An Integrated Analysis on the Synergistic Reduction of Carbon and Pollution Emissions from China’s Iron and Steel Industry

Decarbonization and decontamination of the iron and steel industry(ISI),which contributes up to 15%to anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions(or carbon emissions)and significant proportions of air and water pollutant emissions in China,are challenged by the huge demand for steel.Carbon and pollutants often share common emission sources,indicating that emission reduction could be achieved synergistically.Here,we explored the inherent potential of measures to adjust feedstock composition and technological structure and to control the size of the ISI to achieve carbon emission reduction(CER)and pollution emission reduction(PER).We investigated five typical pollutants in this study,namely,petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants and chemical oxygen demand in wastewater,particulate matter,SO_(2),and NO_(x) in off gases,and examined synergies between CER and PER by employing cross elasticity for the period between 2022 and 2035.The results suggest that a reduction of 8.7%-11.7%in carbon emissions and 20%-31%in pollution emissions(except for particulate matter emissions)could be achieved by 2025 under a high steel scrap ratio(SSR)scenario.Here,the SSR and electric arc furnace(EAF)ratio serve critical roles in enhancing synergies between CER and PER(which vary with the type of pollutant).However,subject to a limited volume of steel scrap,a focused increase in the EAF ratio with neglection of the available supply of steel scrap to EAF facilities would lead to an increase carbon and pollution emissions.Although CER can be achieved through SSR and EAF ratio optimization,only when the crude steel production growth rate remains below 2.2%can these optimization measures maintain the emissions in 2030 at a similar level to that in 2021.Therefore,the synergistic effects between PER and CER should be considered when formulating a development route for the ISI in the future.

Carbon emission risk of construction industry in Hebei Province of China based on carbon sink thresholds

In order to assess the environmental risks caused by carbon emissions from the construction industry in Hebei Province of China,an environmental risk assessment model based on forest carbon sink threshold was constructed to evaluate the carbon emission risks of the construction industry in Hebei Province,China from 2005 to 2020.The results are shown as follows:(1)The overall carbon emissions of the construction industry in Hebei Province of China showed an inverted"V"-shaped evolution trend during the past 16 years.Tangshan and Shijiazhuang maintained high carbon emissions,while Langfang,Hengshui and Baoding saw rapid increases in carbon emissions.(2)The environmental safety threshold of carbon emission from the construction industry in Hebei Province,China,has been continuously improved,and the provincial environmental safety threshold is between 9475080-23144760 tons;The environmental safety threshold was the highest in Baoding and Langfang,and the lowest in Xingtai.(3)In the past 16 years,the carbon emission risk of the construction industry in Hebei Province of China has been in a state of extremely serious risk,and the risk index generally presents an inverted"V"type trend.(4)The carbon emission risk of Hebei city in China presents a spatial pattern of"high in the south and low in the north",which goes through two stages:risk increase period and risk reduction period.

Application of Bioengineering in Construction

Bio-cement and bio-concrete are innovative solutions for sustainable construction, aiming to reduce environmental impact while maintaining the durability and versatility of building materials. Bio-cement is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional cement, produced through Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP), which mimics natural biomineralization processes. This method reduces CO2 emissions and enhances the strength and durability of construction materials. Bio-concrete incorporates bio-cement into concrete, creating a self-healing material. When cracks form in bio-concrete, dormant bacteria within the material become active in the presence of water, producing limestone to fill the cracks, extending the material’s lifespan and reducing the need for repairs. The environmental impact of traditional cement production is significant, with cement generation accounting for up to 8% of global carbon emissions. Creative solutions are needed to develop more sustainable construction materials, with some efforts using modern innovations to make concrete ultra-durable and others turning to science to create affordable bio-cement. The research demonstrates the potential of bio-cement to revolutionize sustainable building practices by offering a low-energy, low-emission alternative to traditional cement while also addressing environmental concerns. The findings suggest promising applications in various construction scenarios, including earthquake-prone areas, by enhancing material durability and longevity through self-repair mechanisms.

Technical and Economic Index System for CO_2 Emission Reduction in China's Power Industry

The main technic and economic indices for carbon dioxide emission reduction of Chinese electric power industry are designed systematically in this paper.According to quantitative calculation and influential factor analysis on the carbon dioxide emission reduction of the industry from 1978 to 2009,the author estimates and calculates the relevant indices during the 12 th Five-Year Plan period and in 2020.Finally the author analyzes the relationship and difference between the conventional technical and economic indices for electric power planning and the new index system for the low carbon economy development.

