Navigating the hydrogen prospect:A comprehensive review of sustainable source-based production technologies,transport solutions,advanced storage mechanisms,and CCUS integration

The review is a comprehensive discussion of current research advances,commercial scale developments,challenges,and techno-eco nomics for the entire H_(2) value chain,including production,mainly focusing on sustainable sources,storage,and transport.The challenges,advantages,and uses of H_(2) energy are included at length.Moreover,apart from the sustainable production approaches,the approaches and current developments for combating the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from existing H_(2) production facilities are highlighted in terms of ca rbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS).Concisely,the review discusses current material and recent technological adva ncements in developing pilot projects and large-scale establishments for viable and rapidly emerging sou rce-ba sed H_(2) productio n.Moreover,the review also aims to provide an in-depthdiscussion and explore current developments based on the advantages of H_(2) energy in terms of its utilization,based on its high energy density,and its ability to be used as a feedstock and fuel.On the other hand,the challenges of H_(2) are also elabo rated.Next,the role of CCUS in a carbon-neutral economy and value chain for minimization of emissions from existing facilities is thoroughly deliberated,and the recent commercial-scale implementation of CCUS technologies is highlighted.Extending the utilization and recycling of captured CO_(2) emissions along with H_(2) to produce e-fuels in terms of current advances is detailed in this review.Fu rthermore,the most applicable,efficient,a nd develo ping approaches are discussed for physical and chemical H_(2) storage,considering recent la rge-scale implementations of liquid carriers and liquid organic hydrogen carriers as storage options.Lastly,the review elaborates on recent insights into advances in H_(2) transport infrastructure,including compressed and liquid H_(2) delivery via roads,ships,pipelines,and flight cargo.The review gives precise insights into the recent scenario through an elaborated conclusion of each discussion topic separately and a discussion of future perspectives.The current review will help researchers to fully understand the ongoing research advancements and challenges in the H_(2) value chain for formulating new solutions for sustainable H_(2) production,alo ng with focusing on suitable approaches for its storage and tra nsport to make the production and utilization of H_(2) applicable on a large scale.

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

Technical Perspective of Carbon Capture,Utilization,and Storage

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy,as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production.Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO_(2) emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change.From this perspective,the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology,primarily due to its commercialization potential.The CO_(2) absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized.The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO_(2) into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in recent years.The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO_(2) reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements.For carbon storage,successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics,geomechanics,and reactive transport,which are discussed in details.

International experience of carbon neutrality and prospects of key technologies:Lessons for China

Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.

Underwater Gas Leakage Flow Detection and Classification Based on Multibeam Forward-Looking Sonar

The risk of gas leakage due to geological flaws in offshore carbon capture, utilization, and storage, as well as leakage from underwater oil or gas pipelines, highlights the need for underwater gas leakage monitoring technology. Remotely operated vehicles(ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs) are equipped with high-resolution imaging sonar systems that have broad application potential in underwater gas and target detection tasks. However, some bubble clusters are relatively weak scatterers, so detecting and distinguishing them against the seabed reverberation in forward-looking sonar images are challenging. This study uses the dual-tree complex wavelet transform to extract the image features of multibeam forward-looking sonar. Underwater gas leakages with different flows are classified by combining deep learning theory. A pool experiment is designed to simulate gas leakage, where sonar images are obtained for further processing. Results demonstrate that this method can detect and classify underwater gas leakage streams with high classification accuracy. This performance indicates that the method can detect gas leakage from multibeam forward-looking sonar images and has the potential to predict gas leakage flow.

A review of interaction mechanisms and microscopic simulation methods for CO_(2)-water-rock system

