Removal of aqueous Ni(Ⅱ) with carbonized leaf powder: Kinetics and equilibrium

Nickel is a heavy metal which has the potential threaten to human＇s health and attracts public concern recently. The carbonized leaf powder is expected as suitable adsorbent for Ni（II） removal became of the composition of some beneficial groups. In this work, carbonized leaf powder was evaluated for its adsorption performance towards Ni（II）. According to the results, adsorbent component, dosage, initial solute concentration, solution pH, temperature and contact time can significantly affect the efficiency of Ni（II） removal. Sips model fits the test results best, and the adsorption capacity towards Ni（II） is determined around 37.62 mg/g. The thermodynamic behaviors reveal the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption. The free adsorption energy （fluctuate around 8 kJ/mol） predicted by D-R model indicates that the adsorption capacity originated from both physical and chemical adsorption. Room temperature （15-25 ℃） is suitable for Ni（II） removal as well as low energy consumption for temperature enhancement. Further conclusions about the mechanism of chemical adsorption are obtained through analysis of the FT-IR test and XRD spectra, which indicates that the adsorption process occurs predominantly between amine, carbonate, phosphate and nickel ions.

Response of leaf carbon metabolism and dry matter accumulation to density and row spacing in two rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)genotypes with differing plant architectures

Biological yield indicates the potential for increasing yield.Leaf carbon metabolism plays an important role in the biomass accumulation of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Field experiments with the hybrid HZ62(with a conventional plant architecture)grown in 2016–2017,and HZ62 and accession 1301(with a compact plant architecture)grown in 2017–2018 were conducted to characterize the physiological and proteomic responses of leaf photosynthetic carbon metabolism to density and row spacing configurations.The densities were set at 15×10;ha^(-1)(D1),30×10^(4)ha^(-1)(D2),and 45×10^(4)ha^(-1)(D3)(main plot),with row spacings of 15 cm(R15),25 cm(R25),and 35 cm(R35)(subplot).Individual and plant population biomass accumulation was greatest at R25,R15,and R15 for D1,D2,and D3,respectively,for both genotypes.In comparison with D1 R25,the individual aboveground biomass of HZ62 decreased by60.2%,whereas the population biomass increased by 31.9%,and the individual biomass of genotype1301 decreased by 54.0%and the population biomass increased by 53.9%at D3 R15.Leaf carbon metabolic enzymes varied between genotypes at flowering stage.In contrast to D1 R25,at D3 R15 the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)and the contents of starch,sucrose and soluble sugars in leaves were significantly decreased in HZ62 and increased in genotype 1301.The activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase)decreased,in consistency with the abundance of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase in HZ62.In contrast,sucrose synthase(Su Sy)activity appeared to decrease in both genotypes,but a significant increase in abundance of a protein with sucrose synthase was found in the 1301 genotype by proteomic analysis.With increased density and reduced row spacing,the expression of most key proteins involved in carbon metabolism was elevated,and enzyme activity and carbon assimilate content were increased in 1301,whereas HZ62 showed the opposite trend,indicating that the compact plant type can accumulate more population biomass with denser planting.

Leaf stable carbon isotope composition in Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in relation to leaf physiological and morphological characteristics along an altitudinal gradient

To understand the effects of leaf physiological and morphological characteristics on δ13C of alpine trees, we examined leaf δ13C value, LA, SD, LNC, LPC, LKC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea in one-year-old needles of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica at ten points along an altitudinal gradient from 1420 m to 2300 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China. Our results indicated that all the leaf traits differed significantly among sampling sites along the altitudinal gradient(P<0.001). LA, SD, LPC, LKC increased linearly with increasing elevation, whereas leaf δ13C, LNC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea varied non-linearly with changes in altitude. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that four controlled physiological and morphological characteristics influenced the variation of δ13C. Among these four controlled factors, LKC was the most profound physiological factor that affected δ13C values, LA was the secondary morphological factor, SD was the third morphological factor, LNC was the last physiological factor. This suggested that leaf δ13C was directly controlled by physiological and morphological adjustments with changing environmental conditions due to the elevation.