Research on Carbon Reduction Strategy of China’s Industrial Chain with the Goal of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality

In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.

Carbon Emission Measurement and Regional Difference Analysis of China's Construction Industry

Green and low-carbon development of construction industry is one of the important ways to achieve the"dual carbon"goal in China.This study first measured the carbon emissions of the construction industry in 30 provinces in China,and then used the Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition method to explore the regional differences and sources of carbon emissions of the construction industry in China.The results show that the carbon emissions of construction industry in China generally show an upward trend,and there are significant differences in carbon emissions of construction industry among provinces,and the main source of regional differences is inter-regional differences.However,the contribution rate of inter-regional differences showed a significant downward trend,while the contribution rate of hyperbolic density increased day by day,and the contribution rate of intra-regional differences increased slightly.The results of this study will provide a reference for China to formulate more reasonable carbon emission reduction targets and differentiation strategies for the construction industry.

CO_(2) mineralization by typical industrial solid wastes for preparing ultrafine CaCO_(3): A review

Mineral carbonation is a promising CO_(2) sequestration strategy that can utilize industrial wastes to convert CO_(2) into high-value CaCO_(3).This review summarizes the advancements in CO_(2) mineralization using typical industrial wastes to prepare ultrafine CaCO_(3).This work surveys the mechanisms of CO_(2) mineralization using these wastes and its capacities to synthesize CaCO_(3),evaluates the effects of carbonation pathways and operating parameters on the preparation of CaCO_(3),analyzes the current industrial application status and economics of this technology.Due to the large amount of impurities in solid wastes,the purity of CaCO_(3) prepared by indirect methods is greater than that prepared by direct methods.Crystalline CaCO_(3) includes three polymorphs.The polymorph of CaCO_(3) synthesized by carbonation process is determined the combined effects of various factors.These parameters essentially impact the nucleation and growth of CaCO_(3) by altering the CO_(2) supersaturation in the reaction system and the surface energy of CaCO_(3) grains.Increasing the initial pH of the solution and the CO_(2)flow rate favors the formation of vaterite,but calcite is formed under excessively high pH.Vaterite formation is favored at lower temperatures and residence time.With increased temperature and prolonged residence time,it passes through aragonite metastable phase and eventually transforms into calcite.Moreover,polymorph modifiers can decrease the surface energy of CaCO_(3) grains,facilitating the synthesis of vaterite.However,the large-scale application of this technology still faces many problems,including high costs,high energy consumption,low calcium leaching rate,low carbonation efficiency,and low product yield.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate ways to accelerate carbonation,optimize operating parameters,develop cost-effective agents,and understand the kinetics of CaCO_(3) nucleation and crystallization to obtain products with specific crystal forms.Furthermore,more studies on life cycle assessment(LCA)should be conducted to fully confirm the feasibility of the developed technologies.

Industrial Carbon Emissions Status and Analysis Based on Energy Consumption

With frequent disastrous weathers and increasingly prominent GHG effects in recent years, normal existence and development of mankind are facing unprecedented threats and challenges. GHG emissions mitigation for the global climate changes has been the focus of concern of the world. As the biggest developing country and the second largest country of carbon-emission, China attaches importance to the carbon emission reduction. The major GHG component is carbon dioxide and in China, the emis- sion of carbon dioxide is mainly from industrial production. In the paper, the status and trend of Coz emission from industrial departments, high-carbon emission and its specific industries are shown in statistics. Meanwhile, the policy environment, industrial organization structure and technology of carbon high emission are all discussed based on practical situations in these departments and industries. At the end, through the analysis of gray correlation, correlativity is explored for both fossil energy consumption and total carbon emission, and also for the production value and carbon emission of each industrial sector. Some policy proposals for the establishment of low-carbon industries and transition of economic development pattern are set forth.

