the invalidity of Shield’s prediction. A closer look of the positive/negative deviation reveals that they correspond to the up/downward vertical velocity, and the Shields diagram is valid only when flow is uniform. Therefore, this diagram needs to be modified to account for hydraulic environments when near bed vertical velocities are significant. A new theory for critical shear stress has been developed and a unified critical Shields stress for sediment transport has been established, which is valid to predict the critical shear stress of sediment in both uniform and nonuniform flows.

磁力馈能主动悬架稳定性分析

为了提高车辆行驶平顺性和安全性,提出了一种新型磁力馈能主动悬架,并研究其稳定性。采用BP神经网络PID控制算法(BP-PID)搭建磁力馈能主动悬架控制系统,利用MATLAB/Simulink进行理论仿真。建立B级和C级随机路面,仿真分析不同速度、不同等级下,磁力馈能主动悬架的稳定性。结果表明,相比于被动悬架效果和PID控制的磁力馈能主动悬架效果,采用BP-PID控制可明显提高悬架稳定性。B级随机路面60 km/h时车身垂直加速度改善了45.90%,证明了BP-PID控制的合理性,可有效提升悬架稳定性。

2022年四川泸定 M_(s)6.8地震强震动特性研究

北京时间2022年9月5日12时52分,四川省甘孜州泸定县发生M_(s)6.8级地震。国家强震动台网获得了133组三分量加速度记录,在对记录进行初步筛选和滤波后,研究了PGA和PGV衰减关系、竖向地震动特点、地震动速度脉冲,对比分析了反应谱和设计谱,着重对石棉挖角台站附近震害与地震动的相关性进行了分析,结论如下:1)三种台站强震动记录的PGA和PGV拟合曲线都比较相近,PGA、PGV拟合曲线与霍俊荣的预测模型较为接近;2)竖向地震动偏大,约38.2%的强震动记录V/H大于2/3,可能是屋顶塌落、柱子扭转和天花板坠落等震害现象出现的主要原因;3)识别出具有速度脉冲特性的记录11条,该类记录对长周期结构影响较大;4)所选记录反应谱大多超过了罕遇地震设计谱水平段,具有速度脉冲特性的051SMW台站周围房屋破坏较严重,人员伤亡较重。

竖向荷载对高承台群桩基础侧向位移影响规律的振动台试验

基于大型振动台模型试验,以高承台群桩为研究对象,模拟了地震作用下高桩承台基础的振动响应,通过超静孔压比(简称孔压比)、加速度和地基土位移研究饱和砂土液化场地竖向荷载对桩基侧向位移的影响规律。结果表明:近桩区域受桩基竖向荷载影响最为显著,孔压比与竖向荷载呈负相关关系,桩基两侧孔压比差值与地基土浅层加速度是造成桩基侧向位移的主要原因;地基土对台面输出加速度主要起放大作用,且随着竖向荷载的增加,加速度放大系数显著减小;在振动输入与竖向荷载相同的条件下,地基土在地震动作用下引起的侧向流动及显著变形极大影响了桩基的侧向位移;竖向荷载为9%桩基极限承载力条件下,桩基倾斜角为4.80°,侧向位移较小,结合地基土抗液化能力,桩基抗倾覆能力最优。

某型特种车辆综合传动左右支撑垂直振动研究

通过以某特种车辆为试验平台,开展典型路面、典型车速下综合传动左右支撑垂直振动试验研究,获取了比利时路、起伏土路、搓板路、碎石路、铺面路几种路况下的典型车速下的综合传动左右支撑垂直振动数据,为综合传动输出端左右弹性元件的设计提供基础数据.

基于Newmark模型的积石山6.2级地震滑坡快速评估

2023年12月18日甘肃临夏回族自治州积石山县发生6.2级地震,引发大量的滑坡和崩塌等地质灾害。基于黄土高原强震数据库中2013年岷县—漳县6.6级地震的地震动记录回归分析所得的Newmark位移预测模型,利用震前精度为30 m分辨率地形以及1∶250万地质图等数据,考虑竖向地震加速度以及冬灌的影响,对距震中扩展100 km范围内的地区进行滑坡危险性快速评估,并与震前地质灾害分布以及震后遥感解译和实地调查结果进行对比。研究结果显示:静态安全系数较低的区域更容易发生地质灾害;滑坡危险区主要位于距震中27 km的范围内,危险区内河道和分水岭发育,地层以新近系和第四系为主,与已有研究结果的重合度较高。研究表明,Newmark位移法适用于积石山区域内的震后滑坡危险性评价,但其并未考虑土体液化的情况,低估了液化灾害发生的危险程度。

近场地震动竖向与水平分量统计特性对比

为研究近场地震动竖向与水平分量特性,本文对PEER数据库中1202组近场强震的地震动进行统计分析,研究了竖向水平加速度峰值比PGAv/PGAh、反应谱之比Sav(T)/Sah(T)、竖向水平峰值到达时间的特性。讨论了PGAv/PGAh与断层距、场地条件、震源机制的关系,并采用对数正态分布拟合不同场地条件、不同震源机制的PGAv/PGAh分布;对比了不同断层距、不同场地条件Sav(T)/Sah(T)的变化规律;研究了近场强震水平竖向分量峰值加速度的大小和到达时间上的相关性,并对结构分析过程中竖向地震动的选择提出建议。结果表明:断层距、场地条件、震源机制都会影响近场地震动的竖向分量,断层距小、走滑断层、场地条件差都易产生较大的竖向地震动;断层距小、场地条件差时,地震动竖向分量高频成分越强,断层距大、场地条件好,竖向地震动低频成分越强;竖向分量峰值加速度的大小与到达时间和两正交水平分量峰值加速度的大小与到达时间的几何平均数有明显的线性关系。