How <i>Betula ermanii</i>Maintains a Positive Carbon Balance at the Individual Leaf Level at High Elevations

Generally, plant species with shorter leaf longevity maintain a positive carbon balance by decreasing leaf mass per area (LMA) and increasing photosynthesis. However, plants at high elevations need to increase LMA against environmental stresses. Therefore, plants need to increase both LMA and photosynthesis at high elevations. To examine how deciduous plants maintain a positive carbon balance at high elevations, photosynthesis and related leaf traits for deciduous broad-leaved tree Betula ermanii were measured at three elevations. LMA was greater at middle and high elevations than at low elevation. Leaf δ13C was greater at higher elevations, and positively correlated with LMA, indicating greater long-term deficiency of CO2 in leaves at higher elevations. However, the Ci/Ca ratio at photosynthetic measurement was not low at high elevations. Nitrogen content per leaf mass and stomatal conductance were greater at higher elevations. Photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) did not differ among the three elevations. Photosynthetic rate showed a strong positive correlation with stomatal conductance on a leaf area basis (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.001). Therefore, this study suggests B. ermanii compensates the deficiency of CO2 in leaves at high elevation by increasing stomatal conductance, and maintains photosynthesis and PNUE at high elevation as much as at low elevation.

Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests rapidly increased the content and ratio of inert carbon in soil macroaggregates

The lack of clarity of how natural vegetation restoration influences soil organic carbon(SOC) content and SOC components in soil aggregate fractions limits the understanding of SOC sequestration and turnover in forest ecosystems.The aim of this study was to explore how natural vegetation restoration affects the SOC content and ratio of SOC components in soil macroaggregates(>250 μm), microaggregates(53–250 μm), and silt and clay(<53 μm) fractions in 30-, 60-, 90-and 120-year-old Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests, Shaanxi, China in 2015.And the associated effects of biomasses of leaf litter and different sizes of roots(0–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0 and >2.0 mm diameter) on SOC components were studied too.Results showed that the contents of high activated carbon(HAC), activated carbon(AC) and inert carbon(IC) in the macroaggregates, microaggregates and silt and clay fractions increased with restoration ages.Moreover, IC content in the microaggregates in topsoil(0–20 cm) rapidly increased;peaking in the 90-year-old restored forest, and was 5.74 times higher than AC content.In deep soil(20–80 cm), IC content was 3.58 times that of AC content.Biomasses of 0.5–1.0 mm diameter roots and leaf litter affected the content of aggregate fractions in topsoil, while the biomass of >2.0 mm diameter roots affected the content of aggregate fractions in deep soil.Across the soil profiles, macroaggregates had the highest capacity for HAC sequestration.The effects of restoration ages on soil aggregate fractions and SOC content were less in deep soil than in topsoil.In conclusion, natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests improved the contents of SOC, especially IC within topsoil and deep soil.The influence of IC on aggregate stability was greater than the other SOC components, and the aggregate stability was significantly affected by the biomasses of litter, 0.5–1.0 mm diameter roots in topsoil and >2.0 mm diameter roots in deep soil.Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests promoted SOC sequestration by soil macroaggregates.

End-Use Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Filled Natural Rubber

