Increasing the population and infrastructure in both emerging and developed countries requires a considerable amount of cement, which significantly affects the environment. The primary materials of concrete (‘cement...Increasing the population and infrastructure in both emerging and developed countries requires a considerable amount of cement, which significantly affects the environment. The primary materials of concrete (‘cement’) production emit a large quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> into the environment. Also, the cost of conventional building materials like cement gives motivation to find geopolymer waste materials for concrete. To reduce harmful effects on the environment and cost of traditional concrete substance, alternative waste materials like rice husk ash (RHA), ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBS), fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) can be used due to their pozzolanic behavior. RHA waste material with a high silica concentration obtained from burning rice husks can possibly be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in the manufacturing of concrete, and its strong pozzolanic properties can contribute to the strength and impermeability of concrete. This review paper highlights a summary of the positive effect of using RHA as a partial substitute for cement in building construction, as well as its optimal inclusion of enhanced mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of mortar and concrete.展开更多
The adsorption capacity for vapor-phase elemental mercury(Hg0) of residual carbon separated from fly ash was studied in an attempt for the control of elemental mercury emissions from combustion processes. At low mercu...The adsorption capacity for vapor-phase elemental mercury(Hg0) of residual carbon separated from fly ash was studied in an attempt for the control of elemental mercury emissions from combustion processes. At low mercury concentrations(<200 μg/m3), unburned carbon had higher adsorption capacity than commercial activated carbon. The adsorbality of unburned carbon was also found to be source dependent. Isotherms of FS carbon(separated from fly ash of a power plant of Shishi in Fujian Province) were similar to those classified as typeⅡ. Isotherms of XJ carbon(separated from fly ash of a power plant of Jingcheng in Shanxi Province) were more like those classified as type Ⅲ. Due to the relatively low production costs, these residual carbons would likely be considerably more cost-effective for the full-scale removal of mercury from combustion flue gases than other technology.展开更多
The issue of concrete carbonation has gained importance in recent years due to the increase use in supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures. While there is general agreement that concrete carbonat...The issue of concrete carbonation has gained importance in recent years due to the increase use in supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures. While there is general agreement that concrete carbonation progresses at maximum at a relative humidity of about 60%, the rate may differ in the case of cements blended with SCMs, especially with high-volume fly ash replacements. In this study, the effect of high-volume fly ash concrete exposed to low ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions (57%) and accelerated carbonation (4% CO2) is investigated. Twenty-three concrete mixtures were produced varying in cementitious contents (310, 340, 370, and 400 kg/m3), water-to-cementitious materials ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and fly ash content (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%) using a low and high-calcium fly ash. The specimens were allowed 1 and 7 days of moist curing and monitored for their carbonation rate and depth through phenolphthalein measurements up to 105 days of exposure. The accelerated carbonation test results indicated that increasing the addition of fly ash also led to increasing the depth of carbonation. Mixtures incorporating high-calcium fly ash were also observed to be more resistant against carbonation than low-calcium fly ash due to the higher calcium oxide (CaO) content. However, mixtures incorporating high-volume additions (50%) specimens were fully carbonated regardless of the type of fly ash used. It was evident that the increase in the duration of moist curing from 1 day to 7 days had a positive effect, reducing the carbonation depth for both plain and blended fly ash concrete mixes, however, this effect was minimal in high-volume fly ash mixtures. The results demonstrated that the water-to-cementitious ratio (W/CM) had a more dramatic impact on carbonation resistance than the curing age for mixtures incorporating 30% or less fly ash replacement, whereas those mixtures incorporating 50% showed minor differences regardless of curing age or W/CM. Based on the compressive strength results, carbonation depth appeared to decrease with increase in compressive strength, but this correlation was not significant.展开更多
