^(14)C-Carbofuran在土壤及玉米中的传导与分布

以14C－carbofuran作为示踪剂，研究其在土壤中的稳定性及其在玉米中的分布和传导，14C－carbofuran在土壤中有很好的稳定性，具有向顶传导性，向地上部分传导，最终积聚到植株的叶部或叶路部位，老叶比新叶多，叶缘高于其它部位，根上部比根下部含量高。

Investigation of the interaction of carbofuran and DNA by voltammetry and fluorescence with the aid of chemometrics

The interactions of carbofuran and DNA were studied using voltammetry and fluorescence spectroscopy.The formation of carbofuran-DNA makes the current peak of DNA decreased by voltammetry method.The binding number（n） and constant（Ka） for complex carbofuran-DNA were calculated to be 1.06±0.04 and 0.11±0.03mol^-1 L,respectively by fluorescence measurement.Chemometrics approach,such as singular value decomposition（SVD） was used to evaluate the number of spectral species in the drug-DNA binding process.And the pure spectra and concentration profiles in the kinetic system were clearly deduced by multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares（MCR-ALS） with the initial estimates by evolving factor analysis（EFA）.

Production and Identification of High Affinity Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pesticide Carbofuran

To produce high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against pesticide carbofuran, and the develop immunochemical assays for people＇s health and environmental protection, the hapten 4-[[（2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyloxy） carbonyl]- amino]-butanoic acid （BFNB） of carbofuran was synthesized and Balb/c mice were immunized by the hapten-carrier （BFNB-bovine serum albumin, BFNB-BSA） conjugates. The splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells and the cultural supernatants of hybridoma cells were screened by the indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay （ELISA）, based on BFNB-ovoalbumin conjugates （BFNB-OVA）. Purified monoclonal antibody （McAb） was obtained from fluids of ascites, deposited by octanoic acid and ammonium sulfate. The affinity and the specificity of McAb were characterized by ELISA or indirect competitive ELISA. A hybridoma cell line （5D3） secreting anti-carbofuran McAb had been established. The titer of culture medium and ascites was up to 1：2.048 × 10^3 and 1：1.024 × 10^6, respectively, and the subtype of the McAb was IgG1. The affinity constant of the McAb was about 2.54 × 10×9 L mol^-1, with an IC50 value of 1.18 ng mL^-1 and a detection limit of 0.01 ng mL^-1. Cross-reactivity studies showed that the McAb was quiet specific for carbofuran, as among the four analogous compounds, they were all hardly recognized （4.59 × 10^-4% for 2,3-dihydro-2,2- dimethyl-7-benzofuranol and less than 3.0 × 10^4% for others）. The prepared McAb had a very high affinity and specificity, and it could be used to develop ELISA for rapid determination of carbofuran.

Effect of Ionic Liquid on Detection of Carbofuran by Plant-lipases Inactivation

Ionic liquids （ILs） as additive in phosphate buffer for detection of carbofuran by plant-lipases inhibition method is described. The higher inhibition efficiency and the shorter analysis time can be obtained by using N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid-phosphate buffer mixtures instead of pure phosphate buffer.

STUDY ON RESIDUES OF ^(14)C-CARBOFURAN IN MODEL RICE-FISH ECOSYSTEM

Residues of 14C- carbofuran were studied in model late- rice ecosystem (LRE) and early- rice ecosystem (ERE). The treatment consisted of two rates of the pesticide (1x) and 2.5x). At day 56 after application, 7.3% (1x) and 2.9% (2.5x) of the pesticide and its degradative products remained in the water of the LRE, and 1.8% (1x) and 2.4% (2.5x) of them remained in the water of the ERE. At harvest, 37.5% (LRE) and 24.0% (ERE) of the pesticide applied were detected in the upper layer of the soil; and 40.6% (LRE) and 26.9% (ERE) remained in the lower layer of the soil. The residues in the rice plants increased at the first stage, reached maximum levels during day 14 to 28 after application, and decreased thereafter. At harvest, residues in the stems and leaves in the two treatments (1x and 2.5x) were 3.91μ g/g and 7.78μ g/g (LRE) and 5.04 μg/g and 17.29 μ g/g (ERE) respectively. Residues in the ears were about 1/8 to 1/12 of that in the other parts of the plants. The pesticide residues in fish bodies in both experiments were also determined.