The effects of incorporating pineapple leaf fibre (PLF) as a filler on the end-end properties of natural rubber vulcanizates were studied at different filler contents and particle sizes. The pineapple leaf fibre was used within filler contents, 0 to 40 phr at the following filler particle sizes, 75, 150 and 300 μm. The PLF was characterized for filler properties while carbon black (N330) served as the reference filler. The natural rubber vulcanizates were compounded on a two-roll mill. Results showed that the abrasion resistance of filled natural rubber vulcanizates was generally higher than that of the unfilled natural rubber vulcanizate at filler content, 5 phr, and for PLF (150 and 300 μm) and carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates, the abrasion resistance decreased within filler content, 5 to 20 phr after which it increased with filler content. CB exhibited better abrasion resistance in the vulcanizates than PLF at filler contents greater than 20 phr. The hardness of filled natural rubber vulccanizates was generally greater than that of unfilled vulcanizate and increased with increases in filler particle size at filler contents, 10 and 20 phr. The specific gravity of the rubber vulcanizates increased gradually with the increase in filler content at filler content greater than 5 phr, and increased with increases in filler particle size at any filler content considered. The swelling index of filled natural rubber vulcanizates in toluene generally decreased with increasing filler particle size at filler contents, 5, 10 and 40 phr whereas the swelling index for PLF (150 μm) filled natural rubber decreased with increases in filler content. CB filled vulcanizates absorbed the highest amount of toluene (2.5%) in the vulcanizates at filler content, 40 phr. PLF (150 and 300 μm) generally gave optimum performances in the end-use properties of the rubber vulcanizates determined within filler contents, 30 and 40 phr. The incorporation of pineapple leaf fibre into natural rubber was found to improve the end-use properties of natural rubber vulcanizates and therefore, has potential in the formulation of natural rubber products.

Carbon sequestration capability of Fagus sylvatica forests developing in the Majella National Park (Central Apennines,Italy)

Terrestrial ecosystems represent a major sink for atmospheric carbon(C) and temperate forests play an important role in global C cycling, contributing to lower atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2) concentration through photosynthesis. The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change highlights that the forestry sector has great potential to decrease atmospheric CO2concentration compared to other sectoral mitigation activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate CO2sequestration(CO2S)capability of Fag us sylvatica(beech) growing in the Orfento Valley within Majella National Park(Abruzzo,Italy). We compared F. sylvatica areas subjected to thinning(one high-forest and one coppice) and no-management areas(two high-forests and two coppices). The results show a mean CO2S of 44.3 ± 2.6 Mg CO2ha-1a-1,corresponding to 12.1 ± 0.7 Mg C ha-1a-1the no-managed areas having a 28% higher value than the managed areas. The results highlight that thinning that allows seed regeneration can support traditional management practices such as civic use in some areas while no management should be carried out in the reserve in order to give priority to the objective of conservation and naturalistic improvement of the forest heritage.

Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Filled Natural Rubber

The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber filled with pineapple leaf fibre (PLF) were studied at different filler contents and particle sizes. The PLF was characterized for filler properties while carbon black (N330) served as the reference filler. The natural rubber vulcanizates were compounded on a two-roll mill. Results showed that PLF (300 μm) filled natural rubber vulcanizates exhibited the highest maximum torque (Tmax) (47.04 lb-in) at filler content, 10 phr among the filler particle sizes investigated. The minimum torque (Tmin) of the vulcanizates generally increased with the increase in filler contents and particle sizes. The scorch times of the rubber vulcanizates did not vary with fibre content while the cure times of PLF (300 μm) filled rubber vulcanizates decreased with filler content. The tensile strength (TS) of PLF (150 μm) filled natural rubber vulcanizates generally increased with the increase in filler content whereas the tensile modulus of the rubber vulcanizates decreased steadily with increasing filler particle size at filler contents, 5 and 30 phr. The elongation at break (EB) of the rubber vulcanizates exhibited no general order of variation with filler content and particle size, and was generally greater than that of unfilled natural rubber. The flexural strength of the rubber vulcanizates increased with increasing filler particle size at filler contents, 20 and 40 phr. The addition of PLF and carbon black improved the compression strength of the rubber vulcanizates, and which for PLF (300 μm) and CB fillers generally increased with the increase in filler content. The study has demonstrated the enhancement of properties of natural rubber vulcanizates on incorporation of PLF into natural rubber, however, the property enhancements obtained were less than those recorded for CB filled natural rubber vulcanizates.

