Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development is actively addressing climate change.U...Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development is actively addressing climate change.Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance,developed countries such as the United States,European Union countries,and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions.These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology,energy conservation and emission reduction,and circular development,with clear policy guidance.In this paper,the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in developed countries such as the United States and Europe is summarized,providing support for a better understanding of the background of international and domestic policy formulation.展开更多
Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and it is an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development by actively addressing climate ch...Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and it is an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development by actively addressing climate change.Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance,developed countries such as the United States,European Union countries,and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions.These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology,energy conservation and emission reduction,and circular development,with clear policy guidance.In this paper,the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in China is summarized,providing support for better understanding the background of formulating relevant international and domestic policies.展开更多
China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,agains...China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,against the backdrop of a return to global trade protectionism and the politicization of international affairs with Yoon Suk-yeol coming to power,South Korea has undertaken a strong trade shift toward the United States(US),triggering a change in the pattern of economic cooperation in East Asia and challenging the regional trade structure.A review of the trade policy agenda of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration toward the US and China,along with a comparative review of Korea’s foreign trade stance under Moon Jae-in,allows for an analysis of the turnaround and characteristics of Yoon’s trade policy toward China during his tenure.The implications for global trade governance and regional security are further analyzed with an aim of finding a Nash equilibrium in trade cooperation among East Asian countries.展开更多
With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between c...With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between climate policy and green innovation in the corporate financialization context.Using Chinese-listed company data from 2008 to 2020,our analysis reveals a favorable correlation between China’s carbon emission trading policy(CCTP)and advancements in green innovation.Furthermore,we find that the level of corporate financialization moderates this correlation,diminishing the driving effect of CCTP on green innovation.Additionally,results of heterogeneity analysis show that this moderating consequence is more evident in non-state owned and low-digitization enterprises compared with state-owned and high-digitization ones.Our findings contribute to the existing literature by clarifying the interaction between CCTP,green innovation,and corporate financialization.Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen climate policies and encourages green innovation in different types of businesses.展开更多
With the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Zone(FTZ),the internationalization of English education has become a key element of the region’s educational reform efforts.As globalization intensifies,fostering an in...With the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Zone(FTZ),the internationalization of English education has become a key element of the region’s educational reform efforts.As globalization intensifies,fostering an internationalized English education system is crucial for improving the competitiveness and global positioning of the Hainan FTZ.This study explores the multiple pathways and strategies for promoting the internationalization of English education in the Hainan FTZ,focusing on aspects such as policy support,curriculum reform,teacher training,international collaboration,and the effective allocation of educational resources.By examining the current state of English education in the region,identifying key challenges,and drawing insights from successful domestic and international cases-particularly from free trade zones elsewhere-this paper offers actionable recommendations.These suggestions aim to enhance the region’s educational outcomes,thereby bolstering the Hainan FTZ’s broader objectives of economic growth and enhanced global connectivity.The proposed strategies also seek to elevate the international stature of the Hainan FTZ as a regional hub for talent development,international exchange,and soft power enhancement.展开更多
Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food...Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China's trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China's trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTAgreement), import and export, and geographical indications (GIs). It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.展开更多
Most papers about trade credit in supply chain studied retailer's inventory policy based on information shared.Few papers paid attention to supplier's trade credit policy under asymmetric information.So this p...Most papers about trade credit in supply chain studied retailer's inventory policy based on information shared.Few papers paid attention to supplier's trade credit policy under asymmetric information.So this paper tries to propose supplier's optimal trade credit policy to reveal retailer's private information.The aim is achieved by developing an incentive model with revelation principle.The retailer's private information can be found out through this trade credit policy.This contract is more general than the wholesale price contract.For the retailer's private information,the order quantity and ratio of delay in payment are distorted.Sensitivity analysis shows that the contract is influenced by sales ability and discount rate.Finally,the indirect mechanism with the same effect is proposed to make it easy to be put into practice.展开更多
Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot coverin...Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.展开更多
The rapid development of social technology has replaced physical interaction in the trading market.The implication of this technology is to provide access to the right information at the right time.The drawback of the...The rapid development of social technology has replaced physical interaction in the trading market.The implication of this technology is to provide access to the right information at the right time.The drawback of these technologies is that the eavesdropper can remove the user from the network and can create proxy participants.In this paper,we discuss how a social network overcome and prevent these data trading issues.To maintain the security of data trading,we applied ABE technique based on DBDH to secure data trading network.Our proposedτ-access policy scheme provides the best solution for the betterment of data trading network in terms of security.Inτ-access policy scheme,the users can encrypt and decrypt Private Transactions Information(PTI)using our proposedτ-access policy.The security properties ofτ-access policy are data confidentiality,data integrity,authenticity,non-repudiation,and unforgeability.The efficiency of our scheme is 77.73%,which is more suitable for data trading markets and trading strategies.展开更多
This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries (China and Russia). Fourteen years' (2000-2013) data of Mongol...This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries (China and Russia). Fourteen years' (2000-2013) data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis (PCA) and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia? Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness? Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.展开更多
Thailand has currently enhanced and promoted intensive trade and investment liberalization and implemented long-term growth policy according with current regional economic integration, WTO obligations and globalizatio...Thailand has currently enhanced and promoted intensive trade and investment liberalization and implemented long-term growth policy according with current regional economic integration, WTO obligations and globalization. Nevertheless, several recent internal and external factors e.g. the massive SARS and avian flu outbreaks, the Indian Ocean tsunami devastation, the Asia financial crisis and domestic policy reforms (ICSEAD, 2006) have also impeded this policy. While the issues are important for Thailand and developing countries in Asia, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate them. The paper conducts a substantive quantitative study to contribute to these trade and development policy issues. A new econometric modelling policy method, namely the generalized gravity theory (Tran Van Hoa, 2004) is used to develop a simple flexible simultaneous-equation econometric model of Thailand's openness model with its seven major trade partners (ASEAN-4, Australia, the USA, the EU, China, Japan and India). Using data from the ICSEAD, the World Development Indicators and the Bank of Thailand databases, the paper reveals efficient and reliable empirical findings on trade-growth causality, trade determination including the impact of shocks and policy reform on trade and growth between Thailand and its major trade partners over the past two decades. The paper also provides evidence on the linkages between trade in goods, FDI and services and regional economic integration for more credible policy implications.展开更多
These days,data is regarded as a valuable asset in the era of the data economy,which demands a trading platform for buying and selling data.However,online data trading poses challenges in terms of security and fairnes...These days,data is regarded as a valuable asset in the era of the data economy,which demands a trading platform for buying and selling data.However,online data trading poses challenges in terms of security and fairness because the seller and the buyer may not fully trust each other.Therefore,in this paper,a blockchain-based secure and fair data trading system is proposed by taking advantage of the smart contract and matchmaking encryption.The proposed system enables bilateral authorization,where data trading between a seller and a buyer is accomplished only if their policies,required by each other,are satisfied simultaneously.This can be achieved by exploiting the security features of the matchmaking encryption.To guarantee non-repudiation and fairness between trading parties,the proposed system leverages a smart contract to ensure that the parties honestly carry out the data trading protocol.However,the smart contract in the proposed system does not include complex cryptographic operations for the efficiency of onchain processes.Instead,these operations are carried out by off-chain parties and their results are used as input for the on-chain procedure.The system also uses an arbitration protocol to resolve disputes based on the trading proof recorded on the blockchain.The performance of the protocol is evaluated in terms of off-chain computation overhead and on-chain gas consumption.The results of the experiments demonstrate that the proposed protocols can enable the implementation of a cost-effective data trading system.展开更多