高质量发展下中国工业企业碳减排路径选择

管理改进与技术创新是工业企业实现高质量减排的两大关键路径。运用Shapley值分解方法实证测度了技术创新与管理改进对工业企业碳减排技术进步效率的贡献作用。结果发现,整体上技术创新与管理改进的贡献率分别为28.45%和71.55%,并且二者贡献率在不同类型特征企业之间存在明显差异。随着企业技术进步水平、雇佣规模和能耗水平的提升,技术创新的贡献率逐步递减,而管理创新的贡献率则呈现递增趋势。首次对企业管理改进与技术创新对碳排放效率的贡献进行测度,为优化“双碳”目标政策与指导企业减排行动提供有益参考。

中国水泥行业2011-2022年二氧化碳和大气污染物排放分析

2011—2021年,熟料产量呈波动上升趋势。水泥行业整体生产运行水平不断提高,熟料单条生产线平均规模由43.8万t/条提升至115.3万t/条,熟料单位产品综合能耗下降14.4%,熟料单位产品CO_(2)排放强度下降6.3%,但CO_(2)排放总量增加了13.8%,与氮氧化物减排趋势形成较大反差,碳污治理水平差距明显。熟料生产中石灰石分解和煤炭燃烧过程的CO_(2)排放合计占比为92.9%~93.8%,是CO_(2)排放的主要来源。由于熟料系数偏高、非碳酸盐原料替代不足、综合能耗仍然较高等原因,安徽等7个熟料产量大的省份的CO_(2)排放强度高于全国。建议实行碳酸盐熟料产量总量控制,逐步降低熟料应用比例,加快建材市场熟料产品和非碳酸盐原料替代,降低高标号水泥使用比例。应大力推广水泥行业节能降耗增效技术,加快熟料落后产能淘汰。对熟料产量大、碳排放强度高的地区,应结合当地碳排放特点,实行差别化降碳策略。各大气污染防治重点区域应因地施策推进水泥行业减污降碳工作。

中国工业低碳转型进程再评估及其多样化分解

工业低碳转型是中国落实“双碳”目标、推进绿色低碳发展的关键所在,全面理解中国工业低碳转型进程具有重要价值。为此,首先构建工业低碳转型进程再评估及其分解的理论框架,随后基于跨国、省份和行业样本数据,采用SBM方向性距离函数和Luenberger生产率指标对2001—2021年中国工业低碳转型进程展开再评估,并从生产技术演化、要素效率变动和经济结构变迁三个维度对该进程进行分解。研究发现,国际视角下的中国工业低碳转型进程在研究期内稳步推进,节奏更为平稳、方式更可持续;国内视角下的中国工业低碳转型进程在研究期内具有先快后缓的推进特征,且省份间和行业间低碳转型分化程度持续加深;经典分解表明技术进步和技术效率提升在推动工业低碳转型过程中无法有效协同,存在普遍的正负或强弱特征;要素分解表明工业低碳转型的驱动要素逐渐多元化,能源效率和碳效率的贡献逐步凸显,但具有一定波动性;结构分解显示区域结构效率总体呈小幅下降趋势,产业结构效率始终为负且后期受政策影响而呈现周期性波动特征。基于研究结论,从协同推进技术进步与技术效率改善、提升区域及行业维度能源效率和碳效率、优化经济结构效率三方面为高质量推进中国工业低碳转型进程提出了具体建议。

长三角工业减污降碳时空演变及其影响因素研究

工业领域是我国推行减污降碳协同增效的重点领域,探究工业领域减污降碳的时空特征及影响因素,对实现减污降碳协同增效总目标具有重要现实意义.本文以长三角地区41个设区市为研究对象,综合运用耦合协调度模型、空间自相关、时空地理加权回归、地理探测器等方法,对2010−2020年长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应的时空演变特征及影响因素展开分析,因地制宜地提出工业减污降碳协同推进建议.结果表明:①2010−2020年,长三角地区41个设区市的工业大气污染物排放量平均值大幅下降,工业二氧化碳排放量缓慢增长,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应总体处于上升优化态势,工业减污降碳协同效应等级由失调衰退类提至过渡发展类.②2010−2020年,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应在空间格局上呈中部高、南北低以及东部高、西部低的分布格局,时空变动上工业减污降碳协同效应高值范围由上海、苏州等长江入海口地区向西转移至南京、无锡、苏州等长江下游地区,其空间集聚特征呈现出集聚−离散−集聚的变化趋势.③规模以上工业总产值、规模以上工业增加值占GDP比重、人均GDP、城镇化率等是影响长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应的主要因素,对大部分区域产生显著的正向影响,其影响程度存在时空异质性,双因子交叉具有显著的增强作用.研究显示,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应存在显著的优化趋势和空间差异,受产业规模结构影响较大,亟需从统筹优化减污降碳协同目标、加强重点区域协同控制、加快工业行业绿色发展等方面协同推进.

