Empirical analysis of carbon tariff's effect on the export structure of China's manufacturing industry and social welfare based on the GTAP model

In recent years,carbon emissions have gradually evolved from an environment issue into a political and economic one.Carbon tariff has brought about new trade barriers of developed countries,and in order to enhance the industrial competitiveness of developed countries,it will produce unfavorable impact on developing countries.Concentrated on the manufacturing industry,which is the most intensive high-carbon industry in China's export structure,this article studies the relationship between carbon tariff policy and industry structure of export trade and builds up a relation between climate change and international trade.First,by means of establishing a partial equilibrium model,it applies geometric analysis and mathematical analysis to compute the impact on China's manufacturing export trade and the consequences of the introduction of the US carbon tariff to China's manufacturing industry that has already imposed a domestic shipping carbon tax.Furthermore,with the application of the GTAP model,it estimates the overall economic and welfare effects on China's manufacturing industry if the US and Europe introduce carbon tariff by means of four ways,and then analyzes the influence on China's manufacturing industry export structure and social welfare as well.The result shows that the introduction of the US carbon import tariff lowers China's export price and export volume,and the implementation of a domestic carbon tax justifies a higher export price and a lower export volume for China.However,the degree of export reduction is smaller than that under the effect of the US carbon tariff.In the case of developed countries imposing carbon tariff on China's energy-intensive industries,such as chemical rubber products,oil and coal-processing industry and paper industry,whose export would be reduced,the negative impact on the paper industry is the severest,which will decrease the paper industry's export ranging from 1.79%to 6.05%,whereas the other industries' export will increase.Anyhow,it will promote China's manufacturing industry to adjust the export structure to a certain extent.In addition,it will lead to a decrease in China's welfare,with a decrease between $2,134 billion and $8,347 billion.Finally,this paper provides information on international coordination,export structure adjustment and green manufacturing adjustment as a reference for the development of China's manufacturing industry.

Application of X-ray Computed Tomography in Characterization Microstructure Changes of Cement Pastes in Carbonation Process

The microstructure characteristics and meso-defect volume changes of hardened cement paste before and after carbonation were investigated by three-dimensional （3D） X-ray computed tomograpby （XCT）, where three types water-to-cement ratio of 0.53, 0.35 and 0.23 were considered. The high-resolution 3D images of microstructure and filtered defects were reconstructed by an XCT VG Studio MAX 2.0 software, The meso- defect volume fractions and size distribution were analyzed based on 3D images through add-on modules of 3D defect analysis. The 3D meso-defects volume fractions before carbonation were 0.79%, 0.38% and 0.05% corresponding to w/c ratio=0.53, 0.35 and 0.23, respectively. The 3D meso-defects volume fractions after carbonation were 2.44%, 0.91% and 0.14% corresponding to w/c ratio=0.53, 0.35 and 0.23, respectively. The experimental results suggest that 3D meso-defects volume fractions after carbonation for above three w/c ratio increased significantly. At the same time, meso-cracks distribution of the carbonation shrinkage and gray values changes of the different w/c ratio and carbonation reactions were also investigated.

Experimental investigation of changes in petrophysical properties and structural deformation of carbonate reservoirs

To examine the effect of pressure on pore structure and petrophysical properties of carbonate rock, the porosity, permeability, CT scanning, SEM and elastic wave velocity of two carbonate core plug samples from an oilfield in Southwest Iran were analyzed under cyclic pressure. One of the plugs was calcite and the other was dolomite with anhydrite nodules. The cyclic pressure exerted on the samples increased from 13.79 MPa to 27.58 MPa in six steps, and the variations in petrophysical properties of the two samples at different pressure loading and unloading steps were counted and analyzed. The results show that the calcite sample decreases in porosity and permeability with the increase of pressure, which is consistent with the results from compression and shear wave velocity tests. In the dolomite sample, the decreasing trend was not observed;fluctuations of compressive and shear velocities were observed during the loading stage, which may be due to different geometries of the pores and the porosity variation in the sample. Understanding the variation of carbonate petrophysical properties with pressure is helpful for optimizing reservoir development scheme.

Effects of Carbonation and Freeze-thaw Cycles on Microstructure of Concrete

The hydraulic concrete durability under the alternation of freeze-thaw and carbonation has been systematically investigated in this work, where both the micro part and the microscopic characteristics of concrete interface were analyzed based on computed tomography（CT） test and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Average CT numbers of each section, declined at water-cement ratio of 0.35, increased at 0.45, and changed a little at 0.55. The specimen in the absence of fly ash exhibited less types of hydration products and the surface was observed to be a needle-like ettringite, with a relatively dense overall structure. However, with the increase of fly ash content, pores and micro-cracks of specimen structure increased. Hexagonal flake calcium hydroxide, present in the specimen after the first carbonation, was negligible in the test pieces of the first freezethaw where the main hydration products were ettringite and calcium silicate gel. Regular hexagonal plates of calcium hydroxide exhibited in the interior of the specimen in which charring first occurred but calcium hydroxide rarely existed in the interior of the specimen in which freeze-thaw first occurred.