The paper presents a new analytical framework to discuss the effect of Chinese foreign investment policy on the international technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership.The US Trade Representat...The paper presents a new analytical framework to discuss the effect of Chinese foreign investment policy on the international technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership.The US Trade Representative claims that the Chinese government’s requirements regarding joint ventures pressure US companies to transfer intellectual property to Chinese companies.However,we argue that:(1)Based on analysis of the technical fees of technology import contracts and the number of US patents transferred to enterprises registered in the Chinese mainland,China’s foreign investment policy does not pressure US companies to transfer unremunerated technology to Chinese companies.(2)The invention and utility model patents filed by Chinese joint-venture enterprises or Chinese partner companies do not show an abnormally rapid growth,which means China’s FDI policy does not force US companies to transfer intellectual property in exchange for China’s market.(3)After 2012,the US-China technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership showed a significantly positive effect in reducing China-US trade surplus.展开更多
This paper attempts to investigate the effects of several financial and trade policies on the total investment in Syria, over the period 1980-2010 (before the current war). The study employs Johansen co-integration ...This paper attempts to investigate the effects of several financial and trade policies on the total investment in Syria, over the period 1980-2010 (before the current war). The study employs Johansen co-integration test to check the presence of long-term relationship between explanatory and dependent variables. In addition, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) further studies the causal relationship from dependent variable to independent variables. The Johansen co-integration test indicates a significant long-term relationship among the variables. Moreover, the Vector Error Correction Model also suggests the long run causality from the imports, exports, capital public expenditures, and subsidies to total investment. The study’s result indicates that the imports and the capital public expenditures played a significant role in supporting the total investment in the country before the war, while there was a negative role of exports in the total investment, and there was no impact of subsidies on the total investment. Before the war, foreign investment in Syria was over dominated by European Union. The paper proposes to diversify the target of investment flow to Syria, especially from China and the other BRICS countries that can take advantages from Syria and can support Syria economy after the war by the strategy of “One Road One Belt”. Theseresults may assist Syrian policy makers, after the war, to develop an economic plan that takes into account the effects of these policies to improve the total investment which will help Syria in rebuilding the economy.展开更多
China has recently established a new policy for the energy use of the Arctic region.Even though it is not a part of the Arctic Council,China has started a series of partnerships with public and private entities of cou...China has recently established a new policy for the energy use of the Arctic region.Even though it is not a part of the Arctic Council,China has started a series of partnerships with public and private entities of countries that are geographically and politically members of the Arctic polar Circle.The project has to be carried out within the“Belt and Road Initiative”,by establishing new trade routes between China and the rest of the world.The study aims at assessing the fuel consumption for the Arctic shipping routes and comparing them to the traditional ones,in terms of cost reduction and time efficiency.Moreover,a brief consideration on oil&gas arctic fields has been carried out,in order to understand how the energy policy of China is changing the resource utilization.展开更多
This paper makes a text analysis of the US President Donald Trump and his trade policy agenda at the national and international levels,followed by evidence-based statistical analyses of US trade.The results of Preside...This paper makes a text analysis of the US President Donald Trump and his trade policy agenda at the national and international levels,followed by evidence-based statistical analyses of US trade.The results of President Trump’s twitters reveal that overall,President Donald Trump’s remarks contain his“populism”characterized by the use of easy-to-understand words as well as simple rhetoric,as shown most symbolically in the phrase“make America great again”.This is what is meant by“populism”,an important character of his administration(at the“meso”level)which exerts a large impact on the global(or“macro”)political and economic landscape.Such large-scale impacts can be generated by“micro”(individual level)remarks by President Trump.In more concrete terms,his micro(individual)speeches will influence his meso(national)level policy as well as the macro(NAFTA)level policy stance of the US.All these levels are interconnected in a sensitive way.NAFTA as a regional integration among the three nation states is actually under a significant influence from meso as well as micro interactions,and President Trump’s punitive trade stance may hit Chinese export negatively.Due consideration to the cross-hierarchical linkages is indeed a practical viewpoint when discussing the current,rather US-dominated trade deals.展开更多
In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the trade interests in foreign policy of the Global South. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new m...In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the trade interests in foreign policy of the Global South. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests of Global South. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in the demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region's economy. Moreover, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region's economy, but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, protectionistic pressures in different political system and different types of authoritarian regimes of Global South, the level of protectionistic pressures, the rise of qualitatively new politics in North-South relations like bilateral tendencies. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment of Global South.展开更多
