The Joule–Thomson effect of (CO_(2)+H_(2)) binary system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS)

The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.

The European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure(ECCSEL)

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Monitoring Technologies for Marine Carbon Sequestration in Zhanjiang

Marine carbon sequestration is an important component of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage(CCUS) technology. It is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China. However, CO_(2) leakage may lead to seabed geological disasters and threaten the safety of marine engineering. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the safety monitoring technology of marine carbon sequestration.Zhanjiang is industrially developed and rich in carbon sources. Owing to the good physical properties and reservoirs and trap characteristics,Zhanjiang has huge storage potential. This paper explores the disaster mechanism associated with CO_(2) leakage in marine carbon sequestration areas. Based on the analysis of the development of Zhanjiang industry and relevant domestic monitoring technologies, several suggestions for safety monitoring of marine carbon sequestration are proposed: application of offshore aquaculture platforms, expansion and application of ocean observation networks, carbon sequestration safety monitoring and sensing system. Intended to build a comprehensive and multi-level safety monitoring system for marine carbon sequestration, the outcome of this study provides assistance for the development of marine carbon sequestration in China's offshore areas.

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Methodothologies—A Review

The process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CCS) was previously considered a crucial and time-sensitive approach for diminishing CO2 emissions originating from coal, oil, and gas sectors. Its implementation was seen necessary to address the detrimental effects of CO2 on the atmosphere and the ecosystem. This recognition was achieved by previous substantial study efforts. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) cycle concludes with the final stage of CO2 storage. This stage involves primarily the adsorption of CO2 in the ocean and the injection of CO2 into subsurface reservoir formations. Additionally, the process of CO2 reactivity with minerals in the reservoir formations leads to the formation of limestone through injectivities. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the final phase in the CCS cycle, mostly achieved by the use of marine and underground geological sequestration methods, along with mineral carbonation techniques. The introduction of supercritical CO2 into geological formations has the potential to alter the prevailing physical and chemical characteristics of the subsurface environment. This process can lead to modifications in the pore fluid pressure, temperature conditions, chemical reactivity, and stress distribution within the reservoir rock. The objective of this study is to enhance our existing understanding of CO2 injection and storage systems, with a specific focus on CO2 storage techniques and the associated issues faced during their implementation. Additionally, this research examines strategies for mitigating important uncertainties in carbon capture and storage (CCS) practises. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities can be considered as integrated systems. However, in scientific research, these storage systems are often divided based on the physical and spatial scales relevant to the investigations. Utilising the chosen system as a boundary condition is a highly effective method for segregating the physics in a diverse range of physical applications. Regrettably, the used separation technique fails to effectively depict the behaviour of the broader significant system in the context of water and gas movement within porous media. The limited efficacy of the technique in capturing the behaviour of the broader relevant system can be attributed to the intricate nature of geological subsurface systems. As a result, various carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies have emerged, each with distinct applications, associated prices, and social and environmental implications. The results of this study have the potential to enhance comprehension regarding the selection of an appropriate carbon capture and storage (CCS) application method. Moreover, these findings can contribute to the optimisation of greenhouse gas emissions and their associated environmental consequences. By promoting process sustainability, this research can address critical challenges related to global climate change, which are currently of utmost importance to humanity. Despite the significant advancements in this technology over the past decade, various concerns and ambiguities have been highlighted. Considerable emphasis was placed on the fundamental discoveries made in practical programmes related to the storage of CO2 thus far. The study has provided evidence that despite the extensive research and implementation of several CCS technologies thus far, the process of selecting an appropriate and widely accepted CCS technology remains challenging due to considerations related to its technological feasibility, economic viability, and societal and environmental acceptance.

全球海洋CCS技术进展及对广东的借鉴

在全球碳减排与气候变化议题日益凸显的今日,海洋CCS(碳捕集与封存)作为应对全球气候变化的重要技术之一,正引领着全球应对气候变化的科技浪潮。对世界主要国家海洋CCS发展趋势进行研究,分析广东目前海洋CCS发展情况,从开展海底碳封存潜力评估、建立行业规范和标准体系、发展碳封存技术、开展试点示范工程等方面提出针对性对策建议,以期培育广东绿色发展新引擎,助力广东碳中和目标的率先达成。

Mapping Highly Cost-Effective Carbon Capture and Storage Opportunities in India

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). India’s CO2 emissions are expected to increase 70% by 2025. Geologic carbon storage (GCS) offers a way to reduce CO2 emissions. Here we present the results of a search for the most cost-effective GCS opportunities in India. Source-Sink matching for large and concentrated CO2 sources near geological storage in India indicates one very high priority target, a fertilizer plant in the city of Narmadanagar in Bharuch District of Gujarat Province, India that is <20 km from old oil and gas fields in the Cambay Basin. Two pure CO2 sources are <20 km from deep saline aquifers and one

