High-sensitivity phase imaging eddy current magneto-optical system for carbon fiber reinforced polymers detection

This paper proposed a high-sensitivity phase imaging eddy current magneto-optical (PI-ECMO) system for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) defect detection. In contrast to other eddy current-based detection systems, the proposed system employs a fixed position excitation coil while enabling the detection point to move within the detection region. This configuration effectively mitigates the interference caused by the lift-off effect, which is commonly observed in systems with moving excitation coils. Correspondingly, the relationship between the defect characteristics (orientation and position) and the surface vertical magnetic field distribution (amplitude and phase) is studied in detail by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Experiments conducted on woven CFRP plates demonstrate that the designed PI-ECMO system is capable of effectively detecting both surface and internal cracks, as well as impact defects. The excitation current is significantly reduced compared with traditional eddy current magneto-optical (ECMO) systems.

A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)and glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP)composite materials

Fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) composite materials are heterogeneous and anisotropic materials that do not exhibit plastic deformation. They have been used in a wide range of contemporary applications particularly in space and aviation,automotive,maritime and manufacturing of sports equipment. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP) composite materials,among other fiber reinforced materials,have been increasingly replacing conventional materials with their excellent strength and low specific weight properties. Their manufacturability in varying combinations with customized strength properties,also their high fatigue,toughness and high temperature wear and oxidation resistance capabilities render these materials an excellent choice in engineering applications.In the present review study,a literature survey was conducted on the machinability properties and related approaches for CFRP and GFRP composite materials. As in the machining of all anisotropic and heterogeneous materials,failure mechanisms were also reported in the machining of CFRP and GFRP materials with both conventional and modern manufacturing methods and the results of these studies were obtained by use of variance analysis(ANOVA),artificial neural networks(ANN) model,fuzzy inference system(FIS),harmony search(HS) algorithm,genetic algorithm(GA),Taguchi's optimization technique,multi-criteria optimization,analytical modeling,stress analysis,finite elements method(FEM),data analysis,and linear regression technique. Failure mechanisms and surface quality is discussed with the help of optical and scanning electron microscopy,and profilometry. ANOVA,GA,FEM,etc. are used to analyze and generate predictive models.

Parameters of static response of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) suspension cables

The feasibility of longer spans relies on the successful implementation of new high-strength light weight materials such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP). First, a dimensionless equilibrium equation and the corresponding compatibility equation are established to develop the cable force equation and cable displacement governing equation for suspension cables, respectively. Subsequently, the inextensible cable case is introduced. The formula of the Irvine parameter is considered and its physical interpretation as well as its relationship with the chord gravity stiffness is presented. The influences on the increment of cable force and displacement by λ2 and load ratio p′ are analyzed, respectively. Based on these assumptions and the analytical formulations, a 2000 m span suspension cable is utilized as an example to verify the proposed formulation and the responses of the relative increment of cable force and cable displacement under symmetrical and asymmetrical loads are studied and presented. In each case, the deflections resulting from elastic elongation or solely due to geometrical displacement are analyzed for the lower elastic modulus CFRP. Finally, in comparison with steel cables, the influences on the cable force equation and the governing displacement equation by span and rise span ratio are analyzed. Moreover, the influences on the static performance of suspension bridge by span and sag ratios are also analyzed. The substantive characteristics of the static performance of super span CFRP suspension bridges are clarified and the superiority and the characteristics of CFRP cable structure are demonstrated analytically.

Investigating Some Parameters Affecting Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate

In this paper,the influence of some important parameters affecting the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with one layer of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)laminate has been studied.For this purpose,six reinforced concrete beams were cast and tested in the laboratory.Based on the obtained data,when CFRP laminate is applied to the tension face,too close to the steel rebar,the flexural strength of the strengthened beam is reduced.In general,the performance of the beam strengthened with one wide CFRP strip is better than that strengthened with two equivalent narrow strips.Ultimate load capacity of each strengthened beam was calculated based on the method given by the ACI 440.2R and compared with the test one.It is concluded that,to avoid the steel rebar-CFRP laminate interaction effect,the CFRP laminate depth-to-the effective depth ratio(df/d)should not be smaller than about 1.17.