Interactive Effects of Elevated [CO₂] and Soil Water Stress on Leaf Morphological and Anatomical Characteristic of Paper Birch Populations

The leaf morphological and stomatal characteristics of four paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh) populations, grown at four treatment conditions of carbon dioxide [CO2] and soil water levels were investigated to determine whether future increases in atmospheric [CO2] and water deficit affected the leaf characteristics. The populations from Cussion Lake, Little Oliver, Skimikin and Wayerton were grown for 12 weeks under ambient (360 ppm) and elevated (720 ppm) [CO2] at both high and low water levels. The populations significantly differed in leaf area and stomatal characteristics due to the interaction effects of [CO2], water levels and population differences. Most leaf morphological characteristics and stomatal density varied due to the effects of [CO2] and/or populations, but not due to the effect of water levels. Although elevated [CO2] alone barely affected stomatal area of the birch populations, simultaneous elevated [CO2] at both water levels had stimulated stomatal characteristics within and among the populations. Overall, elevated [CO2] reduced leaf area and increased stomatal density;and low water level resulted in smaller stomatal area, pore area and guard cell width. However, the populations responded differently to an increase in [CO2] and water levels. All populations showed plastic responses with respect to [CO2] and water levels either by decreasing stomatal area under low water level or by increasing stomatal density under elevated [CO2]. Hence, integration between and within leaf characteristics had helped paper birch populations maintain balance between [CO2] gain and water loss.

Elevated Carbon Dioxide Alters the Relative Fitness of <i>Taraxacum officinale</i>Genotypes

I tested whether elevated [CO2] affected which genotypes of Taraxacum officinale had highest fitness in two field experiments. In one experiment, T. officinale plants which persisted as weeds in alfalfa plots in open top chambers at ambient and elevated [CO2] were compared. In a second experiment, T. officinale seeds collected from local habitats were mixed and scattered in open top chambers at ambient and elevated [CO2], and plants producing seeds after one and two years in monocultures were compared. In both experiments seeds produced in each chamber were collected, and many plants from the seed lot from each chamber were grown in controlled environment chambers to test whether the [CO2] of the chamber of origin affected the mean value of various plant parameters. In both experiments, the results indicated that field exposure to elevated [CO2] altered the relative fitness of genotypes. Elevated [CO2] favored genotypes which produced biomass more rapidly at elevated [CO2] in both experiments, primarily because of faster rates of leaf initiation. The results suggest that genotypes of this species vary widely in fitness at elevated [CO2] whether grown in monocultures or in mixed communities, and that this species could adapt rapidly to rising atmospheric [CO2].

Diagnosis of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease Using the Highly Sensitive DNA Based Voltammetric Electrochemical Determination

A simple and highly sensitive analysis by electrochemical voltammetry has been developed for diagnosis of the most destructive crop disease in Thailand known as sugarcane white leaf (SCWL). Determination of the corresponding DNA interaction has been obtained from the voltammetric signals of electroactive redox methylene blue (MB) by means of cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. In this study, a chitosan-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was created by self-assembly to produce electrostatic platform for effective immobilization of the DNA. Fabrication of SCWL-DNA hybridization detection system was performed by immobilizing the ssDNA probe as a specific sensor onto chitosan-modified GCE. Hybridization of complementary DNA from the real samples could then be detected by its respective MB signal. This fabricated DNA probe sensor was shown to be capable for discriminative identification among the DNAs from SCWL plants, mosaic virus infected sugarcane and healthy sugarcane plants. Relationship between the specific hybridization signal and DNA target concentration was also observed under optimal condition. The detection limit of 4.709 ng/μl with the regression coefficient (R2) of 0.998 and overall RSD of 2.44% were obtained by response curve fit analysis. The actual SCWL-ssDNA immobilization and hybridizing event were subsequently confirmed by an observation under atomic force microscope. Thus these experiments demonstrate the first successful and effective DNA based voltammetric electrochemical determination for a verification of the specific pathogenic infection within plants from the real epidemic field.