Oxidation Degradation of Aqueous Carbofuran Induced by Low Temperature Plasma

The oxidative degradation of aqueous carbofuran, a heavily used toxic carbamate insecticide by low temperature plasma, was investigated. The results show that the treatment efficiency increases with the increase in initial concentration. Raising the treatment temperature and changing the pH value can result in enhanced degradation of carbofuran in solution. The results also show that low temperature plasma treatment can effectively remove chemical oxygen demand （COD） of carbofuran in the solution.

Interaction of Carbofuran and Bovine Serum Albumin by Spectrometry

[Objective]The aim was to study the interaction characteristic of bovine serum albumin （BSA） and carbofuran. [ Method]With synchronous fluorescence spectrometry adopted, the interaction of carbofuran and BSA in Tris-HCI buffer system （pH 7.40） was investigated. The binding constants at different temperatures were calculated and the interaction types between carbofuran and BSA were discussed. [ Result] Under normal physiological conditions, higher quenching effect of carbofuran on BSA was electrostatic interaction. The changes of different drug concentrations and temperature proved a static quenching of carbofuran with BSA. The binding constants （KSV） at 25 ℃, 37 ℃ and 50 ℃ were 1.17 × 10^4, 1.07 × 10^4 and 0. 99 × 10^4 L/mol respectively with ratio of carbofuran and BSA at 1 ： 1. [ Conclusion ] The research is of guiding significance for learning transport and metabolism of carbofuran at molecular level.

The Separation of Catechol from Carbofuran Phenol by Extractive Distillation

在这研究，引得出的蒸馏被使用了用高纯净和产量从 carbofuran 酚(CFP ) 分开儿茶酚(猫) 。到猫的 CFP 的相对轻快被测量，并且分开代理人的选择被调查。试验性的结果显示 CFP/CAT 是有在 93.40 &#xb0 的一个 azeotropic 点的一个 azeotropic 系统； C/0.400 kPa 和包含 49.96% CFP 和 50.04% 猫的 azeotropic 混合物。从相对轻快的决心的数据显示出那分开象 diglycol 那样的代理人， 4-butylcatechol (4-TBC ) 能增加相对轻快直到 1.90。在一射击过程批有 3% 的 CFP 混合的引得出的蒸馏(由质量) 分别地，当没有分开代理人的蒸馏提供了纯净和收益时， diglycol 作为分开获得的 CFP 的代理人，纯净和产量是 99.0% 和 95.0% 仅仅 98.0% 和 90.0% 分别地。没有剩余，分开在产品发现的代理人。

Sub-acute Toxicity of Carbofuran on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Freshwater Catfish,Clarias batrachus

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity has been widely used as a biomarker in an animal exposed to the pesticides. However, the interaction of extensively used organocarbamate insecticide, carbofuran, with the nervous system of the aquatic organisms is not properly studied. AChE is a key enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junctions, and thus regulates the neurotransmission system. In the present study, we have evaluated the impact of sub-acute concentrations (0.01 and 0.02 mg/L i.e. 1/20th and 1/10th of LC50) of carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase,from different tissues of Clarias batrachus, a fresh water teleost, after 96 hr and 15 days exposure periods in vivo. The carbofuran significantly reduced the activity of AChE in different tissues of C. batrachus at both concentrations and periods of exposure. The greater inhibition of AChE activities were recorded in fish tissues at higher carbofuran concentration (0.02 mg/L) after longer (15days) treatment period. The inhibition of AChE activity in all fish tissues tested was dependent on pesticide concentration and the duration of treatment. AChE from the tissues of C. batrachus was found to be a true cholinesterase as it was completely inhibited by the small concentration (nM) of eserine as tested in vitro. It was found that carbofuran at very low concentration exerted significant inhibitory effect on AChE activity in fish tissues.

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO_2 aqueous solution: Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.

对比教学法在大型仪器实验教学中的应用——以番茄汁中克百威的检测为例

以番茄汁中克百威的检测为例,将对比教学法应用于高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)和液相色谱-质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS)的实验教学中。在理论教学部分,对比两种大型仪器的原理、构造、应用特点及其在克百威检测中的异同。在上机实操部分,由于番茄汁中的克百威含量低于HPLC法的检出限但高于HPLC-MS法的检出限,两种仪器得出截然不同的检测结果。对比教学法切实提高了实验教学效率,提升了学生的大型仪器综合运用能力,对高校应用型人才的高质量培养具有重要意义。

DNA damaging effects of carbofuran and its main metabolites on mice by micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis

The DNA damaging effects of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran and its four metabolites (carbofuranphenol, 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-hydrocarbofuran and nitrosocarbofuran) on mice were evaluated by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay and micronucleus test. KM mice were exposed to test compounds with different doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection two times with an internal of 24 h, and then killed by cervical dislocation 6 h after the second injection. In SCGE assay, isolated mice peripheral blood lymphocytes were employed to determine DNA damaging degree after a 1 h treatment by test compounds and a following electrophoresis. Carbofuran and carbofuranphenol showed negative results in both test and had no obvious toxicity. 3-hydrocarbofuran and nitrosocarbofuran were positive.3-ketocarbofuran could not induce micronucleus formation but caused significant DNA migration in SCGE test. These tests revealed that 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-hydrocarbofuran and nitrosocarbofuran are potential mutagesis and further research is needed.