This work systematically reviews the complex mechanisms of CO_(2)-water-rock interactions,microscopic simulations of reactive transport(dissolution,precipitation and precipitate migration)in porous media,and microscopic simulations of CO_(2)-water-rock system.The work points out the key issues in current research and provides suggestions for future research.After injection of CO_(2) into underground reservoirs,not only conventional pressure-driven flow and mass transfer processes occur,but also special physicochemical phenomena like dissolution,precipitation,and precipitate migration.The coupling of these processes causes complex changes in permeability and porosity parameters of the porous media.Pore-scale microscopic flow simulations can provide detailed information within the three-dimensional pore and throat space and explicitly observe changes in the fluid-solid interfaces of porous media during reactions.At present,the research has limitations in the decoupling of complex mechanisms,characterization of differential multi-mineral reactions,precipitation generation mechanisms and characterization(crystal nucleation and mineral detachment),simulation methods for precipitation-fluid interaction,and coupling mechanisms of multiple physicochemical processes.In future studies,it is essential to innovate experimental methods to decouple“dissolution-precipitation-precipitate migration”processes,improve the accuracy of experimental testing of minerals geochemical reaction-related parameters,build reliable characterization of various precipitation types,establish precipitation-fluid interaction simulation methods,coordinate the boundary conditions of different physicochemical processes,and,finally,achieve coupled flow simulation of“dissolution-precipitation-precipitate migration”within CO_(2)-water-rock systems.

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis integrated with in-situ CO_(2)absorption for simulated seawater concentrate utilization,carbon storage and production of sodium carbonate

In the context of carbon capture,utilization,and storage,the high-value utilization of carbon storage presents a significant challenge.To address this challenge,this study employed the bipolar membrane electrodialysis integrated with carbon utilization technology to prepare Na_(2)CO_(3)products using simulated seawater concentrate,achieving simultaneous saline wastewater utilization,carbon storage and high-value production of Na_(2)CO_(3).The effects of various factors,including concentration of simulated seawater concentrate,current density,CO_(2)aeration rate,and circulating flow rate of alkali chamber,on the quality of Na_(2)CO_(3)product,carbon sequestration rate,and energy consumption were investigated.Under the optimal condition,the CO_(3)^(2-)concentration in the alkaline chamber reached a maximum of 0.817 mol/L with 98 mol%purity.The resulting carbon fixation rate was 70.50%,with energy consumption for carbon sequestration and product production of 5.7 k Whr/m^(3)CO_(2)and1237.8 k Whr/ton Na_(2)CO_(3),respectively.This coupling design provides a triple-win outcome promoting waste reduction and efficient utilization of resources.

实现碳中和目标的CCUS产业发展展望

中国碳中和目标的实现对CCUS技术需求巨大,亟须加快培育CCUS产业,赋能中国碳中和时代高质量发展。CCUS技术全链条产业体系建设将牵引制造业、采矿业、金融业等七大产业门类、25个大类和64个小类国民经济行业的技术、设备、材料、服务、市场及政策等创新需求,培植碳核查、碳金融、碳资产管理等新产业。围绕中国CCUS产业化现存的技术基础薄弱、市场被国外厂商主导、政策体系不完善等挑战,建议未来从以下几方面着手:搭建CCUS产业基础数据共享平台,加大产业关键技术研发投入,打造CCUS产业孵化基地,探索创新产业商业模式及市场机制,重视CCUS专业人才培养等。

含CCUS和P2G的综合能源系统分布式鲁棒优化调度

在双碳战略背景下,综合能源系统成为探索可再生能源低碳高效利用及多能耦合的主要途径。为兼顾综合能源系统在低碳优化时的稳定性和经济效益,提出了一种含碳捕集、利用与封存-电转气协同运行的综合能源系统分布式鲁棒低碳优化策略。首先,对电转气过程精细化建模,研究氢能的多方面效益,建立CHP-CCUS-P2G耦合模型,并引入阶梯式碳交易机制,提出一种基于阶梯式碳交易机制的CHP-CCUS-P2G低碳经济调度方法;其次,考虑风光出力的不确定性,以调度系统中可用的历史数据为基础,构建数据驱动下min-max-min的两阶段鲁棒调度模型,采用1-范数和∞-范数约束场景概率分布模糊集;最后,基于列约束生成算法对模型反复迭代求解。算例仿真结果表明,上述模型提高了IES的风光消纳率和经济性,并降低了系统碳排放量。

