The changes in soil organic carbon stock and quality across a subalpine forest successional series

Soil organic carbon(SOC)affects the function of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a vital role in global carbon cycle.Yet,large uncertainty still existed regarding the changes in SOC stock and quality with forest succession.Here,the stock and quality of SOC at 1-m soil profile were investigated across a subalpine forest series,including shrub,deciduous broad-leaved forest,broadleaf-conifer mixed forest,middle-age coniferous forest and mature coniferous forest,which located at southeast of Tibetan Plateau.The results showed that SOC stock ranged from 9.8 to29.9 kg·m^(-2),and exhibited a hump-shaped response pattern across the forest successional series.The highest and lowest SOC stock was observed in the mixed forest and shrub forest,respectively.The SOC stock had no significant relationships with soil temperature and litter stock,but was positively correlated with wood debris stock.Meanwhile,the average percentages of polysaccharides,lignins,aromatics and aliphatics based on FTIR spectroscopy were 79.89%,0.94%,18.87%and 0.29%,respectively.Furthermore,the percentage of polysaccharides exhibited an increasing pattern across the forest successional series except for the sudden decreasing in the mixed forest,while the proportions of lignins,aromatics and aliphatics exhibited a decreasing pattern across the forest successional series except for the sudden increasing in the mixed forest.Consequently,the humification indices(HIs)were highest in the mixed forest compared to the other four successional stages,which means that the SOC quality in mixed forest was worse than other successional stages.In addition,the SOC stock,recalcitrant fractions and HIs decreased with increasing soil depth,while the polysaccharides exhibited an increasing pattern.These findings demonstrate that the mixed forest had higher SOC stock and worse SOC quality than other successional stages.The high proportion of SOC stock(66%at depth of 20-100 cm)and better SOC quality(lower HIs)indicate that deep soil have tremendous potential to store SOC and needs more attention under global chan ge.

Eucalyptus carbon stock estimation in subtropical regions with the modeling strategy of sample plots–airborne LiDAR–Landsat time series data

Updating eucalyptus carbon stock data in a timely manner is essential for better understanding and quantifying its effects on ecological and hydrological processes.At present,there are no suitable methods to accurately estimate the eucalyptus carbon stock in a large area.This research aimed to explore the transferability of the eucalyptus carbon stock estimation model at temporal and spatial scales and assess modeling performance through the strategy of combining sample plots,airborne LiDAR and Landsat time series data in subtropical regions of China.Specifically,eucalyptus carbon stock estimates in typical sites were obtained by applying the developed models with the combination of airborne LiDAR and field measurement data;the eucalyptus plantation ages were estimated using the random localization segmentation approach from Landsat time series data;and regional models were developed by linking LiDAR-derived eucalyptus carbon stock and vegetation age(e.g.,months or years).To examine the models’robustness,the developed models at the regional scale were transferred to estimate carbon stocks at the spatial and temporal scales,and the modeling results were evaluated using validation samples accordingly.The results showed that carbon stock can be successfully estimated using the age-based models(both age variables in months and years as predictor variables),but the month-based models produced better estimates with a root mean square error(RMSE)of 6.51 t⋅ha1 for Yunxiao County,Fujian Province,and 6.33 t⋅ha1 for Gaofeng Forest Farm,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Particularly,the month-based models were superior for estimating the carbon stocks of young eucalyptus plantations of less than two years.The model transferability analyses showed that the month-based models had higher transferability than the year-based models at the temporal scale,indicating their possibility for analysis of carbon stock change.However,both the month-based and year-based models expressed relatively poor transferability at a spatial scale.This study provides new insights for cost-effective monitoring of carbon stock change in intensively managed plantation forests.

Agglomerating Growth of One-Dimensional Carbon Nano-Materials Synthesized from Ethanol Flames

One-dimensional carbon nano-materials （ODCNMs） synthesized from ethanol flames exhibit various agglomerated morphologies, such as ＂chrysanthemum-like＂, ＂hairball-like＂ or ＂orange-peel-like＂, ＂vertically aligned＂ and ＂wrinkling-pileup＂. The present work studied the agglomerating process and the growth mechanism by using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. It is thought that the size and distribution of the catalyst particles produced from pretreatment of the substrates play a key role during the formation of agglomerations. It is expected that the steady growth of ODCNMs in flames will be improved through the preparation of the catalysts.

