Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Insecticide Carbaryl to Flounder Gill Cells and Its Teratogenicity to Zebrafish Embryos

In this study, we determined the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of carbamate insecticide carbaryl to flounder gill （FG） cells and its teratogenicity to zebrafish embryos. The cytotoxicity of carbaryl to FG cells was determined with methods including MTT and neutral red uptaking （NRU）, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） releasing and Hoechst 33342 and propidiurn idodide （PI） double staining. Moderate cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner was observed. The 24h-IC50 value of 53.48 ± 1.21, 59.13 ± 1.19 and 46.21 ± 1.24 mgL 1 carbaryl was obtained through MTT, NRU and LDH assays, respectively. Double fluorescence staining dem- onstrated that carbaryl induced the death of FG cells mainly through necrosis. There was no significant genotoxicity found in the FG cells exposed to the highest testing concentration of carbaryl （20mgL-1, P〉0.05） as was demonstrated by Comet assay. Zebrafish embryos exposed to carbaryl at concentrations 〉10 mg L-1 displayed moderate toxic effects on the survival, spontaneous movement, hatching, heart rates of the embryos and their development, which were evidenced by yolk and pericardial sac edemas, body length reduction and tail flexure in time- and concentration-dependent manners at specific stages. The 24h-, 48h- and 96h-LC50 values of carbaryl to zebra fish embryos were 41.80 ± 1.10, 17.80 ± 1.04 and 14.46 ± 1.05 mg L-1, respectively. These results suggested that car- baryl is moderately toxic to FG ceils cultured in vitro and zebrafish embryos, and the FG cells were similar to zebrafish embryos in their sensitivity to carbaryl as 24h-IC50 and LC50 indicated.

Removal of Carbaryl Pesticide from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Local Clay in Agadir

This study was conducted to assess the removal efficiency of pesticide (Carbaryl) used in Souss Massa region (Agadir city), on a clay originated from barrage situated in Agadir. The adsorption of Carbaryl from aqueous solution by local clay as a low-cost, natural and eco-friendly adsorbent was investigated. Different physicochemical parameters were analyzed: adsorbent mass, ionic strength (NaNO3), initial concentration of pollutant, temperature, and pH. The empirical results showed that all these parameters have an impact on the retention of pesticide on the clay. The equilibrium uptake was increased with an increase in the initial pesticide concentration in solution. The results of adsorption were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Freundlich model represented the adsorption process better than Langmuir model, with correlation coefficients (R2) values ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. This study has shown that the natural clay is a solid that has got an important adsorption capacity, which may be used in treatment and depollution of water.

Impact of Nonlethal Levels of Metacid-50 and Carbaryl on Thyroid Function and Cholinergic System of Channa punctatus

With regard to brain acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and serum triiodothyronine(T_3) and thyroxine(T_4)profiles,a biphasic response pattern was elicited in Channa punctatus chroni- cally exposed to nonlethal doses of locally used pesticides,namely,Metacid-50 and Carbaryl. Data revealed that these xenobiotics caused significant inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity and a decrease in thyroxine level accompanied by a concurrent increase in acetylcholine accumulation and T_3 level.It is surmised that Metacid-50 and Carbaryl influence both neural and hormonal functions.1989 Academic Press.Inc.

Sensitized effect of β-cyclodextrin on the fluorescence in the determination of carbaryl

Based on the significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity of carbaryl in inclusion complex, a spetrofluorimetric method with high sensitivity was developed for the determination of carbaryl in aqueous solution. Under the optimum conditions, the complex had excitation and emission maxima at 278 nm and 332 nm, respectively. The linear range of the method was 7.0 ng/ml—1500 ng/ml with a detection limit of 1.2 ng/ml. The proposed method was successfully used to determine quantitatively of carbaryl in cottonseeds.

Night-time Rise in Rat Pineal N-Acetyltransferase due to Carbaryl Administration Is Reduced by Propranolol Treatment

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of administration of sublethal doses of carbaryl on nighttime rat pineal melatonin synthesis in the presence and absence of propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Two groups of adult male albino rats were administered orally N-methyl-l-naphthylcarbamate (carbaryl) (8. 33mg/kg BW daily in corn oil) for six successive days; another two groups received corn oil only.On the last day of carbaryl treatment, half of the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of propranolol (20 mg/kg body weight, one hour before lights off). The other two groups were given a saline injection. Four hours after darkness onset, pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activities as well as pineal concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), serotonin (5HT),5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) and pineal and serum melatonin levels were measured. Nocturnal NAT activity was increased due to carbaryl administration but the pesticide was ineffective in stimulating NAT activity in rats treated with propranolol.Pineal 5HT was decreased due to carbaryl administration but 5HTP and 5HIAA levels were unaffected. Pineal and serum melatonin levels were decreased due to propranolol treatment. The results indicate that carbaryl may influence pineal NAT activity by a mechanism that involves β-adrenergic neural transmission.

