To determine the optimal pricing and carbon emission reduction decision, a closed-loop supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer is investigated. In this system, the manufacturer manufactures new products and re...To determine the optimal pricing and carbon emission reduction decision, a closed-loop supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer is investigated. In this system, the manufacturer manufactures new products and remanufactures used products while the retailer is responsible for selling new products and remanufactured products. The profit functions of the manufacturer and the retailer are developed, and the corresponding solution formulae for decision variables are given by the Stackelberg game model. Finally, a numerical example is given, and the optimal wholesale price, retail price, carbon emission reduction and others are obtained. Through the sensitivity of the unit carbon allowance price, some significant managerial insights are derived.展开更多
One of the key elements influencing the performance of a carbon trading system, are the methods of allocating the initial CO2 emissions. This paper tries to use a quantitative description method to analyze the influen...One of the key elements influencing the performance of a carbon trading system, are the methods of allocating the initial CO2 emissions. This paper tries to use a quantitative description method to analyze the influence of the different allocation methods on the level of CO2 emissions based on the seven pilot trading markets from 2009 to 2013 in China. The results show that different methods bring about various degrees of impacts, through direct and indirect constraint mechanism, influence the CO2 emission cut finally. Although due to the complexity of the direct and indirect constraint mechanism, attempting to compare the effects of different allocation methods is difficult by using the data of carbon emission cut from seven pilot markets in China, the paper shows that the allowance allocation methods, through the constraints imposed on enterprises, significantly reduce regional carbon emissions.展开更多
On October 29, 2011, a number of cities and provinces in China were chosen to host pilot locations for carbon emissions trading systems. Before a carbon trading market can be functional, carbon emission allowances nee...On October 29, 2011, a number of cities and provinces in China were chosen to host pilot locations for carbon emissions trading systems. Before a carbon trading market can be functional, carbon emission allowances need to be allocated. This makes the carbon emissions allowance allocation scheme crucially important as it goes a long way in deciding the effi ciency and fairness of the carbon cap-andtrade market. Although it has been proved that allocation by auction is the most effective way, Shenzhen city as one of the trading pilots will allocate carbon allowances free of charge at the initial stage. The European Union's(EU) free allocation system, a product-based benchmark scheme for the manufacturing industry implement in 2013, is not feasible for Shenzhen due to the lack of data at a product level. Therefore the target of this paper is to explore a new allocation scheme with the data at a fi rm level other than the grandfathering scheme to fi ll the gap. In this paper, a carbon intensity based allocation scheme is developed by using the Boltzmann distribution and Gail- Shapley game. In the fi nal part of the report, fi rm level data from 2010 to 2011 of fi rms in Shenzhen, China are used to verify the effect and fi tness of the allocation scheme.展开更多
There is notable variability in carbon emission reduction efforts across different provinces in China,underscoring the need for effective strategies to implement carbon emission allowance auctions.These auctions,as op...There is notable variability in carbon emission reduction efforts across different provinces in China,underscoring the need for effective strategies to implement carbon emission allowance auctions.These auctions,as opposed to free allocations,could be more aligned with the principle of“polluter pays.”Focusing on three diverse regions—Ningxia,Beijing,and Zhejiang—this study employs a system dynamics simulation model to explore markets for carbon emissions and green certificates trading.The aim is to determine the optimal timing and appropriate policy intensities for auction introduction.Key findings include:(1)Optimal auction strategies differ among the provinces,recommending immediate implementation in Beijing,followed by Ningxia and Zhejiang.(2)In Ningxia,there’s a potential for a 6.20%increase in GDP alongside a 21.59%reduction in carbon emissions,suggesting a feasible harmony between environmental and economic objectives.(3)Market-related policy variables,such as total carbon allowances and Renewable Portfolio Standards,significantly influence the optimal auction strategies but have minimal effect on carbon auction prices.展开更多
为更好预测全国碳价走势,基于带有外生变量的自回归差分移动平均模型(autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variable model,ARIMAX),分履约期和非履约期使用不同的外生变量分别构建了全国碳价预测模型。首先,基于...为更好预测全国碳价走势,基于带有外生变量的自回归差分移动平均模型(autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variable model,ARIMAX),分履约期和非履约期使用不同的外生变量分别构建了全国碳价预测模型。首先,基于对全国碳市场制度规则研究和交易特征分析,识别出全国碳价在非履约期主要受参与者预期的影响,在履约期碳价主要受企业履约需求驱动;其次,在模型训练方面,采用一种自回归差分移动平均模型,在不同阶段引入不同的外生变量来提升碳价预测效果;最后,基于全国碳市场第一履约期真实价格数据验证结果表明,所提的全国碳价预测模型在准确性方面优于基准模型。展开更多
Carbon emissions abatement(CEA)is an important issue that draws attention from both academicians and policymakers.Data envelopment analysis(DEA)has been a popular tool to allocate the CEA,and most previous works are b...Carbon emissions abatement(CEA)is an important issue that draws attention from both academicians and policymakers.Data envelopment analysis(DEA)has been a popular tool to allocate the CEA,and most previous works are based on radial DEA models.However,as shown in our paper,these models may give biased results due to their ignorance of slackness.To avoid such problems,we propose an allocation model based on the slack-based model and multiple-objective nonlinear programming to find the CEA allocation plan,which can minimize the GDP loss.The property of nonconvexity makes the model difficult to solve.Thus,we construct an approximation algorithm to solve this model with guaranteed error bounds and complexity.In the empirical application,we take regions of china as an illustrative example and find there is a significant region gap in China.Hence,we group the regions into eastern,central,and western,and give the main results,as well as the superiority of our allocation models compared with radial models.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71661003)
文摘To determine the optimal pricing and carbon emission reduction decision, a closed-loop supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer is investigated. In this system, the manufacturer manufactures new products and remanufactures used products while the retailer is responsible for selling new products and remanufactured products. The profit functions of the manufacturer and the retailer are developed, and the corresponding solution formulae for decision variables are given by the Stackelberg game model. Finally, a numerical example is given, and the optimal wholesale price, retail price, carbon emission reduction and others are obtained. Through the sensitivity of the unit carbon allowance price, some significant managerial insights are derived.