Study on the serialization and applications of low carbon ductile iron

Both the production process and the chemical composition of Sx were studied, and the serialization of low carbon ductile iron was also discussed. It was indicated that Sx modifier was sensitive to the carbon equivalent (CE) of molten iron and to some alloying elements too. When the CE of molten iron and the contents of alloying elements were changed, the content of Sx must be revised with the change correspondingly. Low carbon ductile iron can be stably changed into the one that non-carbon acicular ferrite and retained austenite (about 25%-28%) by quasi-casting bainitic process of using Sx-2 modifier treated Si-Mn-Cr-Cu-alloyed low carbon molten iron. The austenitic low carbon as-cast ductile iron could be obtained by the Ni-Si-Cr 35 5 2 percent alloys molten iron with less than 2% carbon treated by type Sx-3 modifier. The high-toughness ferritic low carbon as-cast ductile iron which contained more than 85 % ferrite in matrix could be got after the molten iron treated by type Sx-4 modifier, and it’s elongation was more than 10 %.

CO Selective Oxidation in Hydrogen-Rich Gas over Copper-Series Catalysts

The performances of CO selective oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas over fourcatalytic systems of CuO/ZrO_2, CuO/MnO_2, CuO/CoO and CuO/CeO_2 were compared. The reducibility ofthese catalysts and the effect of CuO and CeO_2 molar ratio of CuO/CeO_2 catalysts on the activityof selective CO oxidation are investigated by XRD and TPR methods. The results show that thecatalysts with the exception of CuO/ZrO_2 have the interactions between CuO and CoO, CeO_2 or MnO_2,which result in a decrease in the reduction temperature. Among the catalysts studied, CuO/ZrO_2catalyst shows the lowest catalytic activity while CuO/CeO_2 catalyst exhibits the best catalyticperformance. The CuO(10%)/CeO_2 catalyst attains the highest CO conversion and selectivity at 140and 160℃. The addition of 9% H_2O in the reactant feed decreases the activity of CuO/CeO_2 catalystbut increases its CO selectivity.

STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF COAL-SERIES KAOLIN ROCK RESOURCES

In this paper, the main factors that influence on qualities of kaolin in the area are revealed by studying the properties of coal-series kaolin in Enshi, Hubei (P. R. China), technologies of ferrum and carbon elimination for coal-series kaolin are investigated , and ways to fully uti-lize the resource are hopeful to be sought.

Carbon storage and sequestration rate assessment and allometric model development in young teak plantations of tropical moist deciduous forest, India

Carbon （C） sequestration through plantations is one of the important mitigation measures for rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This study aimed to assess C stocks and their sequestration rate, and to develop allometric models for estimation of C stocking in age-series young teak （Tectona grandis） planta- tions （1, 5, 11, 18, 24 and 30 years） by using biomass and productivity estimation and regression, respectively. These plantations were raised in tropical moist deciduous forests of Kumaun Himalayan tarai. Total C stocks estimated for these plantations were 1.6, 15.8, 35.4, 39.0, 61.5 and 73.2 Mg ha-1, respectively. Aboveground and belowground C storage in- creased with increasing plantation age; however, the range of their percentage contribution showed little variation （87.8-88.2 and 11.7-12.7 %, respectively）, The rate of C sequestration for these respective plantations was 1.06, 6.95, 5.46, 5.42, 3.39 and 5.37 Mg ha-1 a-1. Forty percent of the aboveground annual storage was retained in the tree while 60 % was released in the form of foliage, twigs, and fruit litter. In the case of total （tree） annual production, 43 % was retained while 57 % was released as litter including root. C stock, C sequestration rate, accumulation ratio （1.4-18.1）, root：shoot C ratio （0.61--0.13） and production efficiency （0.01-0.18） were comparable to some previous reports for other species and forests. These data could be useful in deciding the harvesting age for young teak with respect to C storage and sequestrationrate. Four allometric models using linear regression equations were developed between biomass （twice the C stock） and diameter, girth, and height of the tree at different ages. The diameter model was found more suitable for C stock predic- tion in similar areas.