Study of damage behavior and repair effectiveness of patch repaired carbon fiber laminate under quasi-static indentation loading

Damage caused due to low-velocity impacts in composites leads to substantial deterioration in their residual strength and eventually provokes structural failure.This work presents an experimental investigation on the effects of different patch and parent laminate stacking sequences on the enhancement of impact strength of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers(CFRP)composites by utilising the adhesively bonded external patch repair technique.Damage evolution study is also performed with the aid of Acoustic Emission(AE).Two different quasi-isotropic configurations were selected for the parent laminate,viz.,[45°/45°/0°/0°]s and[45°/0°/45°/0°]s.Quasi Static Indentation(QSI)test was performed on both the pristine laminates,and damage areas were detected by using the C-scan inspection technique.Damaged laminates were repaired by using a single-sided patch of two different configurations,viz.,[45°/45°/45°/45°]and[45°/0°/0°/45°],and employing a circular plug to fill the damaged hole.Four different combinations of repaired laminates with two configurations of each parent and patch laminate were produced,which were further subjected to the QSI test.The results reveal the effectiveness of the repair method,as all the repaired laminates show higher impact resistance compared to the respective pristine laminates.Patches of[45°/0°/0°/45°]configuration when repaired by taking[45°/45°/0°/0°]s and[45°/0°/45°/0°]s as parents exhibited 68%and 73%higher peak loads,respectively,than the respective pristine laminates.Furthermore,parent and patch of configuration[45°/0°/45°/0°]s and[45°/0°/0°/45°],respectively,attain the highest peak load,whereas[45°/45°/0°/0°]s and[45°/45°/45°/45°]combinations possess the most gradual decrease in the load.

Square concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastics sheets at low temperatures

Twenty-one square concrete columns were constructed and tested. The testing results indicate that bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP) sheets can be used to increase the strength and improve the serviceability of damaged concrete columns at low temperatures. The failure of the specimens,in most cases,takes place within the middle half of the columns. And the failure of strengthened columns is sudden and explosive. The CFRP sheets increase both the axial load capacity and the ultimate concrete compressive strain of the columns. The ultimate loads of strengthened columns at-10,0 and 10 ℃ increase averagely by 9.09%,6.63% and 17.83%,respectively,as compared with those of the control specimens. The axial compressive strength of strengthened columns is related to the curing temperatures. The improvement of axial compressive strength decreases with reducing temperature,and when the temperature drops to a certain value,the improvement increases with falling temperature.

Mechanical joint performances of friction self-piercing riveted carbon fiber reinforced polymer and AZ31B Mg alloy

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) and AZ31B Mg alloy were joined by the friction self-piercing riveting(F-SPR) with different steel rivet shank sizes. With the increase of rivet shank size, lap shear fracture load and mechanical interlock distance increased. Ultrafine grains were formed at the joint in AZ31B as a result of dynamic recrystallization, which contributed to the higher hardness. Fatigue life of the CFRP-AZ31B joint was studied at various peak loads of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kN and compared with the resistance spot welded AZ31B-AZ31B from the open literature. The fatigue performance was better at higher peak load(>2 kN) and comparable to that of resistance spot welding of AZ31B to AZ31B at lower peak loads(<1 kN). From fractography, the crack initiation for lower peak load(<1 kN) case was observed at the fretting positions on the top and bottom surfaces of AZ31B sheet. When peak load was increased, fretting between the rivet and the top of AZ31B became more dominant to initiate a crack during fatigue testing.

Study of galvanic corrosion and mechanical joint properties of AZ31B and carbon-fiber–reinforced polymer joined by friction self-piercing riveting

A new testing methodology was developed to quantitively study galvanic corrosion of AZ31B and thermoset carbon-fiber–reinforced polymer spot-joined by a friction self-piercing riveting process.Pre-defined areas of AZ31B in the joint were exposed in 0.1 M NaCl solution over time.Massive galvanic corrosion of AZ31B was observed as exposure time increased.The measured volume loss was converted into corrosion current that was at least 48 times greater than the corrosion current of AZ31B without galvanic coupling.Ninety percent of the mechanical joint integrity was retained for corroded F-SPR joints to 200 h and then decreased because of the massive volume loss of AZ31B。

Shear strengthening of pre-damaged reinforced concrete beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheet strips

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the response of pre-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beam strengthened in shear using applied-epoxy unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet. The reasearch included four test rectangular simply supported RC beams in shear capacity. One is the control beam, two RC beams are damaged to a predetermined degree from ultimate shear capacity of the control beam, and the last beam is left without pre-damaged and then strengthened with using externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer to upgrade their shear capacity. We focused on the damage degree to beams during strengthening, therefore, only the beams with side- bonded CFRPs strips and horizontal anchored strips were used. The results show the feasibility of using CFRPs to restore or increase the load-carrying capacity in the shear of damaged RC beams. The failure mode of all the CFRP-strengthened beams is debonding of CFRP vertical strips. Two prediction available models in ACI-440 and fib European code were compared with the experimental results.