文摘One of the key elements influencing the performance of a carbon trading system, are the methods of allocating the initial CO2 emissions. This paper tries to use a quantitative description method to analyze the influence of the different allocation methods on the level of CO2 emissions based on the seven pilot trading markets from 2009 to 2013 in China. The results show that different methods bring about various degrees of impacts, through direct and indirect constraint mechanism, influence the CO2 emission cut finally. Although due to the complexity of the direct and indirect constraint mechanism, attempting to compare the effects of different allocation methods is difficult by using the data of carbon emission cut from seven pilot markets in China, the paper shows that the allowance allocation methods, through the constraints imposed on enterprises, significantly reduce regional carbon emissions.
基金fund from the Shenzhen Development and Reform Commission
文摘On October 29, 2011, a number of cities and provinces in China were chosen to host pilot locations for carbon emissions trading systems. Before a carbon trading market can be functional, carbon emission allowances need to be allocated. This makes the carbon emissions allowance allocation scheme crucially important as it goes a long way in deciding the effi ciency and fairness of the carbon cap-andtrade market. Although it has been proved that allocation by auction is the most effective way, Shenzhen city as one of the trading pilots will allocate carbon allowances free of charge at the initial stage. The European Union's(EU) free allocation system, a product-based benchmark scheme for the manufacturing industry implement in 2013, is not feasible for Shenzhen due to the lack of data at a product level. Therefore the target of this paper is to explore a new allocation scheme with the data at a fi rm level other than the grandfathering scheme to fi ll the gap. In this paper, a carbon intensity based allocation scheme is developed by using the Boltzmann distribution and Gail- Shapley game. In the fi nal part of the report, fi rm level data from 2010 to 2011 of fi rms in Shenzhen, China are used to verify the effect and fi tness of the allocation scheme.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22FGLB029)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72274094,72371129,71834003)+1 种基金Project of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.202200337)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.NR2021002 and NS2022074).
文摘There is notable variability in carbon emission reduction efforts across different provinces in China,underscoring the need for effective strategies to implement carbon emission allowance auctions.These auctions,as opposed to free allocations,could be more aligned with the principle of“polluter pays.”Focusing on three diverse regions—Ningxia,Beijing,and Zhejiang—this study employs a system dynamics simulation model to explore markets for carbon emissions and green certificates trading.The aim is to determine the optimal timing and appropriate policy intensities for auction introduction.Key findings include:(1)Optimal auction strategies differ among the provinces,recommending immediate implementation in Beijing,followed by Ningxia and Zhejiang.(2)In Ningxia,there’s a potential for a 6.20%increase in GDP alongside a 21.59%reduction in carbon emissions,suggesting a feasible harmony between environmental and economic objectives.(3)Market-related policy variables,such as total carbon allowances and Renewable Portfolio Standards,significantly influence the optimal auction strategies but have minimal effect on carbon auction prices.
文摘为更好预测全国碳价走势,基于带有外生变量的自回归差分移动平均模型(autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variable model,ARIMAX),分履约期和非履约期使用不同的外生变量分别构建了全国碳价预测模型。首先,基于对全国碳市场制度规则研究和交易特征分析,识别出全国碳价在非履约期主要受参与者预期的影响,在履约期碳价主要受企业履约需求驱动;其次,在模型训练方面,采用一种自回归差分移动平均模型,在不同阶段引入不同的外生变量来提升碳价预测效果;最后,基于全国碳市场第一履约期真实价格数据验证结果表明,所提的全国碳价预测模型在准确性方面优于基准模型。
基金Key Laboratory of Management,Decision and Information Systems,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Carbon emissions abatement(CEA)is an important issue that draws attention from both academicians and policymakers.Data envelopment analysis(DEA)has been a popular tool to allocate the CEA,and most previous works are based on radial DEA models.However,as shown in our paper,these models may give biased results due to their ignorance of slackness.To avoid such problems,we propose an allocation model based on the slack-based model and multiple-objective nonlinear programming to find the CEA allocation plan,which can minimize the GDP loss.The property of nonconvexity makes the model difficult to solve.Thus,we construct an approximation algorithm to solve this model with guaranteed error bounds and complexity.In the empirical application,we take regions of china as an illustrative example and find there is a significant region gap in China.Hence,we group the regions into eastern,central,and western,and give the main results,as well as the superiority of our allocation models compared with radial models.