Linear Global Temperature Correlation to Carbon Dioxide Level, Sea Level, and Innovative Solutions to a Projected 6°C Warming by 2100

Too many climate committees, conferences, articles and publications continue to suggest a one and a half (1.5°C) to two degrees (2°C) Celsius as an achievable global limit to climate changes without establishment of any causal link to the proposed anti-warming mechanism. A comprehensive review has found instead that observationally informed projections of climate science underlying climate change offer a different outlook of five to six-degree (5°C - 6°C) increase as “most accurate” with regard to present trends, climate history and models, yielding the most likely outcome for 2100. The most causative triad for the present warming trend from 1950 to the present is identified in this paper: 1) the tripling (3×) of world population;2) the quadrupling (4×) of carbon emissions;and 3) the quintupling (5×) of the world energy consumption. This paper presents a quantitative, linear global temperature correlation to carbon dioxide levels that has great predictive value, a short temporal feedback loop, and the finding that it is also reversible. The Vostok ice core temperature and CO2 values for the past 400,000 years, with past sea level estimates have produced the sufficiently evidential “Hansen’s Graph”. Detailed analysis results in an equation for global average temperature change and an indebted, long-term sea level rise, from even a 20 ppm of CO2 change above 290 ppm, commonly taken as a baseline for levels before 1950. Comparison to the well-known 800,000 year old Dome C ice core is also performed. The best-performing climate change models and observational analysis are seen to project more warming than the average model often relied upon. World atmosphere, temperature, and sea level trends for 2100 and beyond are analyzed. A laboratory experiment proves the dramatic heat-entrapment capability of CO2 compared to pure air, which yields insights into the future global atmospheric system. Policy-relevant climate remediation, including gigaton carbon capture, zero and negative emissions and positive individual action, are reviewed and updated, with recommendations.

Carbon Dioxide Control-Technology for the Future

The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.

CO_(2)驱分层注气工艺管柱适用性分析及展望

目前,我国现场应用的注气管柱多为笼统注气管柱、同心双管分层注气管柱及偏心投捞分层注气管柱,该类管柱存在着分层数受限、测调效率低、测调精度差及适应性差等问题,难以满足CO_(2)驱油田的精细、高效开发需求。针对这一现象,在现有成熟分层注水管柱的基础上,设计了液控分层注气管柱、测调一体分层注气管柱、有缆智能分层注气管柱,并对这3种分层注气管柱进行了技术适应性分析和实施难点分析,分析发现:所设计的3种分层注气管柱各有优势,配套井下气体流量计的研制既是设计管柱的主要实施难点也是实现精细化注气的关键。最后,对各类流量测量技术进行了技术特性及研究难度分析,并对井下气体流量计的设计选型提出了建议和展望。

欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目实施进展与启示

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为最有前景可有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,在世界范围内受到广泛推行,特别是欧洲,其作为全球CCS技术的先行者,一直在积极推进该项技术工业化进程。2009年,欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)启动欧洲能源复兴计划(European Energy Programme for Recovery,EEPR),正式批准资助6个全流程CCS示范项目。这6个CCS示范项目囊括了当前所有可行的CO2工业捕集技术,运输方式以及封存方法,本文将对其基本情况和最近进展进行介绍,并重点对欧盟层面的CCS法律法规与此6个项目所在欧盟成员国的CCS技术与政策环境的交互影响进行比对和分析,以进一步系统评述欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目带来的积极成果,包括达成减排目标和气候政策,建立欧洲CCS示范项目网络共享平台,获得CCS技术研发突破等,同时也详细列举了这些项目目前所面临的阻碍与困境,如相关法律政策缺乏执行力,融资困难,公众接受度低,技术成本高等。最后,试探讨欧盟能源复兴计划CCS全流程示范项目实施发展现状对我国未来CCS商业化走向的思索与启示。

基于CCS的MEA脱碳技术全球专利发展态势

以单乙醇胺(MEA)吸收法为主的脱碳技术被认为是较具可行性的CO2捕集技术。本文主要针对MEA脱碳技术开展专利分析,建立MEA技术专利分析方法,研究认为基于二氧化碳捕集、运输和封存(CCS)应用的MEA脱碳技术在近十年得到大幅增长,其中增长较快的国家有美国、中国、日本、澳大利亚等,中国和韩国在近3年尤其增长较快;各国MEA脱碳技术专利的侧重点和优势各不同,美国、日本、俄罗斯等国专利较为倾向烟气脱碳、装置、材料等实际应用,中国则倾向于MEA基础方法研究,该研究结果有望为我国MEA脱碳技术研发创新、专利申请与保护提供参考借鉴。