基于碳排放总量约束的我国产业部门碳配额分配研究

制定合理的碳配额分配方案是实现我国“碳达峰”目标的重要内容。从产业部门视角出发,基于2025年投入产出数据,综合运用ZSG-DEA模型、熵值法等设计了基于公平、效率和综合原则的碳配额分配方案。在此基础上,在碳市场规制下,通过构建减排压力指数和减排成本模型对比分析了其减排效应。研究发现:与公平、效率原则相比,综合原则下的分配方案减排压力水平适中,平均边际减排成本较低,产生额外收益的产业部门最多,产业部门间减排差异较小,并且完善的市场机制产生了正向影响。在当前我国现实情况下,基于综合原则的分配方案充分平衡了能源消耗、碳排放水平差异,并且能够兼顾环境效率和经济效益,更容易为产业部门所接受,要优于其他两种方案。研究结论为我国相关部门在碳配额分配原则和方法选择、碳市场行业覆盖范围设定等方面提供了重要的政策参考。

2024年中国能源经济指数研究与预测

国际局势风险增加,气候变化影响持续,中国能源经济发展受到多重外部因素干扰,能源安全保障形势复杂。为更好地应对能源行业转型发展的挑战与机遇,建立了三层次六维度能源经济指数体系,对包括15个能源子行业在内的中国能源经济发展现状进行监测。在此基础上,考虑地缘政治风险、“双碳”行动推进以及气候变化波动三个关键外部因素的不确定性影响,结合情景设计和基于粒子群优化算法的长短时记忆模型,对中国能源经济的未来发展进行预测。结果表明,2024年能源经济将成为宏观经济持续回升向好的强心剂,未来发展形势积极乐观。碳减排工作对能源经济的良性发展与风险抗性具有积极影响,能够在一定程度上抵消国际风险和气候风险的负面影响,应当积极推进碳减排工作的落实。高创新行业与保供行业处于优势地位,可优先投资,维持稳定性和提升自主性是能源行业发展主旋律。

京津冀建筑业碳排放区域差异及影响因素研究

以京津冀地区为研究对象,构建建筑业全过程碳排放测算模型分析京津冀地区建筑业碳排放的区域差异,利用STIRPAT模型进一步探讨人口总量、城镇化水平、人均GDP、建筑产业结构效应、能源结构效应、能源消耗强度、劳动生产率7个因素对京、津、冀建筑业碳排放的影响。结果表明:京津冀地区建筑业碳排放总量大体呈现先增后减再稳定的态势,各因素对京津冀建筑业碳排放的影响存在地区差异,除劳动生产率抑制建筑业碳排放增长,其余6个因素均起促进作用,其中城镇化水平对北京市和天津市的促进作用最强,人口总量对河北省的促进作用最强。基于此,根据各地区碳排放影响因素的影响情况制定差异化减排对策。

我国化工园区减污降碳技术路径研究

化学工业是推动制造强国战略实施的重要支撑,化工园区是新型工业化的关键载体,开展化工园区减污降碳技术应用研究具有重要的现实意义。本文针对化工园区减污降碳面临的资源利用率低、减污和降碳协同性差、末端治污成本高、环境安全与风险突出等挑战,分析了化工园区碳和污染物产生的特点并梳理相关研究进展,剖析了减污降碳协同增效的内涵。在此基础上,建立了基于一般性工业过程的分析框架,以物质、能量代谢过程为纽带,从企业生产、基础设施、产业共生等层面演绎提出了化工园区减污降碳的技术路径:建立化工园区内企业的碳、污染物排放清单;集成优化化工园区的技术与产业结构,加强绿色低碳生产技术开发、基础设施升级共生、企业间合作、减污降碳与安全生产统筹、产品‒产业‒空间结构优化;开展全生命周期减污降碳成本效益评估。选取杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为典型案例,总结了化工园区减污降碳技术路径的应用实践,进而提出了化工园区减污降碳实施路径建议:完善精细计量体系,加强化工园区物质流管理;强化化工园区共生链接,运用系统工程赋能减污降碳;激发系统效率变革,推动化工园区绿色高质量发展。

