Rolling Decision Model of Thermal Power Retrofit and Generation Expansion Planning Considering Carbon Emissions and Power Balance Risk

With the increasing urgency of the carbon emission reduction task,the generation expansion planning process needs to add carbon emission risk constraints,in addition to considering the level of power adequacy.However,methods for quantifying and assessing carbon emissions and operational risks are lacking.It results in excessive carbon emissions and frequent load-shedding on some days,although meeting annual carbon emission reduction targets.First,in response to the above problems,carbon emission and power balance risk assessment indicators and assessment methods,were proposed to quantify electricity abundance and carbon emission risk level of power planning scenarios,considering power supply regulation and renewable energy fluctuation characteristics.Secondly,building on traditional two-tier models for low-carbon power planning,including investment decisions and operational simulations,considering carbon emissions and power balance risks in lower-tier operational simulations,a two-tier rolling model for thermal power retrofit and generation expansion planning was established.The model includes an investment tier and operation assessment tier and makes year-by-year decisions on the number of thermal power units to be retrofitted and the type and capacity of units to be commissioned.Finally,the rationality and validity of the model were verified through an example analysis,a small-scale power supply system in a certain region is taken as an example.The model can significantly reduce the number of days of carbon emissions risk and ensure that the power balance risk is within the safe limit.

ISSUES AND SUGGESTIONS ON LEVYING SO_2 EMISSION GHARGES TO THERMAL POWER PLANTS

This paper analyzes 9 essentials in trial collecting SO2 emission charges based on the relevant legislative policies, summarizes and analyzes the actual practices of collecting and using SO2 emission charges in power industry, and combining the status of power system reform, puts forward some recommendations about reasonably collecting and using SO2 emission charges and prompting power plants to take measures of desulfurization.

FGD Capacity Prediction of Thermal Power Plants in China

Through analyzing the proportion of SO2 emission from thermal power plants in the nationwide SO2 emis- sion in USA, Japan etc. developed countries, and the developmental course of thermal power installed capacity and the FGD capacity in USA, the FGD capacity of thermal power plants in China is forecasted from two angles. One is to predict FGD capacity in accordance with the policy in force in China. The other is to predict FGD capacity based upon the emission right trading policy. As compared, it is held that FGD equipment should be mainly installed on the large size units burning high sulfur coal according to the emission right trading policy. Such a method of work not only can economize large amount of investments and operation costs, but also can realize the same environmental effect.

Development of Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies in Coal-Fired Power Plants

With a particular reference to China Huaneng Group's practices in CO_2 capture, this article presents a brief ing on the current development of CO_2 capture technologies in coal-fired power plants both in China and abroad. Sooner or later, the integration of CO_2 capture and storage (CCS) facility with coal-fired power plant will be inevitably put on the agenda of developers.

基于对等架构的虚拟电厂-配电网双层电碳协同调度模型

为使虚拟电厂更好地适应多种低碳能源并存的碳市场,建立了一种基于对等架构的虚拟电厂-配电网协同调度双层模型。引入碳排放流理论,结合电网潮流确定节点碳排放责任。建立双层模型,上层为配电网最优潮流模型,下层为虚拟电厂点对点交易模型。上、下层模型间使用目标级联分析法构建对等架构,并通过共识变量实现协同调度。下层模型使用基于共识的自适应步长交替方向乘子法处理虚拟电厂间点对点交易问题,促进资源消纳的同时实现了隐私保护。以IEEE 33节点配电网为例,对调度结果进行多种分析,验证了所提模型的有效性。

碳交易耦合下现货电能量市场日前出清方法

为实现现货电能量市场和碳交易市场的有效协同,从电力交易中心把控系统碳排放的角度出发,构建一种电-碳耦合市场运营机制,并提出考虑动态碳排放强度的电-碳耦合市场日前出清模型。首先,在现有的电力市场运行规则基础上将碳交易市场进行嵌入,构建电-碳耦合市场联合运行机制;其次,基于边际发电成本特性和单调非递减阶梯式报价规则,构建传统能源发电商和碳捕集电厂的分段报价曲线;再次,推导传统能源发电商和碳捕集电厂的动态碳排放强度模型,并基于等面积原则构建二者的阶梯式动态碳排放强度曲线;然后,考虑阶梯式报价曲线和动态碳排放强度,以综合成本最小为目标兼顾电网运行和物理约束,构建电-碳耦合市场日前出清模型。最后,在PJM-5节点和IEEE-39节点电力系统进行算例仿真分析,通过设置不同的场景验证所提电-碳耦合市场日前出清模型的有效性。

