Square concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastics sheets at low temperatures

Twenty-one square concrete columns were constructed and tested. The testing results indicate that bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP) sheets can be used to increase the strength and improve the serviceability of damaged concrete columns at low temperatures. The failure of the specimens,in most cases,takes place within the middle half of the columns. And the failure of strengthened columns is sudden and explosive. The CFRP sheets increase both the axial load capacity and the ultimate concrete compressive strain of the columns. The ultimate loads of strengthened columns at-10,0 and 10 ℃ increase averagely by 9.09%,6.63% and 17.83%,respectively,as compared with those of the control specimens. The axial compressive strength of strengthened columns is related to the curing temperatures. The improvement of axial compressive strength decreases with reducing temperature,and when the temperature drops to a certain value,the improvement increases with falling temperature.

Experimental Study on Electric Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete

According to the phenomenon that the physical properties have,a great effect on the electric capability of carbon fiber reinforced concrete, the author researched the relationship between DC resistance of carbon fiber reinforced concrete and curing age using the two-probe method. Then the effect of insulative area, location and quantity on DC resistance of carbon fiber reinforced concrete was investigated at different curing age with analysis of hydration. The results suggest that DC resistance increases greatly with its curing age, which illustrates the relationship like Gaussian curve. In every curing ages the electric capability of carbon fiber reinforced concrete weakenes with the increase of insulative area. In same curing ages, section and insulative area, the more the quantity of insulation, the stronger the conductibility. The insulative location in optimal position can only result in optimal conductibility.

Flexural rigidity evolvement laws of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber laminates

Extensive research has shown that externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） laminates are particularly suitable for improving the fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete （RC） beams. This paper presents the research on flexural ngidity evolvement laws by testing 14 simple-supported RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber laminates （CFL） under cyclic load, and 2 under monotone load as a reference. The cyclic load tests revealed the peak load applied onto the surface of a supported RC beam strengthened with CFL is linear to the logarithm of its fatigue life, and the flexural rigidity evolvement undergoes three distinct phases： a rapid decrease from the start to about 5% of the fatigue life; an even development from .5% to about 99% of the fatigue life; and a succedent rapid decrease to failure. When the ratio of fatigue ＂cycles to the fatigue life is within 0.0.5 to 0.99, the flexural rigidity varies linearly with the ratio. The peak load does not affect the flexural rigidity evolvement if it is not high enough to make the main reinforcements yield. The dependences of the flexural rigidity of specimens formed in the same group upon their fatigue cycles normalized by fatigue life are almost coincident. This implies the flexural rigidity may be a material parameter independent of the stress level. These relationships of flexural rigidity to fatigue cycles, and fatigue life may be able to provide some hints for fatigue design and fatigue life evaluation of RC member strengthened with CFL; nevertheless the findings still need verifying by more experiments.

Shear strengthening of pre-damaged reinforced concrete beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheet strips

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the response of pre-damaged reinforced concrete （RC） beam strengthened in shear using applied-epoxy unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） sheet. The reasearch included four test rectangular simply supported RC beams in shear capacity. One is the control beam, two RC beams are damaged to a predetermined degree from ultimate shear capacity of the control beam, and the last beam is left without pre-damaged and then strengthened with using externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer to upgrade their shear capacity. We focused on the damage degree to beams during strengthening, therefore, only the beams with sidebonded CFRPs strips and horizontal anchored strips were used. The results show the feasibility of using CFRPs to restore or increase the load-carrying capacity in the shear of damaged RC beams. The failure mode of all the CFRP-strengthened beams is debonding of CFRP vertical strips. Two prediction available models in AC1-440 and fib European code were compared with the experimental results.

Detecting the Resistivity Distribution of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Electrical Resistance Tomography Method

According to the principle of electrical resistance tomography （ ERT）, the resistivity distribution of the carbon fiber reinforced concrete （CFRC） in the sensing field can be measured by injecting exciting current and measuring the voltage on the sensor electrode arrays installed on the surface of the object. Therefore, measurement of the resistivity distribution of CFRC is divided into first measuring the boundary conditions and then inversely computing the resistivity distribution. To reach this goal, an ERT system was constructed, which is composed of a sensor array unit, a data acquisition unit and an image reconstruction unit. Simulations of static ERT was performed on set-ups with many objects spread in a homogeneous background, and a simulation of dynamic ERT was also done on a rectangular board, the resistivity of which was changed within a small domain of it. Then, the resistivity distribution of a CFRC sample with a circlar hole as the target was detected by the ERT system. Simulation and experimental results show that the reconstructed ERT image reflects the resistivity distribution or the resistivity change of CFRC structure well. Especially, a small change in resistivity can be identified from the reconstructed images in the simulation of dynamic ERT images.