以箬叶“炭”究Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的检测与吸附综合实验

本文以“科教融合”为导向,以湖北鹤峰的箬叶为原料,制备生物质炭和碳量子点并进行基本表征,以生物质炭吸附Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),以荧光淬灭法检测Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),吸附和检测过程绿色环保。结果表明生物质炭吸附Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附符合颗粒内扩散模型,吸附Cr(Ⅵ)符合准二级动力学模型,二者均为自发吸热过程。作为本科生综合教学实验,本实验不仅涉及多种无机化学、分析化学、物理化学、仪器分析的理论知识,还包含了制备、表征、数据处理、吸附机制分析等重要环节,同时融入了文化自信、地域文化和绿色化学等课程思政理念。该创新实验教学时长约为24小时,适合用于综合化学实验教学,实现了基础化学理论在实践中的有效应用,提升了化学专业学生的综合能力。

赖草草地叶片养分、碳组分和防御性化合物对氮添加的响应

本研究依托山西右玉黄土高原赖草(Leymus secalinus)草地2017年建立的氮(Nitrogen, N)添加梯度试验平台(0~32 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)),探究N添加对优势植物赖草叶片养分[N、磷(Phosphorus, P)、钾(Potassium, K)]、非结构性碳水化合物、结构性碳水化合物和防御性化合物含量的影响。结果表明:N素输入显著提高叶片N,K含量和N∶K和N∶P比值,降低叶片P含量和P∶K比值;N素输入显著降低叶片非结构性碳水化合物和结构性碳水化合物含量;N素输入显著增加叶片总酚、单宁和黄酮类化合物含量;PCA分析表明低N(≤8 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))和高N(>8 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))输入下赖草叶片性状存在显著差异,土壤无机N含量、土壤有效N∶P和N∶K是其主要影响因子。以上结果表明N素输入改变了盐渍化草地赖草叶片养分-碳组分-防御性化合物的分配策略。

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对典型沙生植物叶片性状和生理特性的影响

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microorganism induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)能够填充土壤孔隙,减少水分蒸发和增强风沙土的抗风蚀性,其防风固沙效果已得到证实,但其对沙生植物叶片性状和生长生理过程的影响尚不明确,为揭示微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对沙生植物叶性状和光合生理特征的影响,以沙蓬(Agriophyllum squarrosum)、斜茎黄芪(Astragalus laxmannii)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、蒙古羊柴(Corethrodendron fruticosum)4种沙生植物为研究对象,开展室内盆栽试验,对比分析不同菌剂施用量(高、中、低)和固结层位置(下、中、上)处理下沙生植物的叶性状和生理特性。结果表明,①微生物诱导碳酸钙分布在风沙土颗粒间,且呈立方体形、菱形、球形和不定形等多种晶态,能够胶结风沙土颗粒。②菌剂处理显著提高了4种沙生植物土壤的有机质和碳酸钙含量;施加高水平菌剂时,固结层下处理组沙蓬和斜茎黄芪土壤的有机质和碳酸钙含量显著高于其他处理组;其中斜茎黄芪土壤有机质含量的增幅最大,为90.19%,柠条锦鸡儿土壤碳酸钙含量增幅最大,为41.47%。③高水平菌剂处理组沙蓬的比叶面积显著高于其他处理组,平均提高0.98%;低水平菌剂处理组沙蓬和斜茎黄芪的叶干物质含量显著高于其他处理组,分别平均提高34.11%和24.18%。固结层中处理组沙蓬、斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的比叶面积显著低于其他处理组。④高水平菌剂处理组沙蓬、斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的叶绿素含量显著高于其他处理组,分别平均提高9.01%、12.97%和31.77%;中水平菌剂处理组沙蓬、高水平菌剂处理组斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的最大净光合速率显著高于其他处理组,分别平均提高55.70%、48.39%和13.24%。综上,施加菌剂能够提高土壤有机质和碳酸钙含量,为植物生长提供充足的养分,因此沙蓬、斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的光合生理特性显著高于对照组,但植物叶性状对土壤有机质和碳酸钙含量响应不显著。微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对中水平菌剂处理沙蓬、高水平菌剂处理斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的叶性状和光合生理特性有促进作用,但是对蒙古羊柴的叶性状和光合生理特性有抑制作用。以上研究结果为丰富完善微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙技术提供理论依据和科学支撑。