Study on Low Carbon Trade Development in China Pearl River Delta Region Initiated by Low Carbon Tariffs

In order to clarify the linkage between carbon tariffs and trade development, the Pearl River Delta region of China, the area with intensive processing trade, was selected to analyze the effects of carbon tariff collections on the production cost, export commodity structure, trade modes and trade terms of the export industries in the Pearl River Delta region, and measures of developing low carbon trade were proposed.

Effects of Carbonation on Micro Structures of Hardened Cement Paste

In order to investigate the effects of carbonation on the microstructure of cement concrete,the carbonation depth and microstructure of cement paste with 0.3,0.4 and 0.5 water/cement ratio after 7,14,21 and 28 d accelerated carbonation were studied respectively.The results showed that with the increase of waterto-cement ratio and carbonation age,the carbonation depth was deepened with faster early carbonation speed and slower later carbonation rate.Carbonation densified the structure of hardened cement stone with refinement of pore structure and reduced porosity.Then,during the carbonation process from the surface to the inside of carbonation area,it was prone to form micro-cracks extending to the interior specimen,resulting in cement paste carbonation depth uneven.It is further illustrated that the color reaction method using phenolphthalein solution combined with X-CT and X-ray diffraction analysis is much more reasonable to evaluate the cement concrete carbonation degree.Moreover,during carbonation process sulfur element in cement paste migrated to the area un-carbonated and the concentrated shape of sulfur element is consistent with the coloring region in carbonation interface.Finally it was identified that carbonation not only reduced the p H value in cement concrete but also made prone to crack in carbonation zone,which increased the probability of reinforcement corrosion.

孔洞型碳酸盐岩应力敏感下孔隙结构CT研究

目前储层应力敏感性研究在微观孔隙结构层面研究不足,本文选取川中地区震旦系灯影组四段气藏孔洞型碳酸盐岩心,进行原位CT的应力敏感试验研究。试验表明:孔洞型碳酸盐岩的渗透率随地层有效应力的增加明显下降;有效应力的增加造成岩心的孔隙体积、孔喉直径、喉道长度均变小;岩心的孔喉直径分布曲线和喉道的概率分布曲线向橫坐标轴负方向偏移,形状因子的概率分布曲线向橫坐标轴正方向偏移,在不同的压力阶段对不同尺寸、形态的孔隙影响不同,对于微小孔隙和喉道伤害明显,孔喉连通性变差;压力变化造成岩心微观孔隙结构变化导致岩心渗透率下降,且随着有效应力降低岩心渗透率不能完全恢复,表明应力敏感造成不可逆伤害。

Microstructure and mechanical properties analysis of β-tricalcium phosphate/carbon nanotubes scaffold based on rapid prototyping

β-TCP ceramic scaffolds were fabricated with selective laser sintering (SLS) in this work. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were mixed with porous β-TCP matrix to enhance the mechanical performance of the bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Scaffold reconstruction and microstructure analysis were fulfilled based on micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) scanning data. Results show that the strength of scaffold mixed with 0.2% CNTs reaches 0.819 MPa which has been improved by 85.7% compared with that without CNTs. Micro-CT analysis shows that the scaffold has a good interconnectivity, and pore size mainly distributes in the two regions of 60-340 μm and 500-620 μm.

关税措施对农业能源使用和碳排放的影响——以中美贸易摩擦为例

关税措施会对农业能源使用及其碳排放带来怎样的影响,有待科学而系统的评估。构建农产品贸易、能源使用及其碳排放系统模型,并以2018年中美贸易摩擦事件为例,设置不同关税情景,模拟分析关税措施对我国农作物生产、能源使用及其碳排放多方面的影响。结果显示,加征美国大豆进口关税将会减少我国大豆进口总量,促使国内大豆种植面积和产量增加,小麦种植面积将被挤占,玉米种植面积略微增加。关税措施对国内农产品种植能源使用和碳排放总量没有显著影响,但是对不同农产品的影响具有异质性。加征关税使得大豆种植能源使用及碳排放明显增加,小麦种植能源使用及碳排放相应增加,而玉米种植能源使用及碳排放轻微下降。因而,要关注关税变化对农业生产、能源使用及其碳排放带来的系统性影响,协调农产品贸易与碳排放管理政策,基于作物用能特征和贸易条件分类制定适应性节能减排策略,缓解关税措施带来的系统性影响。