Today, intemational capital flows faster and faster. Thus, the supervision of capital flow becomes one of the key problems need to be solved every country, and how to supervise it is the focus in theoretical circle. E...Today, intemational capital flows faster and faster. Thus, the supervision of capital flow becomes one of the key problems need to be solved every country, and how to supervise it is the focus in theoretical circle. Especially, China is currently facing international pressure to revalue the RMB, and a large number of free foreign capitals is flowing into China. So it is much more important to supervise it. By using the theory of foreign trade, we analyze the policy effects of foreign trade in the process of capital flow, and hope that the policy of foreign trade will exert positive effects on the supervision of capital flow.展开更多
How to ensure energy supply and reduce environment pollution have turned into governments’ top priorities and key factors to maintain sustainable development. In this context, two major trade and investment agreement...How to ensure energy supply and reduce environment pollution have turned into governments’ top priorities and key factors to maintain sustainable development. In this context, two major trade and investment agreements that could lead to profound influence on low-carbon energy systems development around the Asia-Pacific region are the Regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) consisted of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and Republic of Korea and the Belt and road initiative (BRI) initiated by China. In order to have a smooth transition to low-carbon energy systems in Asia, besides RCEP and BRI, it is imperative to boost private sector investment. Success of encouraging private sector investment depends on appropriate government policies towards promoting innovations and reducing financial risks to private investors. The research questions that are examined in this study are: What type of policy measures affects trade in low-carbon transition, particularly renewable energy (RE) transition? How can investment signals and incentives be reframed to scale up private finance in RE? The objective is to investigate and to provide several feasible trade policy and investment policy tools for both national and regional markets that governments could adopt to accelerate the speed of private financing of the low-carbon energy industry, particularly the RE industry.展开更多
In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the diffusion of bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the European Union (EU) during the global financial and economic crisis. Realistic poi...In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the diffusion of bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the European Union (EU) during the global financial and economic crisis. Realistic point is important trends in the trade regime during the economic crisis. The decisions taken by the representatives of the governments participating in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are, to a significant degree, influenced by various lobbies, such as organisations and unions of food producers or other non-governmental organisations, including trade unions, The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the international trade policy during the world financial and economic crisis 2008-2010. The particular mains concern the political economy models of foreign trade policy, protectionistic pressures in different political system, the level of protectionistic pressures, food producer pressures, international trade liberalization, and environmental protection bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the EU and the respond of the EU to the economic crisis, it must be emphasized that on a theoretical level, understanding the choice of trade policies between liberalizm and protectionisme is very important. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalisation, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others.展开更多
文摘Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development is actively addressing climate change.Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance,developed countries such as the United States,European Union countries,and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions.These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology,energy conservation and emission reduction,and circular development,with clear policy guidance.In this paper,the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in developed countries such as the United States and Europe is summarized,providing support for a better understanding of the background of international and domestic policy formulation.
文摘Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and it is an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development by actively addressing climate change.Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance,developed countries such as the United States,European Union countries,and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions.These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology,energy conservation and emission reduction,and circular development,with clear policy guidance.In this paper,the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in China is summarized,providing support for better understanding the background of formulating relevant international and domestic policies.
文摘China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,against the backdrop of a return to global trade protectionism and the politicization of international affairs with Yoon Suk-yeol coming to power,South Korea has undertaken a strong trade shift toward the United States(US),triggering a change in the pattern of economic cooperation in East Asia and challenging the regional trade structure.A review of the trade policy agenda of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration toward the US and China,along with a comparative review of Korea’s foreign trade stance under Moon Jae-in,allows for an analysis of the turnaround and characteristics of Yoon’s trade policy toward China during his tenure.The implications for global trade governance and regional security are further analyzed with an aim of finding a Nash equilibrium in trade cooperation among East Asian countries.
