A Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Carbomer Gel and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Containing Artificial Tears in Dry Eyes

The present study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of a 0.4% carbomer gel and 1% carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） containing artificial tears in treatment of dry eye patients. Sixty subjects with mean age of 45.89 years who had symptoms and signs of dry eye were enrolled in this prospective, investigator-masked and stratified random sampling study. The subjects were divided into two parallel groups with 30 subjects （60 eyes） in each group. One group received carbomer gel, and the other group received 1% CMC containing artificial tears. Subjects received the drops 3 to 4 times or more per day for 3 months. At the first visit time, the precorneal residence time of these two drops was measured. The efficacy was assessed by comparing the subjective symptoms （ocular dry- ness, foreign body sensation, burning sensation and pain）, and the objective test results of tears breakup time, Schirmer＇s test and corneal fluorescein staining prior to the study and after the treat- ment. As a result, the ocular residence time of carbomer gel was significantly longer than that of 1% CMC （P〈0.001）. Most of the primary subjective symptoms and objective test results were improved after treatment in both carbomer gel group and 1% CMC group. As to the improvement of each symptom and objective test result, carbomer gel was more effective than 1% CMC group （P〈0.01）. In conclusion, carbomer gel had longer precorneal residence time and was more effective than 1% CMC in the treatment of patients with dry eyes.

Optimization of Cultural Condition and Synergistic Effect of Lactose with Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Cellulase Production by <i>Bacillus</i>sp. Isolated from Fecal Matter of Elephant (<i>Elephas maximus</i>)

A cellulase producing bacterium (E3 strain) was isolated from fecal matter of elephant and identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA sequenced based molecular phylogenetic approach. While studying the effect of substrates like Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), avicel, starch, maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose and lactose on cellulase production, it was found that CMC was best carbon source induced cellulase production followed by lactose in this bacterial strain. A positive synergistic effect of lactose with CMC was also observed with enhancement of 5 - 6 times in cellulase production. The optimum cellulase production was recorded with 1% CMC and 1% lactose when added individually in the Omeliansky’s medium. The results showed that addition lactose with CMC greatly enhances the production and activity of various cellulase enzymes. The optimal fermentation conditions for the biosynthesis of cellulase by this strain were found to be temperature: 37℃, pH 7.0. The nitrogen source NH4Cl at 0.15% was optimum for cellulase production by this bacterium.

Preparation of urea-formaldehyde paraffin microcapsules modified by carboxymethyl cellulose as a potential phase change material

We prepared spherical microcapsules modified by carboxymethyl cellulose（CMC） with urea-formaldehyde（UF） resin as a shell material with a two-step process by in situ polymerization, and characterized the microcosmic features, chemical structure, and thermal performance of the microcapsules by SEM, FTIR, DSC, and TGA. We studied the effects of different experimental parameters of curing p H, the amounts of the emulsifier and emulsion speed. The CMC-UF microcapsules had good heat resistance and stability. The enthalpy of CMC-UF microcapsules reached 50.33 J g-1. Therefore, CMC-UF resin can be used as a potential wall material of phase change materials.

Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose/organic montmorillonite nanocomposites and its adsorption behavior for Congo Red dye

A series of carboxymethyl cellulose/organic montmorillonite （CMC/OMMT） nanocomposites with different weight ratios of carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） to organic montmorillonite （OMMT） were synthesized under different conditions. The nanocomposites were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction （XRD） method, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and thermal gravimetric （TG） analysis. The results showed that the introduction of CMC may have different influences on the physico-chemical properties of OMMT and intercalated-exfoliated nanostructures were formed in the nanocomposites. The effects of different reaction conditions on the adsorption capacity of samples for Congo Red （CR） dye were investigated by controlling the amount ofhexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB）, the weight ratio of CMC to OMMT, the reaction time, and the reaction temperature. Results from the adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption capacity of the nanocomposites can reach 171.37 rag/g, with the amount of CTAB being 1.0 cation exchange capacity （CEC） of MMT, the weight ratio of CMC to OMMT being l：l, the reaction time being 6 h, and the reaction temperature being 60~C. The CMC/OMMT nanocomposite can be used as a potential adsorbent to remove CR dye from an aqueous solution.