Investigating Some Parameters Affecting Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate

In this paper,the influence of some important parameters affecting the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with one layer of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)laminate has been studied.For this purpose,six reinforced concrete beams were cast and tested in the laboratory.Based on the obtained data,when CFRP laminate is applied to the tension face,too close to the steel rebar,the flexural strength of the strengthened beam is reduced.In general,the performance of the beam strengthened with one wide CFRP strip is better than that strengthened with two equivalent narrow strips.Ultimate load capacity of each strengthened beam was calculated based on the method given by the ACI 440.2R and compared with the test one.It is concluded that,to avoid the steel rebar-CFRP laminate interaction effect,the CFRP laminate depth-to-the effective depth ratio(df/d)should not be smaller than about 1.17.

Durability of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP sheet under wet-dry cycles and loading

The test results of eight concrete beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） sheets subjected to an aggressive environment under a sustained load are presented. The beams are 1 700 mm long with a rectangular cross-section of 120- mm width and 200-mm depth. The beams are precracked with a four-point flexural load, bonded CFRP sheets, and placed into wet-dry saline water（ NaCl） either in an unstressed state or loaded to about 30% or 60% of the initial ultimate load. The individual and coupled effects of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses on the long term behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with the CFRP are investigated. The test results show that the coupled action of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses appears to significantly affect the load capacity and the failure mode of beam strengthened with CFRP, mainly due to the degradation of the bond between CFRP and concrete. However, the stiffness is not affected by the coupled action of wet-dry cycles and a sustained load.

Experimental study on slender reinforced concrete columns wrapped with CFRP

By axial compression tests on 6 reinforced concrete slender columns wrapped with carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP),with slenderness ratio(SR) from 4.5 to 17.5,the results show that when SR increases the retrofitting effect declines. In the case of same SR,the stability coefficient (SC) for the reinforced concrete(RC) columns with CFRP is much less than that without CFRP. There is 20% increase of stable bearing capacity to the former as compared with the latter when the SR in less than 17.5. The study summarized the simplified formula for SC,which provides a reference for engineering designers.

Shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFRP sheet

This paper discusses the results of tests on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet. The shear transfer mechanism of the specimens reinforced with CFRP sheet was studied. The factors affecting the shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFRP sheet were analyzed. Several sug-gestions such as the number of layers, width and tensile strength of the CFRP sheet are proposed for this new strengthening technique. Finally, a simple and practical design method is presented in the paper. The calculated results of the suggested method are shown to be in good agreement with the test results. The suggested design method can be used in evaluating the shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFRP sheet.

Experimental investigation of engineered geopolymer composite for structural strengthening against blast loads

The recent increase in blast/bombing incidents all over the world has pushed the development of effective strengthening approaches to enhance the blast resistance of existing civil infrastructures.Engineered geopolymer composite(EGC)is a promising material featured by eco-friendly,fast-setting and strain-hardening characteristics for emergent strengthening and construction.However,the fiber optimization for preparing EGC and its protective effect on structural elements under blast scenarios are uncertain.In this study,laboratory tests were firstly conducted to evaluate the effects of fiber types on the properties of EGC in terms of workability,dry shrinkage,and mechanical properties in compression,tension and flexure.The experimental results showed that EGC containing PE fiber exhibited suitable workability,acceptable dry shrinkage and superior mechanical properties compared with other types of fibers.After that,a series of field tests were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of EGC retrofitting layer on the enhancement of blast performance of typical elements.The tests include autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC)masonry walls subjected to vented gas explosion,reinforced AAC panels subjected to TNT explosion and plain concrete slabs subjected to contact explosion.It was found that EGC could effectively enhance the blast resistance of structural elements in different scenarios.For AAC masonry walls and panels,with the existence of EGC,the integrity of specimens could be maintained,and their deflections and damage were significantly reduced.For plain concrete slabs,the EGC overlay could reduce the diameter and depth of the crater and spallation of specimens.

Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Recycled Concrete Using Hybrid Fibers

Due to the inherent property of concrete being very weak in tension, efforts have been made to overcome this deficiency by adding various type of fibers like carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), polypropylene fiber (PPF) and stainlesssteel fiber (SSF) smeared into the concrete mix. The present study involves experimental investigation on the use of GFRP, CFRP and SSF fibers alone or as combination to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Furthermore, concrete cylinders were cast and tested for compression and tension using 10% fly ash as cement replacement in all specimens. Besides fiber material types, fiber reinforcement ratios of 1% and 1.5% were tested to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete. In all concrete cylinder tests, the fiber reinforcement ratio of 1% had a significant contribution in increasing the tensile strength as oppose to compressive strength. As a result, the tensile and compressive strengths were increased by 26% and 11%, respectively as compared to the control specimen. Increasing the fiber reinforcement ratio from 1% to 1.5%, resulted in diminishing the mechanical properties of concrete. However, reduction in concrete compressive strength was more prominent than the tensile strength. Furthermore, it was observed that, the crack propagation was decreased with the increase of fiber content when compared to the control specimen.