基金support was obtained from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[Grant No.JBK2307090].
文摘With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between climate policy and green innovation in the corporate financialization context.Using Chinese-listed company data from 2008 to 2020,our analysis reveals a favorable correlation between China’s carbon emission trading policy(CCTP)and advancements in green innovation.Furthermore,we find that the level of corporate financialization moderates this correlation,diminishing the driving effect of CCTP on green innovation.Additionally,results of heterogeneity analysis show that this moderating consequence is more evident in non-state owned and low-digitization enterprises compared with state-owned and high-digitization ones.Our findings contribute to the existing literature by clarifying the interaction between CCTP,green innovation,and corporate financialization.Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen climate policies and encourages green innovation in different types of businesses.
文摘With the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Zone(FTZ),the internationalization of English education has become a key element of the region’s educational reform efforts.As globalization intensifies,fostering an internationalized English education system is crucial for improving the competitiveness and global positioning of the Hainan FTZ.This study explores the multiple pathways and strategies for promoting the internationalization of English education in the Hainan FTZ,focusing on aspects such as policy support,curriculum reform,teacher training,international collaboration,and the effective allocation of educational resources.By examining the current state of English education in the region,identifying key challenges,and drawing insights from successful domestic and international cases-particularly from free trade zones elsewhere-this paper offers actionable recommendations.These suggestions aim to enhance the region’s educational outcomes,thereby bolstering the Hainan FTZ’s broader objectives of economic growth and enhanced global connectivity.The proposed strategies also seek to elevate the international stature of the Hainan FTZ as a regional hub for talent development,international exchange,and soft power enhancement.
基金Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, ChinaPeking University School of Transnational Law, China
文摘Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China's trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China's trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTAgreement), import and export, and geographical indications (GIs). It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 70571055)
文摘Most papers about trade credit in supply chain studied retailer's inventory policy based on information shared.Few papers paid attention to supplier's trade credit policy under asymmetric information.So this paper tries to propose supplier's optimal trade credit policy to reveal retailer's private information.The aim is achieved by developing an incentive model with revelation principle.The retailer's private information can be found out through this trade credit policy.This contract is more general than the wholesale price contract.For the retailer's private information,the order quantity and ratio of delay in payment are distorted.Sensitivity analysis shows that the contract is influenced by sales ability and discount rate.Finally,the indirect mechanism with the same effect is proposed to make it easy to be put into practice.
文摘Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.
文摘The rapid development of social technology has replaced physical interaction in the trading market.The implication of this technology is to provide access to the right information at the right time.The drawback of these technologies is that the eavesdropper can remove the user from the network and can create proxy participants.In this paper,we discuss how a social network overcome and prevent these data trading issues.To maintain the security of data trading,we applied ABE technique based on DBDH to secure data trading network.Our proposedτ-access policy scheme provides the best solution for the betterment of data trading network in terms of security.Inτ-access policy scheme,the users can encrypt and decrypt Private Transactions Information(PTI)using our proposedτ-access policy.The security properties ofτ-access policy are data confidentiality,data integrity,authenticity,non-repudiation,and unforgeability.The efficiency of our scheme is 77.73%,which is more suitable for data trading markets and trading strategies.
文摘This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries (China and Russia). Fourteen years' (2000-2013) data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis (PCA) and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia? Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness? Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.