3D打印混凝土抗碳化性能各向异性及成因分析

受挤出式工艺的影响,3D打印混凝土中存在较多的界面,影响着打印混凝土的耐久性能。为了探明3D打印成型混凝土抗碳化性能的各向异性变化规律,通过碳化试验研究了三种水胶比3D打印混凝土沿X、Y、Z三个方向的碳化行为。基于压汞试验和X-CT扫描获取了3D打印混凝土的孔隙特征和分布规律,从微观层面阐释3D打印混凝土抗碳化性能的变化机理。结果表明:孔隙与3D打印混凝土的碳化行为有着密切联系,层条间界面因条带堆叠产生了更多孔隙,因而CO_(2)在界面位置扩散速度更快,碳化深度更大;受界面的影响,打印混凝土的抗碳化性能具有明显的各向异性;基体部位材料的抗碳化性能优于层间界面,层间界面的抗碳化性能优于条间界面;水灰比越低,材料抗碳化性能越好;当CO_(2)在混凝土中扩散时,受层条间大孔隙的影响,打印成型混凝土中形成了未碳化岛。

欧美碳关税对我国的挑战及对策探究——基于“碳边境调节机制”与“清洁竞争法案”的比较

简要阐述了欧盟“碳边境调节机制”与美国“清洁竞争法案”的发展历程及现状,并对两者进行了比较。欧美碳关税的实施将对我国的贸易体系产生一定的冲击。在“双碳”目标的指引下,我国政府和企业应该积极应对:主动开展国际交流合作、坚决抵制单边贸易保护,发展低碳技术、大力降低碳含量,增加碳排放成本、提升碳减排效率,加强碳足迹管理、构建产品碳排放核算体系,锚定“双碳”目标,坚定不移走绿色低碳的高质量发展道路。

用CT图像分析C/C复合材料的内部缺陷

总结了不同类型三向增强C／C复合材料CT检测图像及其对应的内部缺陷。结果表明：CT技术主要是利用缺陷区与正常区存在的密度差异，对C／C复合材料内部进行质量检测，但在某些特定条件下，相同种类的缺陷可能表现出不同的CT图像，不同种类缺陷可能产生类似的CT图像，缺陷类型的判定必须与其它检测手段相结合才可确定，CT检测也有可能漏检部分缺陷。

基于CT技术的碳化混凝土损伤细观研究

为了从细观角度了解碳化混凝土损伤演化特征,对碳化龄期分别为0、28、56、77、90 d的混凝土棱柱体试件进行了单轴受压试验,并在不同的应力水平下对试件进行了计算机层析成像技术(CT)扫描,对CT数、CT数差值、CT数方差与应力水平关联图进行了深入分析。研究表明,CT数变化与试件的损伤演化过程有很好的相关性,试件不同部位CT数的离散性反映出了混凝土的非均质性;CT数曲线有一个先上升后下降的过程,以及CT数方差曲线的先下降后上升过程,均对应着试件在压力试验过程中首先在压力作用下密实度提高,随后微裂纹扩展直至破坏的变化过程。另外,随着碳化龄期的增长,CT数差值的最大值由12.1 HU逐渐下降至5.4 HU,反映出了碳化作用使混凝土的强度提高而塑性下降的特点。研究结果不仅是对常规力学实验的补充,而且也能够对常规力学实验结果进行合理的解释。

预崩解炭质泥岩路用性能及其基于三轴CT试验的力学特性

为研究预崩解炭质泥岩的路用性能及其在三轴应力条件下的力学特征,利用室内基本物理力学实验与三轴CT同步扫描实验对其进行试验研究。研究结果表明:炭质泥岩矿物组成主要为伊利石、石英、高岭石,压实度是控制回弹模量的主要因素,具有与土相似的性质,不同工点所取试样具有不同的CBR;试件压实度越高,峰值强度越大,偏应力陡增段CT扫描层CT数增大速率比应力应变曲线平缓段的大,表明试验前期试件密度增大速率比试验后期的大;试验前,试件具有较多细小孔洞及裂纹,密度存在较大差异,随着试验的进行,密度差异性降低,炭质泥岩颗粒在围压及偏应力的作用下存在挤密、错动、融合的现象。

应用CT分析及核磁测井预测碳酸盐岩产气量

分析碳酸盐岩全直径岩心三维CT数据和试气结果,发现CT70孔隙度(根据目前全直径岩心CT分辨率,CT70孔隙度为直径大于70μm的孔隙占整个岩样体积的百分比)与有效厚度每米日产气量存在定量关系,据此提出一种利用CT70孔隙度预测碳酸盐岩储集层产气量的新方法。首先根据双重介质有效介质近似和平面径向渗流理论,证明产气量与CT70孔隙度之间存在明确的指数关系;并通过理论计算,分析确定预测模型各参数的物理意义和变化规律;提出CT—核磁同比例转换关系,实现利用核磁测井资料预测产气量。将CT70孔隙度预测产气量方法应用于四川盆地重点探区16口井的气层段,对比分析证明该方法具有实用价值。