双碳愿景下CCUS提高油气采收率技术

二氧化碳(CO_(2))捕集与封存技术(CCS)是实现“双碳”目标的一项重大技术,如何运用CCS技术实现碳减排,成为全球关注的热点问题。因地质体具有良好的封闭性和巨大的封存潜力,CO_(2)地质封存成为碳封存的首选方式。单纯的地质封存项目成本高昂,不适宜开展大规模推广;油气藏注CO_(2)提高采收率技术在全球范围内已经较为成熟,其目的主要是提高油气采收率。将这两者相结合,大幅度提高油气采收率的同时,可实现CO_(2)长久安全封存,节约碳封存成本。在对CO_(2)地质封存与油气藏注CO_(2)提高采收率技术的作用机理与发展现状进行阐述的基础上,提出“双碳”愿景下中国油气工业应大力发展二氧化碳捕集、利用及封存(CCUS)提高油气采收率技术,实现CO_(2)绿色资源化利用,达到既实现CO_(2)的地质封存又提高油气采收率双赢的目的。指出目前的技术瓶颈及进一步发展的方向,特别是随着油气勘探开发领域向非常规、难采储量油气藏发展,中国大力发展CCUS提高油气采收率技术更具重要性和迫切性,并且具有广阔的应用前景,对于中国顺利实现“双碳”目标,保障国家能源安全及可持续高质量发展具有重要意义。

计及P2G的综合能源系统CCUS容量规划

考虑到碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)是对电转气(P2G)过程中二氧化碳(CO_(2))来源的细化,文中提出对综合能源系统(IES)进行电-氢-氧-甲烷-二氧化碳和虚拟二氧化碳等P2G过程的定性定量建模,以及对风-光-电动汽车-负荷等随机源荷进行时空聚类以深度挖掘IES氢源碳源潜力的CCUS设备容量规划模型。以阶梯正负碳交易、弃风弃光惩罚和年设备投资成本等的年综合成本最低为目标,以碳捕集、碳存储和甲烷化等CCUS设备功率容量限值为全局变量对电气平衡和能量耦合进行二次约束,经过混合整数线性化处理后利用Cplex求解。算例分析表明,源荷时空聚类可在典型日场景缩减时保留IES廉价碳源氢源特征,合理规划后的CCUS设备可兼具弃风消纳和碳减排功能,使P2G制取的天然气更具市场竞争力。

碳捕集、利用和封存(CCUS)技术发展现状及应用展望

梳理了碳捕集、利用和封存(CCUS)技术各关键环节的发展概况,阐述了全球和我国现阶段CCUS技术应用进展和挑战.结果表明,在当前的经济技术水平下,CCUS项目难以实现成本效益的平衡,因此必须转变思路,将CO_(2)视为一种基础工业原料,加快CO_(2)资源化利用布局.基于此,提出CO_(2)转化利用金字塔模型,通过优化组合高附加值碳基材料、化工利用、生物合成等CO_(2)转化利用路径,形成兼具减排和商业价值的新型碳经济.最后,根据我国未来在能源领域的领先性和电网的灵活度的实际需要,提出了加快我国CCUS技术布局和应用的政策建议,以期助力CCUS技术产业化落地与可持续发展.

China's policy framework for carbon capture,utilization and storage:Review,analysis,and outlook

Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is estimated to contribute substantial CO_(2)emission reduction to carbon neutrality in China.There is yet a large gap between such enormous demand and the current capacity,and thus a sound enabling environment with sufficient policy support is imperative for CCUS development.This study reviewed 59 CCUS-related policy documents issued by the Chinese government as of July 2022,and found that a supporting policy framework for CCUS is taking embryonic form in China.More than ten departments of the central government have involved CCUS in their policies,of which the State Council,the National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC),the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST),and the Ministry of Ecological Environment(MEE)have given the greatest attention with different focuses.Specific policy terms are further analyzed following the method of content analysis and categorized into supply-,environment-and demand-type policies.The results indicate that supply-type policies are unbalanced in policy objectives,as policy terms on technology research and demonstration greatly outnumber those on other objectives,and the attention to weak links and industrial sectors is far from sufficient.Environment-type policies,especially legislations,standards,and incentives,are inadequate in pertinence and operability.Demand-type policies are absent in the current policy system but is essential to drive the demand for the CCUS technology in domestic and foreign markets.To meet the reduction demand of China's carbon neutral goal,policies need to be tailored according to needs of each specific technology and implemented in an orderly manner with well-balanced use on multiple objectives.