Distribution of Chancelloriids in a Middle Cambrian Carbonate Platform Deposit, Taebaek Group, Korea

The onset of the Cambrian witnessed the diversification of ＂small shelly fossils （SSF）＂, which affected carbonate depositional system. One of the problematic SSF, chancelloriids, are common components of the early to middle Cambrian carbonate and shale, and their contributions toward Cambrian carbonates are not yet fully understood. This study assesses distribution patterns of chancelloriid sclerites in the Cambrian Series 3 Daegi Formation based on microfacies analysis and discusses their sedimentologic implications. In the lower part of the formation, partially articulated chancelloriid sclerites occur mainly in bioclastic packstone and grainstone facies, with isolated sclerite rays in nodular packstone to grainstone facies. In the middle part of the formation, chancelloriid fragments occur only sporadically in bioclastic wackestone to packstone, bioclastic grainstone and oolitic packstone to grainstone facies, whereas boundstone facies are nearly devoid of their fragments. There are no chancelloriid fragments in the upper part of the formation, which consists of oolitic packstone to grainstone facies. Chancelloriids are interpreted to have primarily occupied platform margin shoal environments, shedding their sclerites to surrounding areas, and thus contributed as sediment producers. The distribution of Daegi chancelloriid sclerites is similar to other Cambrian examples, with the exception of common chancelloriids in Cambrian Series 2 reefs and their apparent near absence in the Daegi and other Cambrian Series 3 reefs. This disparity resulted from changes in the ecologic niche of chancelloriids after the end-Cambrian Series 2 reef crisis, coupled with an overall decline of chancelloriids in the middle Cambrian.

Modeling and Forecasting of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Bangladesh Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Models

In the present paper, different Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were developed to model the carbon dioxide emission by using time series data of forty-four years from 1972-2015. The performance of these developed models was assessed with the help of different selection measure criteria and the model having minimum value of these criteria considered as the best forecasting model. Based on findings, it has been observed that out of different ARIMA models, ARIMA (0, 2, 1) is the best fitted model in predicting the emission of carbon dioxide in Bangladesh. Using this best fitted model, the forecasted value of carbon dioxide emission in Bangladesh, for the year 2016, 2017 and 2018 as obtained from ARIMA (0, 2, 1) was obtained as 83.94657 Metric Tons, 89.90464 Metric Tons and 96.28557 Metric Tons respectively.

A joint use of emergy evaluation, carbon footprint and economic analysis for sustainability assessment of grain system in China during 2000–2015

The rapid growth of grain yield in China accelerates a discussion on whether the grain system in China is sustainable. To answer the question, a comprehensive assessment from economic and environmental points is necessary. This study jointly used economic analysis(ECA), emergy evaluation(EME) and carbon footprint(CF) to analyze the environmental and economic sustainability of the grain production system in China based on the national statistical data during 2000–2015. Results showed that the costs of maize, wheat, rice and soybean had increased by 252-346% from 2000 to 2015, causing the lower profit of grain system in recent years. The situation resulted in a serious problem on economic sustainability of grain system in China. Meanwhile, the emergy sustainability index(ESI) of maize, wheat, rice and soybean systems were increasing during 2000–2015, and the CF on unit yield of the crops had been reduced by 10-30% in the study period. The results reflected the improved environmental sustainability of grain system in China during 2000–2015. Nevertheless, the emergy flow of industrial inputs for the crops were increased by 4-22% in the study period, and the CF from the inputs presented a growth rate of 16-23% as well during the same period. The results implied that the grain system in China was relying more on fossil-based inputs. Finally, according to the key points of cost, emergy and CF, we suggest that improving labor efficiency, advanced agricultural practices and optimizing cropping pattern will be effective ways to further improve the economic and environmental sustainability of grain system in China.