Impairment of the Regulation of Gonadal Function in Channa punctatus by Metacid-50 and Carbaryl under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Regulation of gonadal function by gonadotropic hormone (GtH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in Channa punctatus was significantly affected by nonlethal levels of Metacid-50 and Carbaryl. Under laboratory conditions, the time-dependent decrease in serum GtH level was higher in Carbaryl-treated fish than in Metacid-50-treated fish. The situation was reversed in the field, with a higher inhibitory effect of Metacid-50 being recorded. On the other hand, pituitary GtH content and GnRH activity were inhibited to a greater extent by Metacid-50 than by Carbaryl under both field and laboratory conditions. The present findings highlight that even low doses of Metacid-50 and Carbaryl are effective enough to cause reproductive damage, as evidenced by homeostatic unbalance of the reproductive regulatory system. 1990 Academic Press. Inc.

Analysis of Carbaryl Pesticide Residues in Environmental Samples with Spectrophotometry

A facile, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of carbaryl in its formulations, water and grain （rice and wheat） samples with newly synthesised reagent. The proposed method was based on the alkaline hydrolysis of carbaryl pesticide and thus resulted 1-naphthol was coupled with diazotised 4,4＇-methylene-bis-m-nitroaniline in basic medium （pH 9） to give red colored product having λmax 480 nm for diazonium method （DM） or 1-naphthol reacts with 4,4＇-methylene-bis-m-nitroaniline in the presence of oxidising agent potassium dichromate （K2Cr2O7） to give red colored product having λmax 510 nm for oxidation method （OM）. The formation of colored derivatives with the coupling agent is instantaneous and stable for 48 h （DM） and 32 h （OM） respectively. Beer＇s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.2--10.0 μg·mL ^-1 for DM and 0.2--0.150 μg·mL^-1 for OM. The proposed methods are sensitive, easy to operate and permitted for the determination of carbaryl with detection limits of 0.028 μg·mL^-1 for DM and 0.024 μg·mL^-1 for OM respectively. The experimental results indicate that the procedure can eliminate the fundamental interferences caused by other pesticides and non-target ions, which made the methods more sensitive and selective. The method was applicable to the determination of carbaryl residue in water and food grain samples up to μg level.

Selection of a DNA aptamer for the development of fluorescent aptasensor for carbaryl detection

An improved ssDNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by enrichment(SELEX)was applied to select aptamers against carbaryl.After nine selection rounds,a highly enriched ssDNA pool was obtained.The Apta3 was demonstrated as the optimal aptame r.In order to facilitate the modification of aptamer,the Apta3 was further truncated with the dissociation constant(K_(d))of 0.364±0.055μmol/L and a fluorescent aptasensor was developed.The linear range for carbaryl was from 100 nmol/L to1500 nmol/L,with the limit of detection was as low as 15.23 nmol/L.Besides,the biosensor was validated for the carbaryl spiked real samples,and the recoveries were between 97.7%and 107.3%.

Synergistic effects of structural, crystalline, and chemical defects on the photocatalytic performance of Y-doped ZnO for carbaryl degradation

In this study,a photocatalytic material consisting of ZnO and yttrium-doped ZnO(YZO)nanoparticles was obtained via a facile precipitation conducted under ambient pressure whereby crystalline ZnO was successfully doped with yttrium.YZO had a hexagonal wurtzite polycrystalline structure with smaller crystal and grain sizes than ZnO,which in turn meant larger specific surface area and pore volume.Chemical defects were also produced,which facilitated photocatalytic activity,because such defects can act as reaction centers.The optical band gap magnitude and the diamagnetic nature of YZO were also determined.The structural,crystalline,and chemical defects of YZO synergistically enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of carbaryl;indeed,the kinetic rate constant of this reaction catalyzed by YZO was 11.17×10^(−2) min^(−1) under natural sunlight irradiation,higher than the value measured for ZnO(8.68×10^(−2) min^(−1)).Evidence thus indicates that yttrium-doping effectively modified some properties of ZnO nanoparticles so that YZO nanoparticles proved a suitable photocatalytic material for carbaryl degradation.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Organic-inorganic Hybrid and Carbaryl-imprinted Capillary Monolithic Column