基于离子液体原位泡腾萃取法在丹参及西洋参克百威残留分析中的应用

本研究建立了一种新颖的基于酸性离子液体的原位泡腾萃取技术的前处理方法。酸性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐呈酸性,能与碳酸氢盐反应产生二氧化碳,起到泡腾萃取的效果,它还能与六氟磷酸铵发生离子交换作用而置换成疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,使其与水相分离,通过离心获取萃取相,最后通过高效液相色谱仪测定萃取相中农药的含量。考察了酸性离子液体、碳酸氢钠和氯化钠用量对萃取效率的影响,最终所得最佳条件为200 mg酸性离子液体、0.4 g碳酸氢钠和1.0 g氯化钠。在最优条件下,克百威的线性范围为0.3~4.0μg/mL,日内和日间的相对偏差(RSD)为4.6%和10.2%,丹参和西洋参在4.0μg/mL加标水平下,加标回收率为94.7%(西洋参)和74.6%(丹参),将此方法可用于不同基质中药材和饮片中农药残留的处理。

Electrochemiluminescence Behavior of Ru（bpy）3^2＋/ Carbofuran System on an Electrically Heated Microelectrode Chip

一块电子上激烈的 microelectrode 芯片(HMEC ) 被设计， Ru (bpy ) 32+/carbofuran electrochemiluminescence (ECL ) 系统被使用描绘 HMEC 的性能。在提高的电极温度的 ECL 紧张增加，和察觉在 60 点限制迱 ???????

彩椒中克百威和烯酰吗啉残留量测定盲样考核及结果分析

目的:通过参加2021年国家级食品安全风险监测彩椒粉中农药残留质量考核,证实并提高检测实验室的农药残留测定能力。方法:样品经乙腈提取净化后取上清液过膜上样,高效液相色谱质谱联用法测定,采用基质曲线内标法定量。结果:彩椒中克百威和烯酰吗啉残留量的测定结果分别为0.54 mg·kg^(-1)、6.44 mg·kg^(-1),盲样真值分别为0.62 mg·kg^(-1)、6.39 mg·kg^(-1),回收率分别为87.1%、100.8%。结论:盲样考核结果满意,本实验室的农药残留检测能力很好。

胶体金免疫层析法同时检测果蔬中四种农药残留

目的:研制一种胶体金免疫层析四线卡,可同时检测果蔬中毒死蜱、氟虫腈、克百威、多菌灵4种农药残留。方法:以硝酸纤维素膜为载体,农药竞争抗原为包被抗原,胶体金为标记材料,制备胶体金免疫层析四线卡,并对标记抗体浓度、检测线包被浓度、样品提取剂、提取时间等参数条件进行优化,评价四线卡的灵敏度、特异性、稳定性和准确性。结果:优化后四线卡制备工艺参数中毒死蜱、氟虫腈、克百威、多菌灵的最适标记抗体浓度为3.2、2.4、3.2、3.2μg/mL,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)抗原包被浓度分别为0.65、0.80、0.65、0.5 mg/mL。毒死蜱检出限为0.1 mg/kg、氟虫腈为0.02 mg/kg、克百威为0.02 mg/kg、多菌灵为0.05 mg/kg,除了克百威与丁硫克百威的交叉反应率为20%,毒死蜱、氟虫腈和多菌灵与结构类似物的交叉反应率均小于5%,在室温条件下可保存至少12个月。经验证,对60份果蔬样品检测结果与仪器法检测结果一致。结论:本研究制备的四线卡操作简便、准确度高、快速、稳定,可以用于果蔬中毒死蜱、氟虫腈、克百威、多菌灵残留的现场快速筛查和检测。