火力发电厂应用脱硫超低排放关键技术

我国火力发电厂每年燃煤约为20亿吨,由于燃煤煤质差异,二氧化硫排放量居高不下,亟需采取脱硫超低排放技术,改造现有设备。基于此,文章以某燃煤火力发电厂为例,简要阐述了燃煤发电厂脱硫现状,从确定基础参数、设计脱硫效率、选择工艺路线、优化总体方案这几方面出发,提出脱硫超低排放关键技术应用措施,并分析技术应用性能,以期为相关工作者提供参考。

生物质发电厂热电联产碳减排效益分析

通过热电联产焚烧生活垃圾,可以提高能源利用效率,提升发电厂经济效益,减少环境污染,同时对于减轻垃圾填埋场的负担、提高城市供热的可靠性、促进循环经济发展又有着重要作用。因此,以一城市生物质(生活垃圾)焚烧发电厂为例,对热电联产的碳减排效益进行深入分析与研究,发现相较于传统的垃圾填埋处理,该焚烧发电厂在无供热条件下的碳减排量为0.23 t(CO_(2)当量,下同)。当对外供热量为15 t/h时,碳减排量为0.25 t;当对外供热量为25 t/h时,碳减排量为0.28 t。验证了热电联产下生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的碳减排效益十分显著。同时,垃圾热值的提高和蒸汽品质的提高,有助于提升生物质焚烧发电厂热效益和碳减排效益。

Cost-benefit comparison of carbon capture,utilization,and storage retrofitted to different thermal power plants in China based on real options approach

A trinomial tree model based on a real options approach was developed to evaluate the investment decisions on carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)retrofitted to the three main types of thermal power plants in China under the same power generation and CO2 emissions levels.The plant types included pulverized coal(PC),integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC),and natural gas combined cycle(NGCC)plants.We take into account a subsidy policy consistent with the 45Q tax credit of the U.S.,as well as uncertainty factors,such as carbon price,technological progress,CO_(2) geological storage paths,oil price,and electricity price.The results showed that the investment benefit of ordinary NGCC power plants is 93.04 million USD.This provides greater economic advantages than the other two plant types as their investment benefit is negative if the captured CO_(2) was used for enhanced water recovery(EWR),even if 45Q subsidies are provided.Compared with NGCC+CCUS power plants,PC+CCUS and IGCC+CCUS power plants have more advantages in terms of economic benefits and emission reduction.The 45Q subsidy policy reduced the critical carbon price,which determines the decision to invest or not,by 30.14 USDt^(-1) for the PC and IGCC power plants and by 15.24 USDt^(-1) for the NGCC power plants.Nevertheless,only when the subsidy reaches at least 71.84 USDt^(-1) and the period limit is canceled can all three types of power plants be motivated to invest in CCUS and used the capture CO_(2) for EWR.Overall,the government should focus on the application of CCUS in coal-fired power plants(in addition to developing gas power generation),especially when CO_(2) is used for enhanced oil recovery(EOR).The government could introduce fiscal policies,such as 45Q or stronger,to stimulate CCUS technology development in China.

Mercury emissions and partitioning from Indian coal-fired power plants

In India coal combustion is the single largest source of emission of mercury which is a widespread persistent global toxicant,travelling across international borders through air and water.As a party to the Minamata convention,India aims to monitor and reduce Hg emissions and stricter norms are introduced for mercury emissions from power plants(30μg/Nm 3 for flue gas in stack).This paper presents the results obtained during the experimental studies performed on mercury emissions at four coal-fired and one lignite-fired power plants in India.The mercury concentration in the feed coal varied between 0.12-0.27 mg/Kg.In the mercury mass balance,significant proportion of feed coal mercury has been found to be associated with fly ash,whereas bottom ash contained very low mercury.80%-90%of mercury was released to air through stack gas.However,for circulating fluidised bed boiler burning lignite,about 64.8%of feed mercury was found to get captured in the fly ash and only 32.4%was released to air.The mercury emission factor was found to lie in the range of 4.7-15.7 mg/GJ.

考虑风电爬坡灵活调节的碳捕集电厂低碳经济调度

为实现“双碳”目标,风电等可再生能源的使用是减少碳排放的根本途径,而碳捕集电厂是降低碳排放的直接手段。但风电具有与生俱来的波动性,风电的骤升骤降会影响碳捕集电厂“电碳耦合”特性,从而对碳捕集效果带来不利影响。而储液罐通过增减自身溶液量可近似地存储释放能量,为解决上述问题提供了可能。该文首先搭建碳捕集电厂数学模型,分析储液罐通过增减溶液量带来的储放能量与碳捕集设备能耗之间的关联,研究储液罐的双向调节能力;然后,提出上爬坡碳超前补偿和下爬坡碳滞后补偿调度策略,双向调节储液罐使碳捕集电厂电碳解耦;接着,构建跟随风电爬坡进行调节的低碳经济调度模型;最后,对含碳捕集电厂、高碳电厂和风电场的电力系统进行仿真,证明所提方法的有效性。