The synergetic effect of calcium carbonate (CC)-fly ash (FA) hybrid filler particles on the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) has been investigated. Low density polyethylene is fill...The synergetic effect of calcium carbonate (CC)-fly ash (FA) hybrid filler particles on the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) has been investigated. Low density polyethylene is filled with varying weight percentages of FA and CC using melt casting. Composites are characterized for mechanical, thermal, microstructural and physical properties. Results show that the flexural strength increases with increases in FA content of the hybrid filler. It is evident from the study that to achieve optimum density a certain combination of both fillers need to be used. The optimum combination of CC and FA for a higher density (1.78 g/cm3) is found to be at 20 wt% FA and 30 wt% CC. An increase of 7.27% in micro-hardness over virgin polyethylene is obtained in composites with 10 wt% FA and 40 wt% CC. The presence of higher amount of CC is seen to be detrimental to the crystallinity of composites. X-ray, FTIR and DSC results show that composite with 45 wt% CC and 5 wt% FA exhibits a typical triclinic polyethylene structure indicating that the composite is amorphous in nature. There was the synergy between FA and CC fillers on flexural strength and crystallinity of composite. However, the fillers show the antagonistic effect on energy at peak and micro-hardness.展开更多
We determined the catalytic function of chemically modified fly ash (MFA) for the growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) ropes with ~54% yield by the pyrolysis of the composite film of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at 500°...We determined the catalytic function of chemically modified fly ash (MFA) for the growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) ropes with ~54% yield by the pyrolysis of the composite film of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at 500°C for 10 min under 2 L/min flow of nitrogen. Fly ash was treated with 2M sodium hydroxide to have MFA and used with PVA to fabricate the composite film by aqua casting. CNT was analyzed using SEM, TEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The growths of CNT on MFA surfaces were visualized with different geometric self-assembly, e.g., bundles of CNT in ropes, twisted ropes, Y-branch ropes and staked-cone sheet. Thus, the mixtures of CNT ropes and MFA are a potential filler material for fabricating composites with polymer and metal.展开更多
We found carbon nanotube (CNT) materials by the pyrolysis of the composite film of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced with modified fly ash (FA) at 500°C for 10 min under 2 L/min flow of nitrogen. Fly ash was ...We found carbon nanotube (CNT) materials by the pyrolysis of the composite film of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced with modified fly ash (FA) at 500°C for 10 min under 2 L/min flow of nitrogen. Fly ash was treated with 2M sodium hydroxide and used with PVA to fabricate the composite film by aqua casting. CNT materials were analyzed using XPS, Raman, SEM and TEM. The admixtures of CNT materials and FA are a potential filler material for fabricating composites with polymer and metal. The process is an eco-friendly recycling paradigm for using value-added advanced products for the proper management of sustainable waste materials, plastic and FA.展开更多
High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace sla...High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.展开更多
粉煤灰由于含有钙镁等碱土金属氧化物导致其浆液呈碱性,直接充填井下采空区易污染地下水源。利用陕北矿区府谷电厂粉煤灰开展组分测试、浆液pH值特性测试及固碳降碱试验,基于浆液pH值与OH−浓度理论关系对粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程进行阶...粉煤灰由于含有钙镁等碱土金属氧化物导致其浆液呈碱性,直接充填井下采空区易污染地下水源。利用陕北矿区府谷电厂粉煤灰开展组分测试、浆液pH值特性测试及固碳降碱试验,基于浆液pH值与OH−浓度理论关系对粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程进行阶段划分并提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果表明:①粉煤灰含CaO、MgO、K_(2)O等碱土金属氧化物,溶于水浆液呈高碱特性,浆液pH值随浆液浓度增大而增大,当粉煤灰浆液质量分数≥30%时,浆液pH值不受质量分数影响且粉煤灰碱土金属氧化物与水反应生成OH−速率较快,溶于水20 min,OH^(−)浓度饱和;②粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化反应生成方解石型CaCO_(3),每1 kg粉煤灰可矿化封存29.57 g CO_(2);③粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化粉煤灰固碳降碱过程中pH变化曲线呈“倒S”型,按降pH速率分为慢速(Ⅰ)、快速(Ⅱ)、慢速(Ⅲ)3个阶段,3个阶段的pH值分界点分别为11.39、7~8且第I阶段无法消除;④降pH与降碱不是同一概念,降碱指的是降浆液中OH−浓度,降pH第I阶段对应快速降碱阶段,降pH第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段对应深度降碱阶段;⑤决定粉煤灰固碳量的主要为降pH第I阶段,而非pH下降速率较大的第Ⅱ阶段,第I阶段CO_(2)利用率约为30.78%,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段CO_(2)总利用率约为9.04%;⑥基于粉煤灰固碳降碱过程阶段划分及反应装置降碱速率、容积的差异性,提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果对分析粉煤灰固碳降碱机理,提高粉煤灰固碳降碱效率,促进粉煤灰处置工业化应用具有重要意义。展开更多