Single Covalent Bonding Structure in Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes and Closed Nanotubes

The present paper deals with carbon in highly organized solids like graphene and its three-dimensional derivatives: fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and capped carbon nanotubes. It proposes an alternative to the typical bonding pattern exposed in literature. This novel bonding pattern involves alternating positively and negatively charged carbon atoms around hexagonal rings, then a few uncharged and partially bonded atoms close to the pentagon rings. The article focuses on fullerenes inscribed into a regular icosahedron, then addressing the most common fullerenes like C60. Carbon atoms are found to have predominantly three single bonds and less often two separated single bonds. The same pattern explains equally well carbon nanotubes and closed-tip nanotubes, of which C70 is a special case.

Dual-stage ensemble approach using online knowledge distillation for forecasting carbon emissions in the electric power industry

The electric power industry is the key to achieving the goals of carbon peak and neutrality.Accurate forecasting of carbon emissions in the electric power industry can aid in the prompt adjustment of power generation policies and the early achievement of carbon reduction targets.This study proposes a new approach that combines the decomposition-ensemble paradigm with knowledge distillation to forecast daily carbon emissions.First,seasonal and trend decomposition using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing(STL)is used to decompose the data into three subcomponents.Second,two heterogeneous deep neural network models are jointly trained to predict each subcomponent based on online knowledge distillation.During training,the two models learn and provide feedback to each other.The first model-ensemble stage is performed by synthesizing the predictions for each subcomponent of the two models.Finally,the second model-ensemble stage is performed.The predictions for each subcomponent are integrated using linear addition to obtain the final results.In addition,to avoid leakage of test data caused by decomposing the entire time series,a recursive forecasting strategy is applied.Multistep predictions are obtained by forecasting 7,15,and 30 days in the future.Experimental results using metaheuristic algorithms to optimize hyperparameters show that the proposed method evaluated on the daily carbon emissions dataset has better forecasting performance than all baselines.

基于全局时序因子分析的中国区域绿色技术创新环境评价

为探究绿色技术创新环境水平及其提升路径,基于2017—2021年中国31个省份的数据样本,从区域层面构建绿色技术创新环境评价指标体系,引入全局时序因子分析法识别其中实际起作用的主要维度,对绿色技术创新环境水平进行评分,并用蝴蝶模型对比区域间差异。结果表明:基本公共服务、城市发展、政策效率、资源供给与绿色生活是影响绿色技术创新环境的4个主要维度;各区域绿色技术创新环境水平整体差异大,资源供给与绿色生活和城市发展方面差异最显著。建议通过政策引导、加大投入、扩大开放等措施实现资源跨区域流动,提升绿色技术创新环境。

碳纳米管太赫兹肖特基二极管研究进展

肖特基二极管是太赫兹领域的核心器件之一,在太赫兹倍频、混频电路中有着广泛的应用,碳纳米管凭借其优良的电学性质、准一维尺寸以及稳定的结构成为了太赫兹肖特基二极管的理想沟道半导体材料,研究碳纳米管肖特基二极管对于太赫兹技术的发展至关重要。首先介绍了碳纳米管的本征材料优势及其材料制备技术;接着对国内外在碳纳米管肖特基二极管方面的研究成果和进程进行了介绍,阐述了碳纳米管肖特基二极管在太赫兹技术领域的应用潜力;最后总结了碳纳米管太赫兹肖特基二极管在研究过程中所面临的关键技术问题和未来发展方向。

环保型复配阻燃剂在木塑复合材料中的应用进展

木塑复合材料(WPC)兼具木材的生态性和塑料的可加工性,是一类生态环保材料。基于当前WPC易燃且燃烧后产生有害气体,从而造成了对人体健康的危害和对环境的污染等问题,围绕进一步提升WPC的阻燃效率和满足环保条件进行了讨论,着重介绍了WPC的燃烧特性,综述了碳系、金属系、矿质系、磷系、硼系环保型阻燃剂与其他元素阻燃剂进行复配协同提升WPC阻燃抑烟的研究进展,对比单一阻燃剂,环保型复配阻燃剂在阻燃和环保方面具有优越性。同时,还对环保型WPC阻燃剂的未来发展趋势提出了展望和建议。

Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest

The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and Pinus massoniana forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and Pinus massoniana forest are 23191 ± 2538 g·m?2, 16889 ± 1936 g·m?2 and 12680 ± 1854 g·m?2, respec- tively, in 2002. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 24a from 1978 to 2002 are 383 ± 97 g·m?2·a?1, 193 ± 85 g·m?2·a?1 and 213 ± 86 g·m?2·a?1, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.

Co_(0.5)Cu_(0.5)/CNR催化剂制备及其氨硼烷水解制氢性能研究

以硝酸钴和硝酸铜制备溶液A,苯二甲酸(PTA)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)制备溶液B,两种溶液通过溶剂热法制备Co/Cu拉瓦希尔骨架系列材料(Co/Cu-MIL前驱体),进一步直接碳化前驱体制备出MOFs衍生物,即双金属碳纳米棒(CoxCu_(1-x)/CNR)催化剂。通过SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS等表征手段探究其形貌和组成。结果表明,Co/Cu-MIL经过高温焙烧后成功得到CoxCu_(1-x)/CNR,当x=0.5、溶剂热温度为120℃、焙烧温度为650℃时得到的催化剂催化活性最优,Co_(0.5)Cu_(0.5)/CNR催化剂催化氨硼烷(AB)水解制氢的TOF值为2718.21 h^(-1),反应的活化能为51.64 kJ/mol,且催化剂的循环稳定性较好,在循环10次后催化活性虽然有所下降,但对AB仍然保持100%的转化率。

A study on carbon isotopes of C_(5-8) light hydrocarbon monomeric series of natural gas in main oil and gas bearing basins in China

There have been many achievements in the research on carbon isotopes of alkane hydrocarbon gases in oil and gas bearing basins in China. Because of the limited molecular types and the simple molecular structures of C1-4 alkane hydrocarbon gases, the information provided by these carbon isotopes is limited. C5-8 light hydrocarbons are found more often in wet gas, and their molecules have more complex structures and

二次分解策略的深度学习碳交易价格预测

随着中国碳排放权交易市场的逐渐完善,碳交易价格的准确预测将有助于构建更加稳定的市场环境,极大减少参与者的风险。针对当前碳交易价格预测难度大及现有的二次分解-集合策略不完善等问题,提出了一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)和经验小波变化(empirical wavelet transform,EWT)的二次分解预测策略,其中分别采用中心频率(central frequency,CF)和Lempel-Ziv复杂度计算作为分解层数的确定依据,样本熵(sample entropy,SE)作为第二次分解输入序列的重构依据,使用长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)和时序卷积网络(temporal convolutional network,TCN)作为预测模型,并结合海洋捕食者算法(marine predator algorithm,MPA)对模型进行参数优化。实验结果表明,V-LSTM-E-LSTM模型和V-TCN-E-TCN模型不仅在湖北碳交易价格的短期和长期预测中获得了最好的效果,而且在其他4个区域碳排放权交易市场也获得了较高的精度。但对于成立时间较短的全国碳排放权交易市场,V-TCN-E-TCN模型在短期预测中表现更佳,长期预测中效果更好的是V-TCN-E-LSTM模型。

基于生产模拟的受端电网新能源发展场景研究

“双碳”目标驱动下,受端电网新能源大规模并网,加之外来电力比重加大,电力平衡难度增加,受端电网实现清洁替代面临多重困难。基于实际运行数据,分析了新能源低出力特性及其与负荷的匹配特性,总结了高比例新能源电力系统面临的关键问题。在此基础上,建立电力系统时序生产模拟模型,基于2030年预测数据的标幺化,设计2060年案例场景,量化分析典型受端省级电网的新能源、煤电和调节资源的配置问题,以及不同新能源发展场景下实现清洁替代的方案,并提出相关措施和建议。