神华CCS项目大气监测系统及监测分析

为缓解目前CO2浓度升高导致的温室效应等环境问题,神华集团于2011年开启了每年10万吨的CCS(CO2的捕集与封存)项目,为防止封存的CO2逃逸到大气中,对封存区地表大气CO2浓度和CO2通量主要采取涡度相关系统进行监测。介绍了涡度相关技术的基础理论,分析了该技术应用在CCS项目中的初期监测结果,并对目前导致封存区地表CO2通量异常的原因进行了预测和分析。结果表明:导致封存区CO2通量异常的主要原因是CO2封存区缓冲罐的自然排放,并根据初步分析对后续的监测提出了合理的建议。

简述我国CCS技术专利发展相关问题

通过分析国内外碳捕获与碳封存专利技术,寻找碳捕获与碳封存技术的研发重点和技术发展趋势,以及我国在该技术上优势和不足及其相应的技术研发突破点,为我国碳捕获与碳封存技术的发展提供信息支持,以促进目前世界面临的严峻的环境问题的解决。

含CO_(2)水合物沉积物高效制备及导热系数实验

含二氧化碳(CO_(2))水合物的沉积物导热系数是碳捕集封存及水合物置换开采的基础热物性参数。实验分别采用冰粉-温度震荡法和水-温度震荡法制备了CO_(2)水合物、含CO_(2)水合物天然海沙样品。实验发现,在温度震荡过程中纯水制备的样品始终有冰生成,而冰粉制备的样品无冰及水合物二次生成。与水-温度震荡法对比,冰粉-温度震荡法的水合物合成效率更高,耗时更短。采用Hot Disk导热仪测量结果表明,水合物导热系数随温度升高而增加;温度253.85~278.75 K的含CO_(2)水合物天然海沙导热系数为0.7118~0.9128 W/(m·K),大于纯CO_(2)水合物导热系数。通过测量含CO_(2)水合物沉积物在不同温度下的导热系数,可以为CO_(2)地质封存和水合物置换开采提供基础热物性数据。

CO_2混合物热物性在CCS研究中的作用:实验数据、理论模型和典型应用

二氧化碳捕集与封存(CCS)各工艺过程的设计、运行都依赖于对CO_2及其混合物热物理性质的深入理解。同时,CCS的规模化发展和商业化进程,对CO_2混合物及其热物性的准确性提出了更高的要求。本文从实验数据、理论模型和典型应用3个方面综述了CO_2及其混合物热物性的发展现状,并尝试对发展趋势进行归纳。在实验研究方面,CO_2混合体系的研究进展视组分不同,差异较大,其中CO_2-N_2、CO_2-CH4、CO_2-H_2O和CO_2-H_2二元体系已形成较完善的物性数据库,而CO_2-NH_3、CO_2-NOx和CO_2-CO体系的物性数据还比较欠缺;在物性估算方面,面向CCS的物性估算模型研究自2008年开始活跃,基于不同理论构架,目前已逐步形成面向CCS的多元化的物性估算体系。物性研究在CCS中的应用主要体现在物性是支撑CCS过程研究的基础,其不准确性在过程模拟或计算中会被"放大",从而影响过程评估的准确性,本文从物性在循环构建和能效分析中的作用以及CO_2水合物的形成3个方面入手做了说明。文章最后对面向CCS的物性研究趋势进行了梳理,对分子模拟技术、通用性强的物性估算模型和物性在过程设计和循环分析中的角色进行了展望。

Effect of Heterogeneity of Porous Media on Gas Permeation and Entrapment

Capillary trapping prevents the migration of CO2 in reservoirs due to buoyancy. The residual gas saturation is strongly influenced by the gas saturation after gas injection. In this study, we have investigated the effect of stratified structure of heterogeneous porous media on gas permeation and entrapment. Experiments were carried out at a laboratory condition for a nitrogen-water system with the packed beds of glass beads with various diameters which modeled stratified porous media. In the case of parallel structure, the injected gas selectively percolated into permeable layers. The gas permeation can hardly occur for the less permeable layers because of the capillary entrance pressure. In the case of serial structure, the interface of porous structure hindered the migration of gas across it, because of the capillary entrance pressure. When the gas percolated in the permeable layers, capillary fingering was developed in the layers. However, when the tip of finger reached the interface, fingers grew in tangential directions until the pressure built up to overcome the capillary entrance pressure. As a result, high gas saturation was achieved in the permeable layers of both upward and downward gas injections.