文摘Increasing the population and infrastructure in both emerging and developed countries requires a considerable amount of cement, which significantly affects the environment. The primary materials of concrete (‘cement’) production emit a large quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> into the environment. Also, the cost of conventional building materials like cement gives motivation to find geopolymer waste materials for concrete. To reduce harmful effects on the environment and cost of traditional concrete substance, alternative waste materials like rice husk ash (RHA), ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBS), fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) can be used due to their pozzolanic behavior. RHA waste material with a high silica concentration obtained from burning rice husks can possibly be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in the manufacturing of concrete, and its strong pozzolanic properties can contribute to the strength and impermeability of concrete. This review paper highlights a summary of the positive effect of using RHA as a partial substitute for cement in building construction, as well as its optimal inclusion of enhanced mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of mortar and concrete.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 50306010) and the National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No. G1999022200)
文摘The adsorption capacity for vapor-phase elemental mercury(Hg0) of residual carbon separated from fly ash was studied in an attempt for the control of elemental mercury emissions from combustion processes. At low mercury concentrations(<200 μg/m3), unburned carbon had higher adsorption capacity than commercial activated carbon. The adsorbality of unburned carbon was also found to be source dependent. Isotherms of FS carbon(separated from fly ash of a power plant of Shishi in Fujian Province) were similar to those classified as typeⅡ. Isotherms of XJ carbon(separated from fly ash of a power plant of Jingcheng in Shanxi Province) were more like those classified as type Ⅲ. Due to the relatively low production costs, these residual carbons would likely be considerably more cost-effective for the full-scale removal of mercury from combustion flue gases than other technology.
文摘The issue of concrete carbonation has gained importance in recent years due to the increase use in supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures. While there is general agreement that concrete carbonation progresses at maximum at a relative humidity of about 60%, the rate may differ in the case of cements blended with SCMs, especially with high-volume fly ash replacements. In this study, the effect of high-volume fly ash concrete exposed to low ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions (57%) and accelerated carbonation (4% CO2) is investigated. Twenty-three concrete mixtures were produced varying in cementitious contents (310, 340, 370, and 400 kg/m3), water-to-cementitious materials ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and fly ash content (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%) using a low and high-calcium fly ash. The specimens were allowed 1 and 7 days of moist curing and monitored for their carbonation rate and depth through phenolphthalein measurements up to 105 days of exposure. The accelerated carbonation test results indicated that increasing the addition of fly ash also led to increasing the depth of carbonation. Mixtures incorporating high-calcium fly ash were also observed to be more resistant against carbonation than low-calcium fly ash due to the higher calcium oxide (CaO) content. However, mixtures incorporating high-volume additions (50%) specimens were fully carbonated regardless of the type of fly ash used. It was evident that the increase in the duration of moist curing from 1 day to 7 days had a positive effect, reducing the carbonation depth for both plain and blended fly ash concrete mixes, however, this effect was minimal in high-volume fly ash mixtures. The results demonstrated that the water-to-cementitious ratio (W/CM) had a more dramatic impact on carbonation resistance than the curing age for mixtures incorporating 30% or less fly ash replacement, whereas those mixtures incorporating 50% showed minor differences regardless of curing age or W/CM. Based on the compressive strength results, carbonation depth appeared to decrease with increase in compressive strength, but this correlation was not significant.