不同温度下杉木凋落叶分解过程中碳氮磷释放及其化学计量比变化

[目的]研究升温对不同发育阶段杉木凋落叶分解过程中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)释放规律及其生态化学计量特征的影响,揭示气候变暖背景下杉木人工林凋落叶分解过程中养分释放特征。[方法]收集中龄林(18年生)、成熟林(30年生)和过熟林(42年生)3个发育阶段的杉木凋落叶,设置25、30和35℃3个温度梯度进行室内模拟分解试验。[结果](1)在264 d的分解周期内,各发育阶段杉木凋落叶C、N、P残留率总体表现为随分解时间的增加而减小,但不同元素残留率变化模式不同,C残留率表现为释放—富集—释放模式,N残留率表现为富集—释放模式,P残留率表现为释放—富集模式。(2)拟合模型结果表明,成熟林与过熟林凋落叶分解过程中N周转期在35℃处理下比25℃处理分别缩短了34.4%和16.9%,P周转期分别缩短了38.4%和43.8%。(3)不同发育阶段杉木凋落叶分解过程中C:N、N:P比总体呈波动变化,C:P比呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,杉木凋落叶C:N、C:P、N:P比变幅分别为9.32~39.0、949~2194、32.7~153,升温处理在凋落叶分解过程总体上增大了C:P、N:P,降低了C:N比。[结论]温度升高能够缩短成熟林、过熟林凋落叶分解过程中N、P的周转期,提高各发育阶段杉木凋落叶分解过程中的C:P、N:P,说明杉木凋落叶分解明显受P限制,建议根据不同发育阶段杉木的生长需求,适当增加磷肥的施用。

Ag/Zn改性桑叶生物质碳及其光催化降解染料性能

通过在桑叶表面原位生长Zn基有机金属框架材料ZIF-8,再通过Ag改性、热解,制得一种新型的双金属Ag/Zn改性桑叶生物质碳材料(Ag/Zn@CL)。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、N_(2)吸附-脱附、紫外可见漫反射等手段对Ag/Zn@CL的组成与形貌结构进行了分析表征,并在可见光照射下研究了该材料对于有机染料结晶紫(CV)的光催化降解性能,分析了光催化脱色机理。实验结果表明,金属Ag成功负载在了ZIF-8复合桑叶的表面,制得的Ag/Zn@CL具有较窄的带隙能(2.71 eV),在可见光照射下可以产生大量e^(-)并进行后续的自由基反应,表现出优异的光催化降解活性。通过对桑叶与ZIF-8质量比、Ag的添加量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等条件优化后,当CV初始质量浓度为300 mg/L,添加20 mg AgNO_(3),桑叶与硝酸锌质量比为1∶2,600℃下碳化3 h,暗反应30 min,光反应1 h后,CV的脱除率可达到97%。经过5次吸附-光催化循环测试,该材料对CV的降解率能保持在80%左右。利用废弃桑叶制得的Ag/Zn@CL能够快速、高效降解水体中的有机染料,同时具有较好的循环稳定性,在有机废水处理领域具有广泛的应用前景。

湘南典型烟区土壤有机碳库指数、养分库容对烟叶质量的影响

于2020─2021年采集了耒阳烟区土壤及烟叶样品,分析了土壤有机碳库指数、养分及其库容对烟叶质量的影响和作用途径。结果表明:土壤有机碳库指数、养分总库容量、有效磷库容量及碱解氮库容量是影响烤后烟叶化学成分、外观质量及感官质量的4个主要指标;土壤有机碳库指数通过影响烟叶总钾、总糖、总植物碱含量间接地影响烤烟的感官质量,还通过影响烟叶总钾、总植物碱、总氮(土壤碱解氮)含量间接地影响烤烟的外观质量;土壤有机碳库指数、烤烟总钾含量、总植物碱含量与烤烟的外观质量、感官质量均呈显著正相关;烤烟的总糖含量与其感官质量呈显著正相关;土壤碱解氮含量与烤烟的外观质量呈显著正相关;烤烟总氮含量与其外观质量呈显著负相关。因此,提高耒阳烟区烤烟质量的重点在于提高土壤有机碳库指数。