温室气体管控纳入化工园区规划环评的技术方法探索和实证研究

《中共中央国务院关于深入打好污染防治攻坚战的意见》中明确提出“将温室气体管控纳入环评管理”,温室气体管控纳入环评已成为深入推进碳达峰行动的重要举措。产业园区是控制污染物和温室气体排放增量的重要载体,是推进减污降碳源头防控的重要抓手。该研究重点围绕协同减污降碳优化规划方案这一关键问题,探索产业园区规划环评中开展温室气体评价的技术方法,并以某石化园区为例开展了实践探索。为了在环评中科学、合理地分析和评价温室气体减排潜力,从两方面探索评价技术方法:一是温室气体与大气耦合评价方法,开展温室气体评价重点排放设施能效分析,结合大气评价中空气质量目标改善要求和初步模拟预测结果,联合提出淘汰高耗低效热源设施、分阶段推进清洁能源替代的规划调整建议;二是研究创新温室气体评价和循环经济分析紧密结合的环评方法,遵循化工园区协同、合作、共享的一体化设计理念和循环经济理念,以资源循环降碳、能效提升降碳为目标,充分发挥化工园区碳固定、碳消纳的天然优势,促进园区内产业链协同。实证研究表明:①通过全面识别园区减污和降碳的关键环节,以“提效-控煤”为主线,温室气体评价与大气评价联合提出热源点整合方案;聚焦园区CO_(2)资源化利用、能源梯级利用,推动两家企业6套装置实施CO_(2)回收,并实施聚碳酸酯、碳酸乙烯酯等CO_(2)产业链利用项目,将零散企业余热资源统一纳网,实现余热余压利用,很好地验证了前述技术方法的可行性,以及温室气体评价对能源规划方案和产业循环经济方案的优化调整作用。②基于现行产业园区环评的评价技术流程,采用全过程纳入模式,提出了温室气体全过程评价技术框架,即现状评价“挖潜力”、规划分析“融理念”、影响识别“定目标”、影响评价“评趋势”、方案论证“明措施”、调整建议“优方案”。此外,对未来研究提出展望,一是增强污染防治与气候治理的协同性,二是关注难以量化的新排放源和非二氧化碳温室气体,三是结合不同园区面临的能源转型和环境目标压力,形成差异化的温室气体减排方案。该研究提出的技术框架和评价方法为优化化工园区环评源头管控作用起到有力支撑,具有重要的现实意义。

建筑业减污降碳动态效率研究:基于Malmquist-Luenberger指数模型

减污降碳是实现建筑业高质量可持续发展的关键。以中国30个省市为研究对象,利用Malmquist-Luenberger指数模型对建筑业减污降碳效率进行测度,分析中国四大经济区域及省域2010—2020年间建筑业减污降碳效率的时序演变特征。结果显示,研究期内各地区ML指数整体上呈现出波动上升的趋势,东部地区的技术进步指数对综合效率值的提升起到促进作用,技术水平趋于平稳发展;中部地区的技术进步指数对综合效率值贡献最大;西部地区的规模效率变化指数在研究期内出现下降趋势,纯技术效率指数是提高综合效率指数的关键;东北地区的纯技术效率变化指数和规模效率变化指数显著增加。

京津冀产业结构演进的碳减排灵敏度分析

以产业结构优化助推京津冀稳增长与碳达峰目标协同并进为研究目的,运用岭回归探究京津冀产业结构演进的碳减排灵敏度并筛选调控路径,预测减排潜力,验证协同减排效应。结果表明:(1)提升第一产业比例及第二、三产业劳均产出有助于北京、天津提前碳达峰;提升第二产业比例及劳均产出有助于河北提前碳达峰。(2)北京、河北调控后的减排潜力显著提升,说明两地可协调推进增长和减排,天津则难以协调。2030年后,京津冀调控后的减排潜力在50%以上,说明降低碳强度主要依托于产业结构演进。(3)随着京津冀产业结构高度协同演进,产业协同趋势显著,能源消费碳排放量呈倒“U”型趋势,优化京津冀产业结构高度可为区域协同减排赋能增效。

多源分布式换能系统构建理论方法研究与应用

“双碳”背景下分布式换能系统以其在低碳环保方面的显著优势逐渐在集中供热领域得到应用。本文针对分布式换能系统中热泵、太阳能集热器、板式换热器和燃料电池等关键单元提出了单元能耗评价方法,并通过EES软件对各单元进行了热力学建模以定量评价不同单元在不同工况下的经济性,进而提出分布式换能系统的构建方法以获得流程经济性最优化。以此为依据搭建了最优化流程,并以北京地区某小区为例分析了该系统的供暖季性能,最后进行了经济性和碳减排分析。结果表明:室外温度在-10~5℃范围内变化时,该新型分布式换能系统的COP为2.69~4.43,太阳能集热器效率为45.19%~61.87%,燃料电池日发电量为8047.4~32228.0 kW·h;与常规热力站相比,该新型分布式换能系统的运行成本节省率为32.66%~53.92%,碳减排率为69.07%~73.29%。