Facing increasing passenger and cargo transport demand and limited re-source in the 13th Five-Year period, how to make a breakthrough and substantial progress has become a key issue on planning and the Top-level Desig...Facing increasing passenger and cargo transport demand and limited re-source in the 13th Five-Year period, how to make a breakthrough and substantial progress has become a key issue on planning and the Top-level Design. In this paper we judged and analyzed the current development and potential demand of the energy saving and emission reduction in Beijing traffic industry. Through application of energy and emission prediction model which based on the vehicle activity data, the development goals of “one drop, double control, and triple upgrade” have been put forward. In order to achieve the goal, “5 + 1” development strategies should be implemented, and we also proposed the thinking and recommendations on sustainable development of transportation.展开更多
With the world talking about climate change, the United States （U.S.）, China and India have announced their carbon emission reduction targets. For these three countries to achieve their targets, significant question...With the world talking about climate change, the United States （U.S.）, China and India have announced their carbon emission reduction targets. For these three countries to achieve their targets, significant questions arise, shch as what will be the annual emission reduction efforts to achieve those targets, how much it would cost and what would be the economic effects. This paper puts the carbon intensity reduction targets of China and India together with the absolute emission reduction target of the U.S. into the same non-linear model to quantitatively study the optimal emission control strategies and associated total cost for achieving those targets by the year 2020, and estimate and compare the minimized total costs of the three countries to reach their targets. Our results show that the total cost for the U.S. to achieve its emission reduction target is greater than those of China and India in terms of absolute amount. However, in terms of proportion of total cost to GDP, China and India＇s ratios are significantly greater than that of the U.S., indicating that for the developing countries such as China and India, the achievement of emission reduction targets needs relatively greater effort.展开更多
This review examines the potential of hydrogen,ammonia,and biodiesel as alternative fuels,focusing on spray dynamics,droplet evaporation,combustion,and emissions.Hydrogen offers superior combustion characteristics but...This review examines the potential of hydrogen,ammonia,and biodiesel as alternative fuels,focusing on spray dynamics,droplet evaporation,combustion,and emissions.Hydrogen offers superior combustion characteristics but faces challenges in NO_(x)emissions.Strategies like nonpremixed direct injection,increased intake boost pressure,and low-pressure EGR are suggested for robust hydrogen combustion in compression-ignition engines.Control of hydrogen start of injection(SOI)and water injection(WI)are identified as effective techniques for reducing NO_(x)emissions.Ammonia shows inferior combustion and higher NO_(x)and unburned NH_(3)emissions in the same conditions as conventional fuels with conventional engines.Understanding ammonia spray and evaporation conditions is significant for optimizing an ammonia-air mixture and minimizing wall impingement and ammonia trap in the crevice,thereby improving combustion and emission reduction.Increasing intake pressure,injection pressure,and EGR rate,employing a turbulent jet,and preheating ammonia improve efficiency and reduce NO_(x)emissions.Utilizing ammonia combustion requires the implementation of after-treatment systems such as NH_(3)adsorber and De NO_(x)catalysts to mitigate unburned NH_(3)and NO_(x)emissions.Biodiesel affects the fuel supply system,combustion,and emission characteristics according to its viscosity and density.Increasing injection pressure and blending with volatile fuels enhance spray and combustion.Optimum biodiesel preheating temperatures for the injection pump and injector are crucial for achieving the best pump capacity and spray formation.By utilizing biodiesel-PODE blends and investigating low-temperature biodiesel combustions,there is potential to improve thermal efficiency and PMNO_(x)trade-off.Therefore,carbon-neutral fuel adoption should be accelerated to mitigate CO_(2)emissions,highlighting the importance of combustion techniques and emissions reduction strategies.展开更多