“双碳”目标下火电厂CO_(2)计量技术研究现状与展望

中国电力行业CO_(2)排放量是CO_(2)排放的主要来源,其中火电厂CO_(2)排放量在电力行业中占比最大。在“双碳”目标下,CO_(2)计量技术可以实现对火电厂中CO_(2)排放量的直观判断,为火电厂CO_(2)减排提供重要支撑,促进火电厂参与碳交易,带动区域经济发展。结合国内外政策,讨论了目前通用CO_(2)计量方法的实施进展,总结归纳了以碳核算为主、碳监测为辅的火电厂CO_(2)计量方法存在的问题,并对火电厂CO_(2)计量技术应用的重难点进行了分析。最后,对火电厂CO_(2)计量技术的发展及应用进行了展望。

考虑超碳需求响应的综合能源系统低碳优化调度

西北地区新能源发展迅速,充分利用当地独有的光热资源优势,同时结合火电低碳化改造与新能源协同运行,有利于推动当地能源系统绿色低碳转型。为尽最大限度地提升系统的减碳能力,提出一种基于源荷协同降碳的超碳需求响应模型,将动态碳排放因子作为分时电价的惩罚因子,从而将源侧碳信号传递至荷侧,驱使用户侧进行低碳性状态转移。首先,在日前调度阶段,构建预调度-再调度两阶段调度运行机制,再调度根据预调度的系统状态信息进行超碳需求响应,来深度降低系统碳排量。其次,将光热电站引入综合能源系统,与风电场、碳捕集电厂协同运行,从而构建高比例新能源场景,来验证超碳需求响应在此场景下的减碳效益。最后,建立了基于超碳需求响应的预调度-再调度两阶段低碳调度模型。经算例仿真分析表明,所提源荷协同降碳的新思路能有效提高系统的减碳能力,深入挖掘系统的降碳空间,提升系统的经济效益。

含整体煤气化燃料电池-碳捕集电厂的风火储系统分布鲁棒调度方法

整体煤气化燃料电池(integrated gasification fuel cell,IGFC)是与碳捕集技术高度适配的清洁、高效、稳定的绿色煤电技术,有望克服传统碳捕集技术在低浓度CO_(2)环境下产生的高成本、高能耗问题。该文构建含IGFC碳捕集电厂的风火储发电系统。研究IGFC碳捕集电厂的运行机理,对IGFC内部各环节建立数学模型,提出工况匹配时燃烧利用率和阴极空气利用率需要满足的运行条件,并针对该型碳捕集电厂的电碳特性进行分析。为计及风电出力的不确定性,构建风火储系统的两阶段分布鲁棒经济调度模型,引入k阶适应性理论,提出基于正交支撑子集策略的求解方法来获得鲁棒对等式。最后,在改进IEEE-30节点系统中进行算例分析,结果表明,该型碳捕集电厂可利用阳极碳富集的优势,实现系统低碳经济调度的目标,并验证所提优化方法能为可行解提供可解释性。

软测量技术赋能燃煤电厂碳排放计量的研究进展

火力发电企业作为我国能源结构的重要组成部分,长期以来是我国碳排放的主要来源,在我国和全球加速推动低碳经济发展的宏观环境下,火电企业积极响应国家“能耗双控”向“碳排放双控”转变的战略部署。在此背景下,精确计量燃煤电厂的碳排放量变得至关重要。在燃煤电厂碳计量中,烟气流量影响燃煤发电中在线监测法的精度,而燃煤消耗量、燃煤元素碳含量以及飞灰碳含量共同决定核算法的可靠性。目前,大多数燃煤发电企业只对流量和燃煤消耗量进行实时监测,在现场恶劣的环境中对燃煤元素碳含量以及飞灰碳含量进行短周期、高频次的直接监测需要花费较大的人力以及物力,流量监测设备也易受烟道环境影响。而软测量技术以其高效和低成本的特点,可为传统碳排放计量过程中关键参数的监测提供一种替代方法。鉴于此,首先阐述了软测量模型的建立过程,包含数据预处理、辅助变量选择、软测量模型建立以及模型校正。数据预处理能够确保数据质量,提高建模效率;辅助变量选择是从大量潜在的变量中筛选出对目标变量的辅助变量,进一步提高建模效率;软测量模型建立主要是基于机理建模和数据驱动建模,是实现目标变量预测的核心;模型校正通过实际的离线或在线数据,对模型进行进一步优化,提高模型的预测精度。其次,针对碳计量相关参数,分析了烟气流量、燃煤消耗量、燃煤元素碳含量和飞灰碳含量监测存在的问题,论述了软测量技术在上述碳计量关键参数的国内外研究进展和应用,评估了机理建模和数据驱动建模技术的有效性、准确性和实用性。其中,机理分析建模主要基于电厂锅炉进出口的能量平衡以及烟风质量守恒等原理,有着确定的数学物理关系式,具有高度可解释性和稳定性,但是建模过程复杂,预测精度较低;数据驱动建模主要是利用各种机器学习方法,基于电厂分布式控制系统(Distributed control system,DCS)丰富的运行数据,对碳计量关键参数进行“黑箱建模”,克服了机理分析建模复杂的过程分析,精度相对较高,但是建模过程不明确,且模型对于不同机组的泛化能力较差。最后,对于软测量技术在碳排放计量领域的发展应用进行了总结与展望。对电厂各参数之间的时序结构、电厂自身计算能力的限制以及机理分析融合数据驱动方法的发展提出相关建议,并对国外二氧化碳预测性排放系统结合软测量技术在国内外燃煤电厂的应用进行展望。