基于碳排放核算的CCUS源汇匹配和部署研究

针对不同碳源捕集能耗、不同运输地貌和距离的压缩功耗,以及CO_(2)驱不同开发阶段能耗和泄漏的差异,以CCUS项目能耗和泄漏、散逸排放为约束条件,项目周期全流程净减排量最大为优化目标,建立碳减排量核算约束下符合油藏动态开发规律的CCUS源汇匹配方法,可为“双碳”目标下CCUS技术产业布局和项目实施提供决策依据。以中国石油在鄂尔多斯盆地的CCUS产业规划为例,综合考虑现有煤电、煤化工碳源运行和装置服役时限、CO_(2)捕集能耗预测、CO_(2)驱注入倍数与循环气量,以及盆地内煤基工业产业布局规划等限制因素,按2025年、2030年、2040年、2050年和2060年5个阶段完成鄂尔多斯盆地CCUS项目源汇匹配优化和阶段部署,匹配的CCUS/CCS项目群在2025—2060期间累计注入CO_(2)约3.96×10^(8)t(含循环气0.48×10^(8)t),扣除各工艺能耗和泄漏排放后的CO_(2)净减排量可达2.54×10^(8)t,净减排效率约为72.9%。

面向碳中和的CCUS政策研究

中国“双碳”战略目标的提出使得碳捕集、利用与封存(Carbon Capture,Utilization,and Storage,CCUS)技术成为实现化石能源低碳化利用的关键方法,也是支撑碳中和目标的重要手段。在当前由工业示范阶段向商业应用阶段发展的关键时期,技术创新、项目运营、市场发展和政策制定之间存在割裂问题,限制了CCUS技术规模化部署和产业化发展。因此,建立包括规范性支撑体系和各种政策工具在内的政策体系对于CCUS的发展至关重要。围绕当前碳达峰、碳中和面临的新形势,梳理了CCUS领域政策机制研究的最新成果,讨论了美国、英国、澳大利亚、欧盟等主要国家和地区在促进CCUS发展方面所采用的不同类型的政策工具,并分析了宏观支持政策、行政命令政策、资金激励政策和市场机制政策之间的协同作用效果。最后,结合CCUS发展面临的机遇与挑战,提出了关于中国CCUS产业化发展的激励政策设计建议。研究结果可为应对气候变化和“双碳”目标的相关政策制定者和科研工作者提供有益的启发和参考。

CO_(2)storage with enhanced gas recovery(CSEGR):A review of experimental and numerical studies

CO_(2)emission mitigation is one of the most critical research frontiers.As a promising option of carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS),CO_(2)storage with enhanced gas recovery(CSEGR)can reduce CO_(2)emission by sequestrating it into gas reservoirs and simultaneously enhance natural gas production.Over the past decades,the displacement behaviour of CO_(2)—natural gas has been extensively studied and demonstrated to play a key role on both CO_(2)geologic storage and gas recovery performance.This work thoroughly and critically reviews the experimental and numerical simulation studies of CO_(2)displacing natural gas,along with both CSEGR research and demonstration projects at various scales.The physical property difference between CO_(2)and natural gas,especially density and viscosity,lays the foundation of CSEGR.Previous experiments on displacement behaviour and dispersion characteristics of CO_(2)/natural gas revealed the fundamental mixing characteristics in porous media,which is one key factor of gas recovery efficiency and warrants further study.Preliminary numerical simulations demonstrated that it is technically and economically feasible to apply CSEGR in depleted gas reservoirs.However,CO_(2)preferential flow pathways are easy to form(due to reservoir heterogeneity)and thus adversely compromise CSEGR performance.This preferential flow can be slowed down by connate or injected water.Additionally,the optimization of CO_(2)injection strategies is essential for improving gas recovery and CO_(2)storage,which needs further study.The successful K12—B pilot project provides insightful field-scale knowledge and experience,which paves a good foundation for commercial application.More experiments,simulations,research and demonstration projects are needed to facilitate the maturation of the CSEGR technology.