确定教育建筑建材生产阶段碳排放计算方法,收集莆田市25栋教育建筑各类建筑材料的相关资料,并计算其重量及占比,确定砂、碎石、砌块、水泥、钢筋、粉煤灰、瓷砖、腻子粉、玻璃、石灰膏、铝作为碳排放计算的主要建筑材料,核算出这25栋教...确定教育建筑建材生产阶段碳排放计算方法,收集莆田市25栋教育建筑各类建筑材料的相关资料,并计算其重量及占比,确定砂、碎石、砌块、水泥、钢筋、粉煤灰、瓷砖、腻子粉、玻璃、石灰膏、铝作为碳排放计算的主要建筑材料,核算出这25栋教育建筑单位建筑面积碳排放量为255.70~398.03 kg CO_(2)e·m^(-2),钢筋、水泥、砌块、铝和瓷砖的碳排放量占总碳排放量的95.78%,是教育建筑在建材生产阶段节能减排的关键。应用箱线图法计算这5类主要建筑材料碳排放量的离散程度和变化阈值,结果表明钢筋、水泥和铝离散度较小,砌块和瓷砖的离散程度较大。结合以上研究成果,提出相应的减排策略,进一步推动教育建筑的节能减排。展开更多
文摘Facing increasing passenger and cargo transport demand and limited re-source in the 13th Five-Year period, how to make a breakthrough and substantial progress has become a key issue on planning and the Top-level Design. In this paper we judged and analyzed the current development and potential demand of the energy saving and emission reduction in Beijing traffic industry. Through application of energy and emission prediction model which based on the vehicle activity data, the development goals of “one drop, double control, and triple upgrade” have been put forward. In order to achieve the goal, “5 + 1” development strategies should be implemented, and we also proposed the thinking and recommendations on sustainable development of transportation.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.70825001,71210005 and 71273253Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.XDA05150700
文摘With the world talking about climate change, the United States （U.S.）, China and India have announced their carbon emission reduction targets. For these three countries to achieve their targets, significant questions arise, shch as what will be the annual emission reduction efforts to achieve those targets, how much it would cost and what would be the economic effects. This paper puts the carbon intensity reduction targets of China and India together with the absolute emission reduction target of the U.S. into the same non-linear model to quantitatively study the optimal emission control strategies and associated total cost for achieving those targets by the year 2020, and estimate and compare the minimized total costs of the three countries to reach their targets. Our results show that the total cost for the U.S. to achieve its emission reduction target is greater than those of China and India in terms of absolute amount. However, in terms of proportion of total cost to GDP, China and India＇s ratios are significantly greater than that of the U.S., indicating that for the developing countries such as China and India, the achievement of emission reduction targets needs relatively greater effort.
基金supported by the Laboratory of Space Utilization and D-Drive Project,Hokkaido University,Japan。
文摘This review examines the potential of hydrogen,ammonia,and biodiesel as alternative fuels,focusing on spray dynamics,droplet evaporation,combustion,and emissions.Hydrogen offers superior combustion characteristics but faces challenges in NO_(x)emissions.Strategies like nonpremixed direct injection,increased intake boost pressure,and low-pressure EGR are suggested for robust hydrogen combustion in compression-ignition engines.Control of hydrogen start of injection(SOI)and water injection(WI)are identified as effective techniques for reducing NO_(x)emissions.Ammonia shows inferior combustion and higher NO_(x)and unburned NH_(3)emissions in the same conditions as conventional fuels with conventional engines.Understanding ammonia spray and evaporation conditions is significant for optimizing an ammonia-air mixture and minimizing wall impingement and ammonia trap in the crevice,thereby improving combustion and emission reduction.Increasing intake pressure,injection pressure,and EGR rate,employing a turbulent jet,and preheating ammonia improve efficiency and reduce NO_(x)emissions.Utilizing ammonia combustion requires the implementation of after-treatment systems such as NH_(3)adsorber and De NO_(x)catalysts to mitigate unburned NH_(3)and NO_(x)emissions.Biodiesel affects the fuel supply system,combustion,and emission characteristics according to its viscosity and density.Increasing injection pressure and blending with volatile fuels enhance spray and combustion.Optimum biodiesel preheating temperatures for the injection pump and injector are crucial for achieving the best pump capacity and spray formation.By utilizing biodiesel-PODE blends and investigating low-temperature biodiesel combustions,there is potential to improve thermal efficiency and PMNO_(x)trade-off.Therefore,carbon-neutral fuel adoption should be accelerated to mitigate CO_(2)emissions,highlighting the importance of combustion techniques and emissions reduction strategies.
文摘确定教育建筑建材生产阶段碳排放计算方法,收集莆田市25栋教育建筑各类建筑材料的相关资料,并计算其重量及占比,确定砂、碎石、砌块、水泥、钢筋、粉煤灰、瓷砖、腻子粉、玻璃、石灰膏、铝作为碳排放计算的主要建筑材料,核算出这25栋教育建筑单位建筑面积碳排放量为255.70~398.03 kg CO_(2)e·m^(-2),钢筋、水泥、砌块、铝和瓷砖的碳排放量占总碳排放量的95.78%,是教育建筑在建材生产阶段节能减排的关键。应用箱线图法计算这5类主要建筑材料碳排放量的离散程度和变化阈值,结果表明钢筋、水泥和铝离散度较小,砌块和瓷砖的离散程度较大。结合以上研究成果,提出相应的减排策略,进一步推动教育建筑的节能减排。