虚拟电厂集群电-碳联合优化建模及求解方法

随着“碳达峰·碳中和”目标的提出,能源低碳转型成为未来的发展趋势。基于碳排放流理论提出一种计及动态碳排放因子的多虚拟电厂(VPP)电-碳联合优化运行方法,建立多VPP双层优化模型。首先,根据碳排放流理论,建立计及效益最优的上级电网经济调度上层模型,计算各VPP的电价和动态碳排放因子并进行下发;其次,考虑电-碳交易的耦合性,建立基于Nash谈判理论的多VPP低碳联合优化下层模型;然后,采用加速-自适应交替方向乘子法进行求解,得到各VPP的电能需求并反馈至上层,该方法在保护成员隐私的基础上能够有效提升求解速度;最后,基于非对称议价方法,提出一种基于交互产品贡献度的电-碳收益分配方法,实现各VPP收益的合理分配。算例分析表明,所提方法能有效降低VPP的运行成本和碳排放,在兼顾VPP的经济效益与环境效益的同时实现VPP收益的公平合理分配。

双碳目标下高温气冷堆替代中小型火电的思考

碳达峰碳中和是我国一项重要的国家战略决策,“双碳”目标的提出给能源行业带来了深刻的变革,我国能源结构将进一步优化,电力行业必须实现低碳转型,新能源取代火电已成为必然。本文分析了新形势下火电企业面临的巨大挑战、发电规模受到限制、经营成本不断上升,尤其是中小型火电机组,面临着淘汰和关停的局面,而高温气冷堆具有固有安全性、发电效率高、用途广泛的显著特点,使其替代中小型火电成为可能。本文通过厂址适应性、技术可行性、经济可行性三方面,分析了高温气冷堆替代中小型火电的可行性,并从相关法律法规适用性、内陆厂址所带来的问题、开展公众沟通等方面提出建议。

考虑碳减排的共燃发电厂鲁棒可信性选址决策优化

基于“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标,研究考虑碳减排的共燃发电厂选址决策问题.受天气状况、市场环境等外部因素的影响,生物质供应能力和生物质价格等参数具有不确定性,构造一个非精确可能性分布集来描述问题中的不确定参数,进而建立一个分布鲁棒可信性选址优化模型.通过推导鲁棒可信性目标和鲁棒可信性约束的等价形式,将原模型重构为一个可计算的混合整数线性规划模型.最后利用算例分析验证提出方法的有效性.

基于改进三阶段松弛测量-数据包络模型的火电上市公司碳排放效率评估研究

【目的】计算火电上市公司的碳排放效率,对比分析效率排名居后的原因及排名前列的驱动因素,根据差异性条件对火电公司进行分组,探讨造成效率差异的影响因素。【方法】基于非期望产出的改进三阶段松弛值测量(slackbasedmeasure, SBM)-数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)模型评估中国火电上市公司2016—2022年全要素碳排放效率。【结果】火电上市公司的碳排放效率逐年递增,并在剔除外部环境影响后整体下降。增加政府环保补贴可能会引发火电公司资本、人员和煤炭过度投入;增加地区研发投入对公司资产、人员和煤耗量具有积极作用;区域经济水平的提高会促进企业资产优化配置和人员有效管理,但会导致发电煤耗量的浪费。【结论】中央实控、低煤耗率和有碳排放交易的火电上市公司技术差距率更高,整体碳排放效率水平更优。

广西某火电厂建设对区域碳排放影响初析

随着“3060双碳”目标的提出,为研究火电厂建设对区域碳排放的影响,笔者以广西某火电厂为例,根据燃煤发电行业碳排放量核算方法,计算得出该火电厂碳排放总量;分析碳排放对区域降碳的影响,并提出减污降碳措施。结果表明,该火电厂建设会大大增加区域碳排放总量,不利于实现区域降碳目标。所提出的降碳措施可为降低区域碳排放提供依据。