Recent advances,challenges,and perspectives on carbon capture

Carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technologies play an essential role in achieving Net Zero Emissions targets.Considering the lack of timely reviews on the recent advancements in promising CCUS technologies,it is crucial to provide a prompt review of the CCUS advances to understand the current research gaps pertained to its industrial application.To that end,this review first summarized the developmental history of CCUS technologies and the current large-scale demonstrations.Then,based on a visually bibliometric analysis,the carbon capture remains a hotspot in the CCUS development.Noting that the materials applied in the carbon capture process determines its performance.As a result,the state-of-the-art carbon capture materials and emerging capture technologies were comprehensively summarized and discussed.Gaps between state-of-art carbon capture process and its ideal counterpart are analyzed,and insights into the research needs such as material design,process optimization,environmental impact,and technical and economic assessments are provided.

Lifecycle carbon footprint and cost assessment for coal-to-liquid coupled with carbon capture,storage,and utilization technology in China

Thecoal-to-liquidcoupledwithcarbon capture,utilization,and storage technology has the potential to reduce CO_(2)emissions,but its carbon footprint and cost assessment are still insufficient.In this paper,coal mining to oil production is taken as a life cycle to evaluate the carbon footprint and levelized costs of direct-coal-toliquid and indirect-coal-to-liquid coupled with the carbon capture utilization and storage technology under three scenarios:non capture,process capture,process and public capture throughout the life cycle.The results show that,first,the coupling carbon capture utilization and storage technology can reduce CO_(2)footprint by 28%-57%from 5.91 t CO_(2)/t:oil of direct-coal-to-liquid and 24%-49%from 7.10 t CO_(2)/t:oil of indirect-coal-to-liquid.Next,the levelized cost of direct-coal-to-liquid is 648-1027$/t of oil,whereas that of indirect-coal-to-liquid is 653-1065$/t of oil.When coupled with the carbon capture utilization and storage technology,the levelized cost of direct-coalto-liquid is 285-1364$/t of oil,compared to 1101-9793/t of oil for indirect-coal-to-liquid.Finally,sensitivity analysis shows that CO_(2)transportation distance has the greatest impact on carbon footprint,while coal price and initial investment cost significantly affect the levelized cost ofcoal-to-liquid.

CO_(2) gas stripped off membranous residual oil from pore surfaces: Effects of temperature, pressure and wettability

The threshold values of CO_(2) gas stripped off membranous residual oil from the pore walls are not clear under different temperatures, pressures and wettability conditions. The extent to which temperature, pressure and wettability influence CO_(2) flooding for enhancing the recovery of residual oil in membranous formations also remains uncertain. Therefore, further quantitative characterization is entailed. In this study, the molecular dynamics method was employed to explore CO_(2) flooding under different temperatures, pressures and wettability conditions, aiming to enhance the production of membranous residual oil. The results reveal that the interaction energy between CO_(2), decane molecules and pore walls exhibits a decrease with increasing temperature and an increase with increasing pressure, respectively, in distinct wettability scenarios. When the temperature was at or below 363 K and the pressure was not lower than 40 MPa, CO_(2) gas could detach the membranous residual oil from the pore walls in the water-wet systems. When the temperature was equal to 363 K and the pressure remained under 40 MPa, or the temperature surpassed 363 K, CO_(2) gas failed to detach the membranous residual oil from the pore walls in the water-wet systems. For the mixed-wet and oil-wet systems, CO_(2) molecules could not detach the membranous residual oil from the pore walls. The hierarchy of influence regarding temperature, pressure and wettability on the competitive adsorption capacity of CO_(2) and decane molecules on the pore walls emerged as follows: wettability > temperature > pressure. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the application of CO_(2) gas flooding for the exploitation of membranous residual oil on pore walls.

苏北油区CCUS-EOR项目全成本经济评价体系研究

将CO_(2)捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术与提高原油采收率(EOR)技术相结合,将捕集的CO_(2)注入地下驱油,在提高采收率的同时实现碳封存。CCUS-EOR项目的完整流程包括捕集压缩、运输、驱油、回注等多个环节。本文将CCUS-EOR全流程视为一个整体,通过剖析CO_(2)驱与常规水驱开发成本构成差异,建立适宜的CCUS-EOR项目全成本经济评价体系,确定捕集成本、运输成本、驱油成本的取值依据,推导出考虑碳减排收益的盈亏平衡模型,满足CCUS-EOR项目快速评价、辅助决策需求。