文摘The synergetic effect of calcium carbonate (CC)-fly ash (FA) hybrid filler particles on the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) has been investigated. Low density polyethylene is filled with varying weight percentages of FA and CC using melt casting. Composites are characterized for mechanical, thermal, microstructural and physical properties. Results show that the flexural strength increases with increases in FA content of the hybrid filler. It is evident from the study that to achieve optimum density a certain combination of both fillers need to be used. The optimum combination of CC and FA for a higher density (1.78 g/cm3) is found to be at 20 wt% FA and 30 wt% CC. An increase of 7.27% in micro-hardness over virgin polyethylene is obtained in composites with 10 wt% FA and 40 wt% CC. The presence of higher amount of CC is seen to be detrimental to the crystallinity of composites. X-ray, FTIR and DSC results show that composite with 45 wt% CC and 5 wt% FA exhibits a typical triclinic polyethylene structure indicating that the composite is amorphous in nature. There was the synergy between FA and CC fillers on flexural strength and crystallinity of composite. However, the fillers show the antagonistic effect on energy at peak and micro-hardness.
文摘We determined the catalytic function of chemically modified fly ash (MFA) for the growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) ropes with ~54% yield by the pyrolysis of the composite film of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at 500°C for 10 min under 2 L/min flow of nitrogen. Fly ash was treated with 2M sodium hydroxide to have MFA and used with PVA to fabricate the composite film by aqua casting. CNT was analyzed using SEM, TEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The growths of CNT on MFA surfaces were visualized with different geometric self-assembly, e.g., bundles of CNT in ropes, twisted ropes, Y-branch ropes and staked-cone sheet. Thus, the mixtures of CNT ropes and MFA are a potential filler material for fabricating composites with polymer and metal.
文摘We found carbon nanotube (CNT) materials by the pyrolysis of the composite film of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced with modified fly ash (FA) at 500°C for 10 min under 2 L/min flow of nitrogen. Fly ash was treated with 2M sodium hydroxide and used with PVA to fabricate the composite film by aqua casting. CNT materials were analyzed using XPS, Raman, SEM and TEM. The admixtures of CNT materials and FA are a potential filler material for fabricating composites with polymer and metal. The process is an eco-friendly recycling paradigm for using value-added advanced products for the proper management of sustainable waste materials, plastic and FA.
文摘High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.
文摘粉煤灰由于含有钙镁等碱土金属氧化物导致其浆液呈碱性,直接充填井下采空区易污染地下水源。利用陕北矿区府谷电厂粉煤灰开展组分测试、浆液pH值特性测试及固碳降碱试验,基于浆液pH值与OH−浓度理论关系对粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程进行阶段划分并提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果表明:①粉煤灰含CaO、MgO、K_(2)O等碱土金属氧化物,溶于水浆液呈高碱特性,浆液pH值随浆液浓度增大而增大,当粉煤灰浆液质量分数≥30%时,浆液pH值不受质量分数影响且粉煤灰碱土金属氧化物与水反应生成OH−速率较快,溶于水20 min,OH^(−)浓度饱和;②粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化反应生成方解石型CaCO_(3),每1 kg粉煤灰可矿化封存29.57 g CO_(2);③粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化粉煤灰固碳降碱过程中pH变化曲线呈“倒S”型,按降pH速率分为慢速(Ⅰ)、快速(Ⅱ)、慢速(Ⅲ)3个阶段,3个阶段的pH值分界点分别为11.39、7~8且第I阶段无法消除;④降pH与降碱不是同一概念,降碱指的是降浆液中OH−浓度,降pH第I阶段对应快速降碱阶段,降pH第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段对应深度降碱阶段;⑤决定粉煤灰固碳量的主要为降pH第I阶段,而非pH下降速率较大的第Ⅱ阶段,第I阶段CO_(2)利用率约为30.78%,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段CO_(2)总利用率约为9.04%;⑥基于粉煤灰固碳降碱过程阶段划分及反应装置降碱速率、容积的差异性,提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果对分析粉煤灰固碳降碱机理,提高粉煤灰固碳降碱效率,促进粉煤灰处置工业化应用具有重要意义。