不同性质艾柱燃烧红外光谱特征研究

目的 探索不同性质艾柱的燃烧红外光谱特征。方法 选取碳化艾柱及不同存储年份(3、5、10年)、不同叶绒比(3∶1、5∶1、10∶1)、不同紧密度(低、中、高)的普通艾柱做为实验样品,使用傅立叶红外变换光谱仪对样品进行燃烧红外光谱测试,并分析峰值与形状等光谱特征;主要指标为特征峰波长,特征峰峰高,红外波段(1.28~25.00μm)、近红外波段(1.28~3.00μm)、ATP能量代谢特征波段(2.0~2.5μm)、人体红外辐射峰值波段(7.5~10.0μm)辐射强度。结果 碳化艾柱燃烧红外单光束光谱峰值位于4.012μm,普通艾柱(存储3年、叶绒比3∶1、中紧密度)峰值位于4.630μm;扣除大气背景辐射后,光谱均在4.241μm或15.000μm附近出现波峰或波谷。与普通艾柱(存储3年、叶绒比3∶1、中紧密度)比较,碳化艾柱红外波段辐射强度更高;特征峰波长更长;特征峰高度更低(P<0.05)。与存储3年艾柱比较,存储10年艾柱的红外波段、近红外波段、ATP能量代谢特征波段、人体红外辐射峰值波段辐射强度更高(P<0.05);存储5年艾柱的ATP能量代谢特征波段辐射强度更高(P<0.05)。与存储5年艾柱比较,存储10年艾柱的红外波段、近红外波段、ATP能量代谢特征波段、人体红外辐射峰值波段辐射强度更高(P<0.05)。与叶绒比3∶1艾柱比较,叶绒比10∶1艾柱的红外波段、近红外波段、ATP能量代谢特征波段、人体红外辐射峰值波段辐射强度更高(P<0.05);叶绒比5∶1艾柱的红外波段、ATP能量代谢特征波段、人体红外辐射峰值波段辐射强度更高(P<0.05)。与低紧密度艾柱比较,中、高紧密度艾柱的红外波段、人体红外辐射峰值波段辐射强度更高(P<0.05)。结论 碳化艾柱辐射强度较强,但其光谱异于普通艾柱,增加普通艾柱的存储年份及叶绒比可以加强艾柱辐射强度,且紧密度适中的普通艾柱更优,为传统艾灸的作用机制研究提供基础。

载畜率对冷蒿不同根际距离土壤细菌及其碳氮含量的影响

为了探究荒漠草原不同载畜率下半灌木植物冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)根、茎、叶碳氮含量与其根际、非根际土壤细菌群落结构的关系,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤(根际和非根际)细菌多样性和群落组成,测定根、茎、叶碳氮含量,分析细菌多样性与根茎叶碳氮含量的关系。结果表明:不同载畜率对冷蒿根茎叶的碳氮含量存在显著影响,中度和重度放牧会限制冷蒿的生长发育。不同载畜率下,根际土壤属水平下细菌的相对丰度均高于非根际土壤,根际与非根际土壤细菌Simpson指数、ACE指数均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。冷蒿根茎叶碳氮含量与土壤中红色杆菌属和亚硝化球菌属的相对丰度存在相关性关系。

荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的制备及其在环保储能器件中的应用

本文用干枯的荷叶为原料,通过低温脱水、高温碳化及活化等工艺获得化学稳定高、导电性好、高比表面积的荷叶基生物质活性炭,然后通过水热法制备出一系列新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料。采用电化学方法研究了荷叶基活性炭的活化温度和溶剂热反应温度对新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料构筑的超级电容器赝电容行为的影响规律。研究结果表明新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的质量比电容随着荷叶基活性炭的活化温度的增加而先快速增大而后略微减小,在荷叶基活性炭的活化温度为600摄氏度时制备的荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的赝电容性能最优,其质量比电容为340.6 F·g^(-1)(电压扫描速率为5 mV·s^(-1));新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的质量比电容随着溶剂热反应温度的增加而先增大而后减小,在溶剂热反应温度为170摄氏度时制备的荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的赝电容性能最优,其质量比电容为536.3 F·g^(-1)(电流密度为1 A·g^(-1))。