文摘Thailand has currently enhanced and promoted intensive trade and investment liberalization and implemented long-term growth policy according with current regional economic integration, WTO obligations and globalization. Nevertheless, several recent internal and external factors e.g. the massive SARS and avian flu outbreaks, the Indian Ocean tsunami devastation, the Asia financial crisis and domestic policy reforms (ICSEAD, 2006) have also impeded this policy. While the issues are important for Thailand and developing countries in Asia, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate them. The paper conducts a substantive quantitative study to contribute to these trade and development policy issues. A new econometric modelling policy method, namely the generalized gravity theory (Tran Van Hoa, 2004) is used to develop a simple flexible simultaneous-equation econometric model of Thailand's openness model with its seven major trade partners (ASEAN-4, Australia, the USA, the EU, China, Japan and India). Using data from the ICSEAD, the World Development Indicators and the Bank of Thailand databases, the paper reveals efficient and reliable empirical findings on trade-growth causality, trade determination including the impact of shocks and policy reform on trade and growth between Thailand and its major trade partners over the past two decades. The paper also provides evidence on the linkages between trade in goods, FDI and services and regional economic integration for more credible policy implications.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2022R1I1A3063257)supported by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute(ETRI)grant funded by the Korean Government[22ZR1300,Research on Intelligent Cyber Security and Trust Infra].
文摘These days,data is regarded as a valuable asset in the era of the data economy,which demands a trading platform for buying and selling data.However,online data trading poses challenges in terms of security and fairness because the seller and the buyer may not fully trust each other.Therefore,in this paper,a blockchain-based secure and fair data trading system is proposed by taking advantage of the smart contract and matchmaking encryption.The proposed system enables bilateral authorization,where data trading between a seller and a buyer is accomplished only if their policies,required by each other,are satisfied simultaneously.This can be achieved by exploiting the security features of the matchmaking encryption.To guarantee non-repudiation and fairness between trading parties,the proposed system leverages a smart contract to ensure that the parties honestly carry out the data trading protocol.However,the smart contract in the proposed system does not include complex cryptographic operations for the efficiency of onchain processes.Instead,these operations are carried out by off-chain parties and their results are used as input for the on-chain procedure.The system also uses an arbitration protocol to resolve disputes based on the trading proof recorded on the blockchain.The performance of the protocol is evaluated in terms of off-chain computation overhead and on-chain gas consumption.The results of the experiments demonstrate that the proposed protocols can enable the implementation of a cost-effective data trading system.
文摘The paper presents a new analytical framework to discuss the effect of Chinese foreign investment policy on the international technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership.The US Trade Representative claims that the Chinese government’s requirements regarding joint ventures pressure US companies to transfer intellectual property to Chinese companies.However,we argue that:(1)Based on analysis of the technical fees of technology import contracts and the number of US patents transferred to enterprises registered in the Chinese mainland,China’s foreign investment policy does not pressure US companies to transfer unremunerated technology to Chinese companies.(2)The invention and utility model patents filed by Chinese joint-venture enterprises or Chinese partner companies do not show an abnormally rapid growth,which means China’s FDI policy does not force US companies to transfer intellectual property in exchange for China’s market.(3)After 2012,the US-China technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership showed a significantly positive effect in reducing China-US trade surplus.
文摘This paper attempts to investigate the effects of several financial and trade policies on the total investment in Syria, over the period 1980-2010 (before the current war). The study employs Johansen co-integration test to check the presence of long-term relationship between explanatory and dependent variables. In addition, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) further studies the causal relationship from dependent variable to independent variables. The Johansen co-integration test indicates a significant long-term relationship among the variables. Moreover, the Vector Error Correction Model also suggests the long run causality from the imports, exports, capital public expenditures, and subsidies to total investment. The study’s result indicates that the imports and the capital public expenditures played a significant role in supporting the total investment in the country before the war, while there was a negative role of exports in the total investment, and there was no impact of subsidies on the total investment. Before the war, foreign investment in Syria was over dominated by European Union. The paper proposes to diversify the target of investment flow to Syria, especially from China and the other BRICS countries that can take advantages from Syria and can support Syria economy after the war by the strategy of “One Road One Belt”. Theseresults may assist Syrian policy makers, after the war, to develop an economic plan that takes into account the effects of these policies to improve the total investment which will help Syria in rebuilding the economy.