Numerical simulation and experimental study on electrothermal properties of carbon/glass fiber hybrid textile reinforced concrete

Carbon/glass fiber hybrid textile reinforced concrete is a relatively new composite material with good mechanical capacity and excellent electrical conductivity.Both small-scale slab heating experiments and numerical simulation are presented in this paper.Temperature variation curves obtained during heating indicate the effects of environmental temperature,heat-conducting layer thickness and electric heating power.Comparison of temperature rising between the situations with and without thermal isolation layer is given as well.The results indicate that the textile can form a good conductive heating network and generate enough heat to raise the temperature in the concrete when connected to a power supply,while the resistance of the slab remains stable during the heating.Numerical results are in good accordance with the experiments.Real time snow-melting experiment was conducted to verify the feasibility of deicing.The electrothermal properties of textile can be utilized for deicing and snow melting in a safe,environmentally friendly and efficient way.

Influence of Carbon Fiber Contents on the Temperature Sensibility of CFRC Road Material

The relationship between the electrical resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced concrete(CFRC) containing different carbon fiber contents and temperature was studied.it is found that carbon fiber contents influence greatly on the temperature sensibility of CFRC road material.Only with a certain amount of carbon fiber can CFRC show a sensitive and stable temperature sensibility.

侧向冲击荷载作用下CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土柱的动力响应

为了研究CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土固简柱的抗侧向冲击性能,采用水平撞击装置对3个CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土柱进行侧向冲击试验.根据柱的破坏模式、局部变形、整体变形及冲击力分析柱的动力响应,研究了CFRP型材、边界条件、冲击能量与冲击冲量对试件动力响应的影响规律.结果表明,CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土固简柱呈现弯曲破坏,具有良好的抗冲击性能,且随着支座约束能力的增大,抗侧向冲击性能增大.增加单位冲击冲量可使悬臂试件的峰值位移下降7%,而两端固支试件峰值位移仅变化1%.随着支座约束能力的下降,冲击冲量对试件变形的影响程度增大.在钢管混凝土固简试件中内置CFRP型材可使冲击位置处峰值位移下降9%,且降低程度随着支座约束能力的下降而增加.

氯盐干湿循环作用下表面开槽CFRP-混凝土界面抗剪性能试验

为探究氯盐干湿循环作用下表面开槽CFRP-混凝土界面抗剪性能,开展干湿循环(0 d、60 d和120 d)不同沟槽形状(矩形、正梯形和倒梯形)的单搭接拉伸剪切试验,研究失效模式和断裂能的变化及影响最大剪应力的因素,结合试验结果推导了考虑干湿循环的界面黏结滑移本构方程,并通过数值模拟验证其有效性。结果表明:随干湿循环进行,表面开槽法失效模式由CFRP断裂破坏转变为剥离破坏;120 d界面断裂能下降量较未开槽法减少60.04%~69.42%;正梯形组120 d最大剪应力相比其他表面开槽形状提升7.18%~9.48%。表面开槽法在氯盐干湿循环作用下具有较好的抗剪性能,建立的界面本构劣化方程适用于氯盐干湿循环作用下表面开槽CFRP-混凝土界面黏结性能的分析和模拟。

极地低温下CFRP筋与混凝土黏结性能数值分析

为进一步了解极地低温下碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)筋与混凝土的黏结性能,在现有试验的基础上,采用ABAQUS软件建立考虑CFRP筋表面特征的数值模型,分析64种工况,研究低温下CFRP筋直径、肋高、肋宽与混凝土保护层厚度等参数对黏结性能的影响。结果表明:考虑CFRP筋表面特征的数值模型可以较好地表征CFRP筋与混凝土之间的应力传递,能够反映低温下CFRP筋与混凝土的损伤情况与黏结破坏机制;低温可显著提高CFRP筋-混凝土的黏结强度;在低温下,随着CFRP筋直径的增加,CFRP筋与混凝土的黏结强度降低,同时弱化了低温对黏结强度的增强效应;随着CFRP筋肋高的增加,CFRP筋-混凝土的低温黏结强度呈现先提高后降低的趋势,肋高为筋材直径8%时黏结强度达到最大值;CFRP筋肋宽的变化主要影响黏结滑移曲线的形状;相比常温试件,在低温下试件发生拔出破坏时的混凝土保护层厚度更大。

CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱轴压试验及承载力计算方法

为了提升薄壁不锈钢结构的承载性能和耐久性,在不锈钢管内外壁粘贴碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)复合约束海水海砂混凝土,制得一种CFRP-不锈钢夹层管海水海砂混凝土结构。以CFRP粘贴层数和方式为变化参数,对18个短柱试件进行了单调轴心受压试验,观察了试件的受力破坏过程及形态,获取了荷载-位移曲线和材料应变分布数据,分析了试件轴压力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:内外贴CFRP能有效地提高结构的承载能力和变形能力;无CFRP和内贴CFRP试件的破坏形态均为剪切破坏,但破坏形态会随着外贴CFRP层数的增加向腰鼓破坏转变;在相同粘贴方式下,试件的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力随着CFRP层数的增加呈非线性提高;在相同粘贴层数下,内贴CFRP的力学性能提升效果优于外贴CFRP,粘贴1层和2层CFRP时,内贴试件的极限承载力相较于外贴试件能再提高5.6%和6.7%,同时内贴1层CFRP的试件的耗能能力与外贴2层CFRP的相当;应变分析显示,在试件破坏前,CFRP与不锈钢协同工作良好。文中最后基于极限平衡法,考虑不锈钢的应变硬化效应,提出了CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱极限轴压承载力的计算公式,并收集了73个样本的数据进行验证,发现计算值与试验值较为吻合。

新型低碳超高韧性纤维混凝土研制与力学特性研究

混凝土的绿色转型对国家实现双碳发展目标具有重要意义,结合紧密堆积原理多级划分基体组分,采用高掺量工业废料超细粉煤灰作为低碳节能新型混凝土的重要组成部分,成功研制新型低碳超高韧性混凝土(LC-UHTC)。研究结果表明:LC-UHTC极限拉伸应变达6.38%,拉伸强度达到10.2 MPa,拉伸强度较其他同类材料增比达60%以上;LC-UHTC拉伸强度、拉伸韧性在应变各个阶段均表现优异,在实际应用过程中具有更高的安全性能;LC-UHTC的抗压强度达到84.35 MPa,高于其他同类材料30%~86%;LCUHTC在环保、抗拉、增韧、抗压方面表现出了综合的性能优势,可为新型混凝土的绿色转型提供参考价值。

碳纤维及碳纤维布混凝土抗冻性及能量耗散试验研究

为探究碳纤维增强方式对混凝土材料抗冻性能及能量耗散影响规律,利用纵波波速仪以及电液伺服压力机获取冻融循环作用(0,25,50,75,100次)后四种混凝土(素混凝土、碳纤维混凝土、碳纤维布混凝土、碳纤维及碳纤维布混凝土)的纵波波速及力学性能,分析碳纤维增强方式、冻融循环次数对试件相对动弹性模量、峰值应力、能量耗散及损伤度影响规律。结果表明:①相较于冻融循环0次素混凝土,冻融循环25,50,75,100次试件相对动弹性模量降幅分别为8.21%、18.33%、30.44%、45.89%,冻融循环次数的增加使试件相对动弹性模量降低,碳纤维及碳纤维布均能减缓试件相对动弹性模量降幅;②冻融循环次数的增加使四种不同混凝土试件峰值应力均呈降低趋势,碳纤维及碳纤维布不仅能够增强试件强度,还能够增强其抗冻性,且两者组合时对试件的提升效果最佳;③相较于未冻融试件,冻融循环25,50,75,100次时弹性变形能降幅分别为3.87%、7.63%、9.67%、12.70%,耗散能降幅分别为10.42%、21.97%、30.16%、41.60%,冻融作用会使试件内部产生损伤,降低试件储能、耗能效果;④三种碳纤维混凝土在达到峰值应力时对应机械损伤度值显著高于素混凝土对应机械损伤度值,碳纤维的增强作用能够有效提升混凝土材料吸能效果、延展性及抗冻性。

CFRP-铝合金复合管高强混凝土短柱轴压性能研究

为研究CFRP-铝合金复合管混凝土构件的轴压性能,进行了12根短柱试件的轴向压缩试验,主要研究参数为CFRP层数。试验结果表明:复合管混凝土试件出现了多处外凸鼓曲以及对应位置混凝土被压溃的破坏形态,而空复合管试件发生了局部内凹屈曲破坏;试件轴压承载力随CFRP层数的增加而增大,且复合管混凝土试件的承载力提高幅度高于相应的空复合管试件的提高幅度。对各部分的承载力贡献比例进行分析,发现复合管混凝土试件中混凝土的承载力贡献比例超过70%,且承载力贡献度随CFRP层数的增加而提高。提出了CFRP-铝合金复合管混凝土构件的轴压承载力计算公式。