基于反向荧光增强双信号通道免疫层析方法检测动物源食品中克百威残留

本研究建立了可视化-反向荧光增强双信号通道免疫层析技术(V-rFICTs),通过观察多巴胺包金的显色减弱以及量子点荧光的反向增强,实现对克百威的双信号、半定量检测。通过设计合成半抗原制备获得特异性单克隆抗体,以多巴胺包金核壳纳米材料标记抗体作为检测探针,将量子点(QDs-OVA)与包被原(CAR-OVA)喷涂于硝酸纤维膜(NC膜)上作为检测线(T线),同时喷涂兔抗鼠IgG抗体作为质控线(C线),组装成免疫层析试纸条。当样品不含克百威时,标记抗体结合在T线,裸眼可见明显紫红色条带,荧光猝灭,当克百威存在时,T线紫红色条带变弱或消失,而紫外下绿色荧光显现并随着克百威浓度的升高而增强。方法研究结果显示,V-rFICTs在可见光检测模式下的检测限为50 ng/mL,在荧光模式下的检测限为3.13 ng/mL,灵敏度提升15倍以上,15 min内可完成检测,与其他结构类似物无交叉反应。经方法验证,检测结果与液相色谱-串联质谱方法一致,具有较好的应用潜力。

农药制剂加工从业人员农药暴露风险评估

农药在农业有害生物防治中发挥着重要的作用,但其属于有毒化学品,长期暴露可危害人体健康。目前,有关农药生产人员的暴露风险评估鲜有报道。以悬浮种衣剂生产场景为例,采用全身整体取样法,设计并完成了制剂加工从业人员农药暴露剂量分析及风险评估。结果表明:称料工人、投料工人和灌装工人的克百威单位暴露总量分别为134.89、1767.32、10.39μg/kg,戊唑醇单位暴露总量分别为5404.17、3454.58、12.69μg/kg。称料工人的主要暴露部位是双手和下肢,投料工人主要暴露部位是双臂,灌装工人的主要暴露部位是双手。除了戊唑醇罐装工人暴露界限(MOE)大于100,评估为安全,操作戊唑醇的称料工人和投料工人,以及操作克百威的称料工人、投料工人和灌装工人存在安全风险。这一结果对农药制剂加工相关从业人员职业风险评估具有重要的参考价值。

苹果中克百威残留快检测定及方法评估

【目的】提高苹果中克百威残留快速检测方法的灵敏度与准确度,确保苹果产品中克百威农药残留抽查的高效和准确性。【方法】以新疆阿克苏当地6个点位市售苹果为检测样品,采用行业标准NY/T 761-2008第3部分的液相色谱法为参比方法,分别选择3家快检试剂盒,根据《食品快速检测方法评价技术规范》对其快检适应性进行评估。【结果】利用参比方法和快检试剂盒均未从苹果样品中检出克百威残留。3家快检试剂盒可在0.01 mg/kg以上呈阳性显色反应,低于GB/T 2763-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》中的限量要求;试剂盒灵敏度均为100%、特异性均为50%、假阴性率均为0、假阳性率均为50%、相对准确度均为90%。【结论】所测试剂盒适用于苹果中克百威残留量的快速筛查。

新疆盐碱土壤中克百威降解菌群结构解析及降解菌株特性

为解决新疆盐碱土壤中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留问题,从长期连作棉田中富集培养得到降解克百威的菌群。分析该菌群结构组成信息,利用多种培养基从中分离碱性条件下降解克百威的相关菌株,并从中筛选出能够耐受和高效降解克百威的菌株后,初步分类鉴定和测定这些菌株的降解能力。结果表明,克百威降解菌群在门分类水平上主要由Proteobacteria(88.24%)、Bacteroidetes(11.47%)组成;在属分类水平,丰度最大的依次为Pseudoxanthomonas(54.30%)、Hyphomicrobium(13.98%)、Hydrogenophaga(3.32%)、Aquamicrobium(3.13%)等,微生物网络构建结果也与此相同。从该降解菌群中共分离出细菌71株,其中菌株KJ71和KJ74能够耐受高浓度克百威,并在pH为8.0的基础无机盐培养基中,当接种量为1%,120r·min^(-1)摇床培养72 h时具有较高降解能力;经16S rRNA基因序列分析,KJ71为Rhodococcus、KJ74为Paenibacillus;进一步研究表明,菌株KJ71和KJ74在72 h内对50 mg·L^(-1)克百威的降解率分别达到63.88%、70.22%。其中KJ71菌株降解克百威的最适pH为9.0;在25℃~35℃,温度对该菌株降解克百威无显著影响。对KJ74菌株最适降解条件为pH 7.0,当温度30℃时降解率达到最高。添加少量有机氮源可促进菌株KJ71和KJ74对克百威的降解能力,添加少量有机碳源会抑制菌株对克百威的降解。