文摘China has recently established a new policy for the energy use of the Arctic region.Even though it is not a part of the Arctic Council,China has started a series of partnerships with public and private entities of countries that are geographically and politically members of the Arctic polar Circle.The project has to be carried out within the“Belt and Road Initiative”,by establishing new trade routes between China and the rest of the world.The study aims at assessing the fuel consumption for the Arctic shipping routes and comparing them to the traditional ones,in terms of cost reduction and time efficiency.Moreover,a brief consideration on oil&gas arctic fields has been carried out,in order to understand how the energy policy of China is changing the resource utilization.
文摘This paper makes a text analysis of the US President Donald Trump and his trade policy agenda at the national and international levels,followed by evidence-based statistical analyses of US trade.The results of President Trump’s twitters reveal that overall,President Donald Trump’s remarks contain his“populism”characterized by the use of easy-to-understand words as well as simple rhetoric,as shown most symbolically in the phrase“make America great again”.This is what is meant by“populism”,an important character of his administration(at the“meso”level)which exerts a large impact on the global(or“macro”)political and economic landscape.Such large-scale impacts can be generated by“micro”(individual level)remarks by President Trump.In more concrete terms,his micro(individual)speeches will influence his meso(national)level policy as well as the macro(NAFTA)level policy stance of the US.All these levels are interconnected in a sensitive way.NAFTA as a regional integration among the three nation states is actually under a significant influence from meso as well as micro interactions,and President Trump’s punitive trade stance may hit Chinese export negatively.Due consideration to the cross-hierarchical linkages is indeed a practical viewpoint when discussing the current,rather US-dominated trade deals.
文摘In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the trade interests in foreign policy of the Global South. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests of Global South. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in the demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region's economy. Moreover, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region's economy, but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, protectionistic pressures in different political system and different types of authoritarian regimes of Global South, the level of protectionistic pressures, the rise of qualitatively new politics in North-South relations like bilateral tendencies. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment of Global South.
文摘Today, intemational capital flows faster and faster. Thus, the supervision of capital flow becomes one of the key problems need to be solved every country, and how to supervise it is the focus in theoretical circle. Especially, China is currently facing international pressure to revalue the RMB, and a large number of free foreign capitals is flowing into China. So it is much more important to supervise it. By using the theory of foreign trade, we analyze the policy effects of foreign trade in the process of capital flow, and hope that the policy of foreign trade will exert positive effects on the supervision of capital flow.
文摘How to ensure energy supply and reduce environment pollution have turned into governments’ top priorities and key factors to maintain sustainable development. In this context, two major trade and investment agreements that could lead to profound influence on low-carbon energy systems development around the Asia-Pacific region are the Regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) consisted of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and Republic of Korea and the Belt and road initiative (BRI) initiated by China. In order to have a smooth transition to low-carbon energy systems in Asia, besides RCEP and BRI, it is imperative to boost private sector investment. Success of encouraging private sector investment depends on appropriate government policies towards promoting innovations and reducing financial risks to private investors. The research questions that are examined in this study are: What type of policy measures affects trade in low-carbon transition, particularly renewable energy (RE) transition? How can investment signals and incentives be reframed to scale up private finance in RE? The objective is to investigate and to provide several feasible trade policy and investment policy tools for both national and regional markets that governments could adopt to accelerate the speed of private financing of the low-carbon energy industry, particularly the RE industry.
文摘In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the diffusion of bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the European Union (EU) during the global financial and economic crisis. Realistic point is important trends in the trade regime during the economic crisis. The decisions taken by the representatives of the governments participating in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are, to a significant degree, influenced by various lobbies, such as organisations and unions of food producers or other non-governmental organisations, including trade unions, The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the international trade policy during the world financial and economic crisis 2008-2010. The particular mains concern the political economy models of foreign trade policy, protectionistic pressures in different political system, the level of protectionistic pressures, food producer pressures, international trade liberalization, and environmental protection bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the EU and the respond of the EU to the economic crisis, it must be emphasized that on a theoretical level, understanding the choice of trade policies between liberalizm and protectionisme is very important. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalisation, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others.