钢-混工字组合连续梁桥地震易损性及其影响参数分析

以一座3×40m钢-混工字组合连续梁桥为依托,通过SAP2000建立不同墩高、不同上部结构荷载及不同上部主梁截面等全桥非线性有限元模型。选取峰值地面加速度(PGA)作为地震动强度参数,以桥墩位移延性比为损伤指标确定了完全破坏、严重破坏、中等破坏、轻微破坏、基本完好等5种结构破坏状态,分析了不同PGA作用下的桥墩易损性。研究结果表明:对于钢-混工字组合连续梁桥,相同桥墩截面尺寸、同一峰值地面加速度(PGA)下,桥墩高度越高,各个破坏状态的超越概率越小,其破坏风险越小;在合理的上部结构设计前提下,增加上部结构荷载,会降低桥墩的抗震性能;相同的下部结构布置,上部主梁采用钢-混组合结构,其桥墩易损性破坏概率要比同跨径的钢筋混凝土T型梁桥小,抗震性能更优越。建议桥梁抗震设计时重点关注上述因素的影响。

基于实车试验的大跨度桥梁轨道静态长波高低不平顺验收标准验证

由于温度、施工偏差、二期恒载等因素影响,高速铁路大跨度桥梁成桥线形与设计线形存在较大差异,且矢距差法不适用于大跨度桥梁和地基大面积沉降等区域的轨道线形验收。针对速度为250 km/h的高速铁路有砟轨道大跨度桥梁,基于轨道高低不平顺不同弦测值与车体垂向振动加速度之间的相关性,提出高低不平顺60 m弦测值与车体垂向振动加速度之间的关联关系,进而给出桥上轨道静态高低长波不平顺60 m中点弦测值10 mm的验收限值建议,最后在某主跨为672 m的高速铁路斜拉桥上预设“四峰三谷”形式的轨道高低不平顺并进行实车验证,证明此限值建议的合理性。结果表明:对于速度为250 km/h的高速铁路,车体垂向振动加速度与不平顺60 m弦测值之间呈线性关系;大跨度桥梁温度变形显著,整体表现为桥面高程与温度成反相关关系,但桥梁温度变形主要表现为长波不平顺;预设的60 m余弦波形式的轨道高低不平顺主要影响行车舒适性,对安全性影响较小,且列车速度在275 km/h及以下时,产生的车体垂向振动加速度最大值为0.98 m/s2,舒适性指标最大为2.47,评价为“优秀”,接近优秀/良好分界线。

行车速度对软岩填方路基动力响应的影响分析

软岩地区修建铁路可采用开挖软岩作为路基填筑料,列车载荷作用下软岩填方路基的动力响应特征与路基变形及稳定密切相关,目前对列车载荷作用下软岩填方路基的动力响应研究仍不足。为了研究行车速度对软岩填方路基动力响应的影响,采用数值模拟方法,以动位移及竖向加速度为评价指标,分析了软岩填方路基的动力响应规律。结果表明:软岩填方路基在(200~400)km/h车速列车载荷作用下的最大沉降均超过现行规范允许的3 mm;路基动位移随行车速度的增大而增大,随深度增大呈减小变化;路基竖向加速度变化幅值随行车速度的增大呈增大变化,随水平距离增大而减小;行车速度越大,竖向加速度的衰减速率越小;软岩填方路基经CFG桩处理后,路基的最大沉降、动位移、竖向加速度均有所减小,表明CFG桩处理后软岩填方路基的动力特性有所改善。

针对车身加速度的半主动悬架模糊PID仿真研究

比例-积分-微分(PID)控制汽车半主动悬架时由于无法实时调整参数,相对于被动悬架可减小车身加速度,对改善汽车乘坐舒适性的优化效果有限。通过Simulink建立了1/4车辆半主动悬架的数学模型以及路面激励模型,在原有PID控制系统下引入模糊控制策略。以车身垂直加速度及其变化率作为模糊PID控制的输入,实现对PID控制器在原有参数范围内的实时动态调整,并对悬架性能指标进行仿真分析。结果表明,相对于被动悬架,PID控制下的半主动悬架车身加速度优化了17.1%,而模糊PID控制下的半主动悬架优化了35.9%,优化效果更加理想,并且同时兼顾了悬架动挠度。

恶劣海况大型舰船垂向加速度颤振响应分析

针对遭遇恶劣海况时,艏部颤振现象明显、高频且持续的砰击加速度容易引起人员恐慌、影响设备使用和系留等问题,采用非线性时域水弹性方法预报船体运动和剖面垂向加速度,与自航模试验对比验证,通过提取艏部砰击合力和艏剖面垂向加速度响应,研究颤振加速度与艏部砰击力的关联,并改变波长、波高、航速和吃水进行参数敏感度分析。砰击加速度主要由艏部大面积底板砰击引起,随波高增大,颤振响应非线性程度显著加剧。除采取有利航线外,高海况中舰船可考虑主动失速,或预先增大压载来降低船体颤振响应。