STUDY ON ULTRASONIC VIBRATION DRILLING IN CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS

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CFRP及EWSS复合加固震损双层高架桥框架式桥墩恢复力模型研究

为研究碳纤维布(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)及外包型钢(Externally Wrapped Steel Section,EWSS)复合加固震损双层高架桥框架式桥墩的恢复力模型,对1榀原型对比试件、1榀无预损加固试件和2榀遭受不同地震损伤加固试件进行了低周往复加载破坏试验,获取了滞回曲线并提取骨架曲线,分析其滞回特性,提出一种弹性段和强化段为双折线、下降段为指数函数且考虑初始损伤的骨架曲线模型;采用试验数据回归拟合方法,定量描述了试件滞回曲线卸载刚度的退化规律,考虑了同级加载承载力退化和定点指向特征,建立了恢复力模型。研究结果表明:复合加固试件滞回曲线捏缩现象明显,呈倒S型,各滞回环分别相交于骨架曲线上正向、负向荷载为屈服荷载0.25倍的点,峰值荷载后EWSS产生包辛格效应;所提出的骨架曲线模型对中度震损和重度震损加固试件下降段指数函数的参数k建议取值分别为3.6和3.4;所建立的骨架曲线模型和恢复力模型计算结果与试验实测结果吻合较好,可为该类结构弹塑性地震反应分析提供依据。

超声振动辅助磨削CFRP复合材料薄管撕裂损伤研究

针对碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)薄管超声振动辅助磨削过程中存在撕裂损伤且形成原因不明确的问题,通过对M55J和T300复合材料薄管开展超声振动辅助磨削试验,探究了超声振幅、进给量及主轴转速对磨削力和撕裂尺寸的影响规律,通过对磨削过程的受力分析和对最大未变形切屑厚度的计算,分析了撕裂位置的形成原因和撕裂尺寸的变化规律。结果表明:磨削力随超声振幅的增大而减小,随进给量的增大而增大,与主轴转速的关联性较小;撕裂易出现于CFRP薄管内壁,其长度与高度随超声振幅的增大而减小,随进给量的增大而增大,随主轴转速的增大而减小。

侧向冲击荷载作用下CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土柱的动力响应

为了研究CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土固简柱的抗侧向冲击性能,采用水平撞击装置对3个CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土柱进行侧向冲击试验.根据柱的破坏模式、局部变形、整体变形及冲击力分析柱的动力响应,研究了CFRP型材、边界条件、冲击能量与冲击冲量对试件动力响应的影响规律.结果表明,CFRP型材-方钢管混凝土固简柱呈现弯曲破坏,具有良好的抗冲击性能,且随着支座约束能力的增大,抗侧向冲击性能增大.增加单位冲击冲量可使悬臂试件的峰值位移下降7%,而两端固支试件峰值位移仅变化1%.随着支座约束能力的下降,冲击冲量对试件变形的影响程度增大.在钢管混凝土固简试件中内置CFRP型材可使冲击位置处峰值位移下降9%,且降低程度随着支座约束能力的下降而增加.

CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱轴压试验及承载力计算方法

为了提升薄壁不锈钢结构的承载性能和耐久性,在不锈钢管内外壁粘贴碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)复合约束海水海砂混凝土,制得一种CFRP-不锈钢夹层管海水海砂混凝土结构。以CFRP粘贴层数和方式为变化参数,对18个短柱试件进行了单调轴心受压试验,观察了试件的受力破坏过程及形态,获取了荷载-位移曲线和材料应变分布数据,分析了试件轴压力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:内外贴CFRP能有效地提高结构的承载能力和变形能力;无CFRP和内贴CFRP试件的破坏形态均为剪切破坏,但破坏形态会随着外贴CFRP层数的增加向腰鼓破坏转变;在相同粘贴方式下,试件的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力随着CFRP层数的增加呈非线性提高;在相同粘贴层数下,内贴CFRP的力学性能提升效果优于外贴CFRP,粘贴1层和2层CFRP时,内贴试件的极限承载力相较于外贴试件能再提高5.6%和6.7%,同时内贴1层CFRP的试件的耗能能力与外贴2层CFRP的相当;应变分析显示,在试件破坏前,CFRP与不锈钢协同工作良好。文中最后基于极限平衡法,考虑不锈钢的应变硬化效应,提出了CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱极限轴压承载力的计算公式,并收集了73个样本的数据进行验证,发现计算值与试验值较为吻合。

锪窝圆角半径对CFRP/Al机械连接结构力学性能影响

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)和铝合金(Al)因其优异的机械/物理性能,广泛应用于新一代商用飞机.CFRP/Al沉头螺栓连接结构是重要的连接形式,其中锪窝圆角半径影响了机械连接性能.研究中设计制造不同锪窝圆角的钻锪一体刀具对锪窝圆角尺寸进行控制,并采用基于复合材料渐进损伤模型的有限元仿真方法对不同锪窝圆角半径连接结构力学性能进行仿真和试验研究,分析了CFRP/Al叠层机械连接失效机理.结果表明,利用钻锪一体锪窝钻头可以有效控制锪窝圆角;锪窝位于CFRP层相比于位于铝合金层有着更大的极限强度;CFRP和铝合金材料均在锪窝圆角半径为1.0 mm时具有最大的极限载荷,即锪窝圆角略大于螺栓圆角有利于获得更好的机械连接性能.