二氧化碳地质封存地球物理监测:现状、挑战与未来发展

全球气候变暖成为人类生存和可持续发展面临的重大挑战,碳中和与绿色低碳化发展成为世界各国的普遍共识与共同行动。将无法减排的二氧化碳等温室气体捕集应用和封存,是绿色低碳化发展道路上实现零碳甚至负碳目标必不可少的技术途径、关键托底技术和最后手段,也是化石能源清洁化利用的重要配套技术,是构建兼具韧性与弹性能源系统的关键技术。二氧化碳地质封存具有规模化应用的巨大潜力和较好的商业化应用前景,并已有较长时间的技术探索和示范应用基础。地球物理技术在二氧化碳地质封存工程中具有独特且不可或缺的作用,其作用主要表现在3个方面:①二氧化碳地质封存空间的选择和评价;②封存有效性监测与评价;③封存安全性监测与评价。二氧化碳地质封存的地球物理监测以时延地球物理方法为主,即通过地球物理重复观测实现对二氧化碳封存过程的动态监测。地球物理方法以地震方法为主,包括三维地震、井间地震、井中地震、微地震等,其它还有卫星遥感、时延电磁、时延重力和测井等方法。相对油气勘探来说,二氧化碳地质封存中的地球物理监测技术应用存在一些特殊要求,包括永久性(或长期重复性和连续性)、动态性和低成本,尚面临着一系列技术性与经济性问题与挑战。二氧化碳地质封存地球物理监测技术体系尚不成熟,有待进一步完善和优化,以期在监测系统的有效性、高效性、经济性等方面实现良好的综合平衡和优化。多种地球物理监测技术的联合应用、DAS与节点地震仪永久部署、被动源微地震监测、自动化处理与智能化分析是未来重要发展方向。

钢渣矿化固化二氧化碳研究现状及展望

近10 a来,碱性固体废弃物矿化固化CO_(2)技术得到了迅速发展,被认为是稳定固废和对抗全球变暖的有效技术之一。钢渣作为一种高产量的富钙固废,在该技术中的应用具有较高经济价值和重要社会意义。综述了钢渣矿化固化CO_(2)的方法,包括直接矿化法与间接矿化法。首先分析了直接矿化法中的湿法与干法2种途径,认为湿法矿化效率优于干法矿化,其中反应温度、时间、钢渣粒径和液固比等因素都会影响钢渣中钙镁离子的扩散和与CO_(2)反应的速度,现阶段提高湿法矿化效率的原理基本可归结为促进矿化反应向正反应方向进行。之后分析了间接矿化法中钢渣离子浸出和浸出液固碳2个重要步骤,认为固碳效率很大程度上取决于钙镁离子的浸出率,随后总结了强酸性及弱酸性环境对离子浸出的影响,以及现阶段浸出液固碳工艺路线及优化方式。最后展望了未来研究方向:完善钢渣固碳的热力学和动力学理论体系,开展中大规模的工业化试点研究和开发固碳后钢渣的高值化应用途径等,为实现钢渣固碳的工业化建设提供指导。

中国西北地区超基性岩封存CO_(2)潜力研究

超基性岩可通过碳酸盐化生成稳定的碳酸盐矿物,它是一种以地球化学手段有效且永久封存CO_(2)的矿物。在自然界中矿物封存CO_(2)可通过风化作用自发发生,人工干预能进一步提升碳酸盐化反应效率,促进工业化进程。笔者基于最新1∶100万西北地质图及数据库,试图对西北地区分布的超基性岩的封存潜力进行理论评估。结果表明,西北地区超基性岩封存CO_(2)量可达963.23亿t,其中新疆超基性岩CO_(2)封存量最大,可达613.52亿t,占西北地区总封存量的63.69%。西北地区超基性岩封存CO_(2)量大致相当于全国2021年CO_(2)排放量的10倍,在完全释放其固碳潜力的情况下,初步静态估算可封存全国CO_(2)排放量约10年。因此,西北地区超基性岩封存CO_(2)潜力巨大。未来,应针对单个超基性岩体收集已有大比例尺精细基础地质调查数据,并补充性开展调查及研究工作,进一步圈定CO_(2)地质封存的有利靶区,促进超基性岩封存CO_(2)的地质解决方案成为未来碳中和目标在西北地区落地实现的最优方案之一。