Organic-inorganic hybrid and carbaryl-imprinted capillary monolith was synthesized via methacrylic acid（MAA） as functional monomer, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane（γ-MAPS） as crosslinker and carbaryl as template molecule in an acetonitrile/dichloromethane mixture（1：4, volume ratio）. With the capillary column obtained from this monolith, three carbamates（carbaryl, fenobucarb and metolcarb） were separated effectively by electrochromatography with the kMIp/kNlP values of 7.57, 1.27 and 1.64, respectively. In 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer solution（pH=3.5） with 30%（volume fraction） of acetonitrile, carbaryl was separated directly from the three-carbamate mixture（carbaryl, fenobucarb and metolcarb） with an effective 15 cm-length imprinted column.

甲萘威的环境暴露与毒性研究进展

甲萘威是一种重要的氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂,能防治多种害虫,被广泛应用于多种农作物的生产活动中。在鹿特丹公约化学品审查委员会第17次会议(CRC17)、18次会议(CRC18)和19次会议(CRC19)上,多次审议了甲萘威是否满足公约要求,尤其是风险评估的数据是否充分,委员会均未能达成一致,该产品将在CRC20上继续审议。基于此,本文总结了甲萘威的结构、理化性质、环境暴露及其毒性健康风险研究,其中毒性包括急性毒性与短期毒性、长期毒性与基因毒性、生殖毒性与发育毒性、生态毒性等,旨在为更好地保障粮食安全、农产品质量安全和环境安全等提供科学的数据支撑和借鉴。

HPLC-MS/MS直接进样法测定环境水体中阿特拉津和甲萘威

采用HPLC-MS/MS直接进样方式,建立了一种适用于生活饮用水及其水源水等环境水体中甲萘威和阿特拉津的快速测定方法。本方法与现行环境保护标准相比,具有灵敏度高、操作简便、出峰时间快等优势。实验结果表明:甲萘威和阿特拉津的检出限分别为0.07μg/L和0.08μg/L,甲萘威相关系数达0.999 7,阿特拉津相关系数达0.999 6,方法精密度在2.72%~10.32%之间,加标回收率结果在87.5%~120.5%之间。该方法线性相关系数高、方法检出限低、精密度和准确度均满足环境水体中特定项目分析要求,方法准确可靠,且只需将样品过滤及稀释后即可上机测定,免去了液液萃取或固相萃取等浓缩步骤,极大地缩短了样品预处理和分析测试时间,快速简便。

猪粪制备的生物炭对西维因的吸附与催化水解作用

以猪粪为原料,在不同温度下制备生物炭,并对其进行除灰处理,研究了不同处理温度和灰分含量的生物炭与西维因的相互作用。猪粪制备的生物炭含有无机矿物、不定型有机质和结晶态芳香碳,且随处理温度升高,灰分含量增加,BET比表面积增加。生物炭对西维因的吸附表现为非线性,等温线符合Freundlich方程,且随生物炭制备温度的升高,非线性增强。生物炭除灰后,吸附作用大大增强,表明有机碳与无机成分复合造成其一部分吸附点位的损失。生物炭对西维因的吸附由亲脂性分配与特殊作用力构成,随着生物炭不同以及西维因浓度的变化,吸附机制发生变化。生物炭可提高溶液pH,pH随生物炭添加量和处理温度而升高,生物炭含有的矿物对西维因水解具有催化作用,其水解速率及程度与生物炭灰分含量呈正相关。

光谱法研究甲萘威与DNA的相互作用

通过紫外与荧光光谱法研究了甲萘威与DNA的相互作用 .结果显示 ,在甲萘威的作用下 ,DNA的吸收光谱出现增色与红移现象 ;DNA能够引起甲萘威单一的静态猝灭 ;甲萘威与DNA的作用能减弱K4[Fe(CN) 6) ]对甲萘威的荧光猝灭 ;实验结果支持甲萘威能以嵌插方式与DNA形成加合物 .氯化钠及乙醇对加合物的荧光光谱存在不同影响 .加合物的形成与药物的生物活性之间存在一定的相互联系 .