ICT技术测试炭/炭复合材料内部密度分布

利用工业计算机辅助层析成像技术(ICT)对不同尺寸的炭/炭复合材料进行了断层摄像试验,发现该技术能真实地反映材料内部的实际密实情况。利用ICT图像给出的相关数据,经过一系列计算,得出材料内部各处的密度值,该方法比传统的排水法所得的结果精确,而且无需从制品中取样,节省了材料和时间。ICT技术有望用于其它复合材料的密度测试。

基于岩石CT图像的碳酸盐岩三维孔隙组构的多重分形特征研究

碳酸盐岩微观孔隙的空间组构研究是储层性能研究的核心问题之一。近年来,基于二维图像进行碳酸盐岩孔隙空间组构研究的工作层出不穷,基于三维图像进行碳酸盐岩孔隙空间组构三维重建和基本统计特征表征的研究也引起了国内外的广泛关注。拟以四川盆地三叠系飞仙关组和震旦系毛田组碳酸盐岩为研究对象,通过三维高分辨率微纳米CT扫描,结合图像识别等计算技术,运用多重分形理论,对不同类型储层的孔隙在三维立体空间上的几何形态、非均质性与复杂度等特性进行定量表征,刻画了孔隙组构的空间展布规律。研究显示,2个样品孔隙组构在三维空间上分布不均一,具有明显的分形与多重分形分布特征;所得多重分形参数能定量刻画孔隙空间上大小孔隙的相对分异情况,能为孔渗性能提供参考。

碳纤维平板对水的CT值影响的研究

目的研究西门子Sensation Open CT模拟机的Med-Tec CT碳纤维平板床和ORFIT AIO碳纤维放疗定位底板对水的CT值的影响。方法对3种水模体摆放情形进行研究:情形A水模体悬空放置;情形B水模体放置在CT平板床上;情形C在水模体和CT平板床之间放置一个ORFIT AIO放疗定位底板。应用6种放疗扫描协议,在上述3种情形下对水模体进行扫描,获取CT图像。在每张CT图像上勾画出5个圆形区域,获取这些区域中水的平均CT值(记为Yw)。结果情形B中Yw值均低于情形A;情形C中Yw值高于情形B;情形C中Yw值均低于情形A。结论把CT碳纤维平板床放在水模体下,会降低CT图像中水的CT值;在水模体和CT平板床之间加入AIO定位底板,会把上述降低作用削弱。在对CT模拟机进行质量控制检验时需注意水模体的正确摆放位置。

电磁波CT在碳酸盐岩缝洞勘察中的应用

岩溶、裂隙及岩石破碎发育带是碳酸盐岩地区隧道施工安全隐患,本文将高分辨率电磁波CT技术成功应用到某隧道已钻孔之间的不良地质现象的勘察,在发射孔中的不同位置上发射高频电磁波,同时在接收孔中测量各发射点发射的电磁波穿透孔间介质后的电磁波射线强度,应用迭代收敛性较好、收敛速度较快的SIRT算法,进行电磁波视吸收系数成像,并结合工程钻探取芯结果,较为准确地推断出了4个孔之间的岩溶、裂隙及岩石破碎发育带分布。

术前CT淋巴结定位联合纳米碳示踪技术在胃癌根治术中的应用

目的探讨术前CT淋巴结定位联合纳米碳示综技术在胃癌根治术中的应用效果。方法选取2016年1月—2017年8月江西省肿瘤医院腹部外科收治的64例拟行胃癌根治术患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和联合组;两组患者术前均进行螺旋平扫加增强CT检查,对淋巴结进行术前定位,联合组在此基础上使用纳米碳示踪技术。统计检出淋巴结数目、转移情况及复发率,分析其在胃癌根治术中的指导效果。结果对照组共检出淋巴结737枚,平均每例切除(23.28±8.24)枚,联合组共检出淋巴结963枚,平均每例切除(30.56±7.17)枚,联合组淋巴结检出数与第2站平均检出数高于对照组(P<0.05)。联合组淋巴结转移阳性率为23.47%,高于对照组淋巴结转移率(19.02%)(P <0.05);随访记录显示联合组复发率约为9.37%,低于对照组12.50%的复发率(P<0.05)。结论术前CT定位联合纳米碳示踪技术对胃癌根治术淋巴结清扫具有很好的临床指导意义。