车用CFRP层压圆柱壳冲击损伤分析及最小穿透能量预测

为了探究碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)在汽车曲面零部件上的应用前景,该文以碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)层压圆柱壳作为对象,研究其在落锤冲击工况下的损伤与吸能特性。基于复合材料均质化方法,建立CFRP层压圆柱壳落锤冲击的多尺度模型,探究曲率半径对冲击损伤和能量吸收的影响;并采用非线性拟合方法建立了最小穿透能量与层压圆柱壳材料参数、结构参数及落锤参数之间的函数关系,实现概念设计阶段最小穿透能量的快速预测,对比仿真结果拟合公式的误差在20%以内。结果表明:相较于平板,层压圆柱壳的峰值载荷宽度更大、更平稳。在60 J冲击作用下,层压圆柱壳各铺层损伤面积相对均匀,其中纤维损伤与曲率半径无关,基体损伤面积随曲率半径增大而增大;当曲率半径为100 mm时,层压壳承载及抵抗变形能力较好,具有较好的抗冲击性;当曲率半径为200 mm时,层压壳耗散能量最多,吸能效果较好。

飞秒激光表面织构化对CFRP/2060铝锂合金高速激光连接接头剪切性能的影响

激光表面织构化作为提高异质结构接头剪切性能的有效手段,已广泛应用于碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)与金属材料激光连接领域中。采用波长515 nm的飞秒激光在2060铝锂合金表面制备微结构,采用能量密度分布均匀的矩形光斑实现CFRP和2060铝锂合金异质接头的高速光纤激光连接,探讨飞秒激光刻蚀深度、扫描线间距对异质结构接头剪切强度的影响规律。结果表明,通过飞秒激光织构化处理,异质接头剪切强度得到了大幅提升,接头破坏形式均为界面断裂和基体断裂的混合断裂模式。在激光功率5 kW、焊接速度高达3.6 m/min条件下,接头平均剪切强度可达35.7 MPa,是未经飞秒激光织构化接头的2.3倍。

超声检测识别CFRP复合材料PTFE夹杂与富树脂缺陷

针对碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)缺陷试样制作困难且不同夹杂缺陷难识别的问题,采用仿真与试验相结合的方法,开展聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)夹杂与富树脂缺陷超声检测研究。首先建立考虑CFRP层结构弹性各向异性的多向层合板超声反射法有限元模型,对比模拟与试验得到的A扫描时域信号,证明了模型的有效性。在CFRP层合板内部设置宽度6 mm,厚度0.03~0.40 mm的PTFE夹杂和厚度0.03~0.85 mm的富树脂缺陷,模拟得到超声A扫描信号,分析比较两种缺陷厚度变化对超声信号幅值最大值和波形峭度因子的影响。结果显示,随着缺陷厚度增加,PTFE夹杂及富树脂缺陷信号的幅值最大值和峭度因子均呈现先上升后下降最后趋于稳定的趋势,但富树脂缺陷信号幅值最大值低于PTFE夹杂,其峭度因子随厚度变化滞后于PTFE夹杂。

Strengthening reinforced concrete beams using prestressed glass fiber-reinforced polymer-Part I: Experimental study

This work is aimed at studying the strengthening of reinforced concrete (R. C.) beams using prestressed glass fi- ber-reinforced polymer (PGFRP). Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has recently become popular for use as repair or rehabilitation material for deteriorated R. C. structures, but because CFRP material is very stiff, the difference in CFRP sheet and concrete material properties is not favorable for transferring the prestress from CFRP sheets to R. C. members. Glass fi- ber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets with Modulus of Elasticity quite close to that of concrete was chosen in this study. The load-carrying capacities (ultimate loads) and the deflections of strengthened R. C. beams using GFRP and PGFRP sheets were tested and compared. T- and ⊥-shaped beams were used as the under-strengthened and over-strengthened beams. The GFRP sheets were prestressed to one-half their tensile capacities before being bonded to the T- and ⊥-shaped R. C. beams. The prestressed tension in the PGFRP sheets caused cambers in the R. C. beams without cracks on the tensile faces. The PGFRP sheets also enhanced the load-carrying capacity. The test results indicated that T-shaped beams with GFRP sheets increased in load-carrying capacity by 55% while the same beams with PGFRP sheets could increase load-carrying capacity by 100%. The ⊥-shaped beams with GFRP sheets could increase load-carrying capacity by 97% while the same beams with PGFRP sheets could increase the loading-carrying capacity by 117%. Under the same external loads, beams with GFRP sheets underwent larger deflections than beams with PGFRP sheets. While GFRP sheets strengthen R. C. beams, PGFRP sheets decrease the beams’ ductility, especially for the over-strengthened beams (⊥-shaped beams).