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定苹果中的赤霉素、脱落酸、甲萘威、多效唑和烯效唑残的残留量

建立用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定苹果中赤霉素、脱落酸、甲萘威、多效唑和烯效唑残留量的方法。用甲醇-水溶液提取样品中的植物生长调节剂,经固相萃取柱净化,用UPLC-MS/MS分析,采用多反应监测模式,外标法定量。采用BEH Shield RP18色谱柱,以乙酸铵和乙腈为流动相,进行梯度洗脱。结论:操作简单快捷,方法准确度和稳定性好。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定地表水中联苯胺、苦味酸、甲萘威、阿特拉津和溴氰菊酯

建立了一种经简单过滤即可直接进样的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法,可快速测定地表水中联苯胺、苦味酸、甲萘威、阿特拉津和溴氰菊酯5种有机物的残留。样品经0.2μm针式滤头过滤除去颗粒性杂质后,进行UPLC-MS/MS分析,采用UPLC HSS T3色谱柱,2 mmol/L乙酸铵甲醇溶液和2 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源电离,正、负离子切换多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析。5种目标化合物分别在0.10~10.0μg/L或1.00~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.996~0.999,方法的检出限为0.01~0.22μg/L;高、中、低3个添加水平的回收率为81.4%~113%,相对标准偏差为0.84%~14.0%。利用该方法对杭州市部分河流和水库的地表水样品进行分析,其中阿特拉津和溴氰菊酯在部分水样中有阳性检出。结果表明,该方法简便快捷、灵敏准确,适用于地表水样品中联苯胺、苦味酸、甲萘威、阿特拉津和溴氰菊酯的快速测定。

毛细管电泳法分析西维因等农药

采用毛细管电泳法对西维因和 4种三嗪类农药进行了分离研究 ,考察了溶液的 pH值、胶束浓度和有机改性剂对分离的影响。以 2 0mmol/L硼砂 5 0mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠 10 % (体积分数 )甲醇溶液 (pH 9 2 )为电泳缓冲液 ,采用压力进样方式 ,在 2 5kV恒压下进行分离 ,并在波长 2 2 5nm处检测 ,各组分可达到基线分离。在质量浓度为 30mg/L～ 2 0 0mg/L时 ,西维因标样的线性关系良好。该方法应用于西维因原药实际样品的测定 ,结果令人满意 ,西维因的加标回收率为 93 4 %～10 1 3% ,其峰面积的RSD为 2 5 9%。

用于农药残留检测的电流型酶传感器

利用固定化的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)制作了一种可用于农药残留检测的快捷灵敏的传感器.结果表明,固定化载体为孔径0.45μm硝酸纤维素膜、保护剂牛血清白蛋白(BSA)浓度为1.0%、交联剂戊二醛浓度为5.0%时,固定化酶传感器具有较高的灵敏度和稳定性。用氨基甲酸酯类农药甲萘威为抑制剂,与GC法(GB14877-94)进行对比,当喷洒量为10.0mg·l-1时,GC法测定的结果为9.03mg·l-1,生物传感器法测定的结果为6.56mg·l-1;对有机磷农药甲胺磷而言,当喷洒量为10.0mg·l-1时,GC法测定的结果是9.37mg·l-1,生物传感器法测定的结果是7.27mg·l-1,都能满足快速检测的要求.

碱解增敏荧光法测定残留甲萘威

甲萘威在0.01mo1/L KOH溶液中可降解为强荧光产物.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对其增敏后,荧光强度达到其自身荧光强度的6倍.基于此,建立了对残留甲萘威进行荧光测定的新方法.线性动态范围为2.00～1.70×10^3 μg/L;检出限为0.95 μg/L;样品的加标回收率在90.2%～99.9%.本法成功地用于叶菜中残留甲萘威的测定.

固相萃取/超高压液相色谱测定水中痕量呋喃丹、甲萘威及阿特拉津

建立了固相萃取/超高压液相色谱测定水中痕量呋喃丹、甲萘威和阿特拉津的分析方法。通过对色谱流动相和紫外检测条件、固萃小柱和上样速度、滤器材质等进行优化,确定了最佳实验方案。水样以5～10 mL/min的速度上样,采用Bond Elute Plexa固相萃取小柱富集,二氯甲烷洗脱。洗脱液经浓缩和重溶后,过尼龙滤膜,采用超高压液相色谱分析,色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),流动相为甲醇-水(55∶45),检测波长为222 nm,流速为0.4 mL/min。在优化条件下,1.5 min内可对3种化合物实现基线分离。呋喃丹、甲萘威和阿特拉津在0.1～2.0 mg/L范围内的线性系数均大于0.999,其仪器精密度(n=9)分别为1.7%、0.2%和0.7%,方法检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.04、0.003、0.004μg/L。在高、低水平加标浓度下,方法回收率为74%～94%。该方法具有分析速度快、操作简单和检出限低等优点,可用于同时分析水体中痕量的呋喃丹、甲萘威和阿特拉津。