Absorption Capability Comparison of Two Kinds of Super Absorbent Resins from Carboxymethyl Cellulose

The two kinds of super absorbent resins from carboxymethyl cellulose were synthesized with the potassium persulphate and methylenebisacrylamide as initiator and cross linker respectively by radical polymerization in aqueous solution. Thestructures of the two resins were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, scanning electron miscroscopy （SEM）, and environment scanning electron miscroscopy （ESEM）, the results indicate that the fibriform of the carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） is disappeared and the crusslink networks in eopolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-graft-polyacrylic acid（CMC-g-PAA） are denser than that of eopolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-graft-poly （acrylic acid-co-N-vinyl Pyrrolidone） （CMC-g- PAA-co-PVP）. The comparison between the two resins in absorption capacities is that CMC-g-PAA is better in the water-keep capability being heated, while CMC-g-PAA-co-PVP is better in the water absorbency and salt resistance.

Adsorption Behavior and Inhibition Corrosion Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Mild Steel in Acidic Medium

The effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1.0 mol·L-1 HCl solution has been investigated by using weight loss (WL) measurement, potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. These results showed that the inhibition efficiency of Na-CMC increased with increasing the inhibitor concentration. Potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that the Na-CMC was a mixed type inhibitor in 1.0 mol·L-1 HCl. The adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel surface has been found to obey the Langmuir isotherm. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1.0 mol·L-1 HCl with addition of 0.04% of Na-CMC has been studied in the temperature range of 298-328 K. The associated apparent activation energy (E*a ) of corrosion reaction has been determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been applied to investigate the surface morphology of mild steel in the absence and presence of the inhibitor molecules.

γ⁃Fe2O3@carboxymethyl Cellulose as Potential Oral Nanomedicine for Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment on Rats

Oral iron supplements such as ferrous iron salts are major treatment agents for iron deficiency anemia(IDA)due to the convenience of large dose administration and good patient compliance.However,the gastrointestinal adverse impact caused by Fe2+stimulus and low bioavailability severely impedes its therapeutic effects.In recent years,it has been found that nano iron⁃based nanoparticles with high surface⁃to⁃volume ratio and low iron ion leakage can alleviate the toxic effect and improve the gastrointestinal absorbance.For further clinical development,nano materials need to meet the pharmaceutical quality demand.Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)is a significant pharmaceutical ingredient applied in approved drug formulations,and polyglucosorbitol carboxymethylether(PSC)has been utilized in iron⁃based nanomedicine ferumoxytol synthesis,both of which can be firmly anchored on iron oxide by carboxyl chelation.In this work,iron oxide nanoparticles(NPs)modified with CMC were designed and synthesized,and the structure composition and physicochemical properties were distinctly characterized.Oral supplement effects on rat IDA were investigated and compared with other recently reported iron supplements including NPs modified with PSC.Results show that the oral nano iron supplement achieved the recovery of hemoglobin and serum iron level in only two weeks with high safety.The nano iron oxide modified with pharmaceutical excipients provides new potential approach for oral iron supplement available in clinics.

The Oleic Acid Composition Effect on the Carboxymethyl Cellulose Based Biopolymer Electrolyte

Biopolymer electrolyte based on carboxymethyl cellulose has been prepared by doping with different concentration of oleic acid via solution casting technique. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the complexation between the salt and polymer. New peak was observed at 1710, 2850, 2920 cm-1. X-ray diffraction study reveals the amorphous nature of the biopolymer electrolyte. Impedance study shows the highest ionic conductivity, σ, was found to be 2.11 × 10-5 S·cm-1 at room temperature (303 K) for sample containing 20 wt.% of oleic acid and the biopolymer electrolyte obeys Arrhenius behaviour.

Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose on dissolution kinetics of carboxymethyl cellulose-sodium carbonate two-component tablet

Sodium carbonate and carboxymethyl cellulose powders are compressed into two-component tablets with three mass ratios,97%:3%,95%:5% and 93%:7%.The dissolution tests for two-component tablets and reference pure sodium carbonate tablets are carried out at various temperatures.The dissolution process of each tablet is measured by electrical conductivity tracking method and the concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate is quanti fied with calibrated conductivity-concentration converting equation of sodium carbonate.The quanti fied dissolution data is fitted with both surface reaction model and diffusion layer model and the results clearly show that surface reaction model is suggested as the appropriate dissolution model for all measured tablets.Therefore,it is determined that carboxymethyl cellulose is a stable element to remain the dissolution mechanism of tablet unchanged.The dissolution rate constant quanti fied with surface reaction model presents that carboxymethyl cellulose-sodium carbonate two-component tablets obtain signi ficant higher dissolution rate constant than pure sodium carbonate tablet and higher proportion of carboxymethyl cellulose leads to apparent higher dissolution rate constant.The results prove for the usage of carboxymethyl cellulose in most practical applications at a relative low-level,the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose is effective and positive for two-component tablet to enhance the dissolution process and improve dissolution rate constant and this effect is speculated coming from its dynamic physical transforming process in water including dilation and conglutination.

EFFECT OF METAL IONIC SPECIES AT MINERAL SURFACES ON THE ADSORPTION OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE

In this research it was shown that mineral surface metal-lic sites played a decisive role in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) adsorp-tion, and surface hydrophobicity alone did not have significant effects. Both the carboxymethyl groups and the hydroxyl groups of the CMC par-ticipated in the interaction with mineral surface, with the carboxymethyl groups interacting with metal and metal hydroxyl species, and hydroxyl groups interacting with metal hydroxide species, respectively.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SILICA-SUPPORTED CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE PLATINUM COMPLEX AND ITS CATALYTIC BEHAVIORS FOR HYDROGENATI0N OF AR0MATICS

A silica-supported carboxymethylcellulose platinum complex (abbreviated as SiO_2-CMC-Pt) has been prepared and characterized by XPS. Its catalytic properties for hydro-genation of aromatic compounds were studied. The results showed that this catalystcould catalyze the hydrogenation of phenol, anisol, p-cresol, benzene and toluene to cyclo-hexanol, cyclohexyl methyl ether, p-methyl cyclohexanol, cyclohexane and methylcyclo-hexane, respectively in 100% yield at 30℃ and 1 atm. In the hydrogenation of phenol,COO/Pt ratio in SiO_2-CMC-Pt has much influence on the initial hydrogenation rate andthe selectivity for the intermediate product, cyclohexanone. The highest initial rate andthe highest yield of cyclohexanone both occur at COO/Pt ratio of 6. The complex is stableduring the reaction and can be used repeatedly.

Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Fibers

Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) fibers were produced by extruding the CMC solution into the metal salt coagulation bath and collected with a winding machine.It was found that copper chloride,ferric chloride,cerium chloride,lanthanum chloride and aluminum nitrate solution could be used as coagulation bath to prepare CMC fibers,whereas the metal salt solutions,such as nickel chloride,zinc chloride,calcium chloride and magnesium chloride,could not.The fiber formation is due to the coordination between the carboxylates of CMC and metal ion.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) was applied to studying the coordination mode of CMC and metal ion.The metal salt concentration,pH value and temperature of the coagulation bath affect the tenacity and elongation of the fiber.CMC fibers show good water uptake ability and can adsorb water more than 200% of its own weight.The mechanical behaviors of CMC fiber show dependence on environment humidity.

Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Made from Bamboo Harvesting Residues

Bamboo harvesting residues are wastes by-products of bamboo industries that contain holocellulose for about 63.14%to 70.71%,which often be discarded,incinerated or buried.In this study,carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared from bamboo harvesting residues(bamboo-branch and bamboo-tip)as raw materials.The chemical composition of bamboo harvesting residues,the viscosity and degree of substitution of carboxymethyl cellulose were determined.Carboxymethyl cellulose obtained was further characterized and compared by means of FTIR,SEM,XRD and TG.Results showed that under the optimized identical conditions,the viscosity and degree of substitution of carboxymethyl cellulose from bamboo-branch and bamboo-tip were 6.0 and 78.9 mPa·s,0.75 and 0.89,respectively.Carboxymethyl cellulose obtained from bamboo-tip displayed a lower crystallinity and a better thermal stability as compared to synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose obtained from bamboo-branch and bamboo-culm.

Multifunctional Biocompatible Fluorescent <i>Carboxymethyl Cellulose</i>Nanoparticles

A multifunctional nanoparticle based on carboxymethyl cellulose was developed. Folate group was attached to nanoparticle for specific recognition of cancerous cells and 5FU was encapsulated for delivering cytotoxicity. The whole system was able to track by the semiconductor quantum dots that were attached to the nanoparticle. The multifunctional nanoparticle was characterized by UV-VIS spectra, PL spectra, FTIR, TEM, SEM etc and was targeted to human breast cancer cell, MCF7. The biocompatibility of nanoparticle without drug and cytotoxicity rendered by nanoparticle with drug was studied with MCF7 and L929 cell lines. The epifluorescent images suggest that the folate-conjugated nanoparticles were more internalized by folate receptor positive cell line, MCF7 than the noncancerous L929 cells.

Preparation and Characterization of Eco-friendly Carboxymethyl Cellulose Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Hydrogels

Carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels were developed through crosslinking process using eco-friendly crosslinkers such as maleic,succinic,and citric acids.Carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared from the cellulosic fraction of olive industry residues.A series of hydrogels with varying crosslinker acid concentrations,reaction times,and reaction temperatures was produced to study the swelling capacities and gel fraction of the obtained hydrogels.Additional study pertains to the preparation of antimicrobial nanocomposite hydrogels through in-situ incorporation of the silver nanoparticles during the crosslinking reaction.Silver nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of AgNO3 with leaves of Ricinus communis.The particle size of prepared silver nanoparticles was detected by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Chemical structure and morphological characterizations of the prepared hydrogels were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX).Finally,the antimicrobial activity of the loaded silver hydrogels against Gram negative(G-ve),Gram positive(G+ve),and Candida albicans yeast was demonstrated.

AlCl₃Cross-Linked and Spray Dried Carboxymethyl Sago Cellulose Microspheres as Potential Carriers for the Enteric Delivery

A semisynthetic polymer of carboxymethyl sago cellulose (CMSC) was synthesized from Malaysian sago biomass and further used in the development of drug delivery system. Recently, we have reported spray-dried carboxymethyl sago cellulose (CMSC) microspheres for enteric release and dissolution enhancement of piroxicam. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to improve the enteric release property of CMSC microspheres using aluminium chloride as a cross-linker in the spray drying process and prednisolone as a model drug. CMSC microspheres loaded with prednisolone were prepared using a cross-linker concentration of 0%, 0.01%, 0.025% and 0.05%. All the drug-loaded microspheres were found to have high drug entrapment efficiencies (DEE) ranging from 99% to 106.1%. FT-IR spectroscopy has confirmed the cross-linking in CMSC microspheres as well as intact and amorphous nature of the entrapped drug. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) results have shown agglomeration of microspheres and the presence of drugs on the surface. Cross-linked microspheres have shown better efficiency than the uncross-linked microspheres in restricting drug release in stomach pH. Only about 5% of the loaded drug was released from cross-linked microspheres at pH 1.2 while 10% of the drug was released from uncross-linked microspheres. Also, cross-linked microspheres have exhibited faster drug release in pH 6.8 than the uncross-linked microspheres. Spray-dried and AlCl3 cross-linked CMSC microspheres have shown promising results in enteric drug delivery as well as dissolution enhancement.

Edible Coating for Shelf-Life Extension of Fresh Banana Fruit Based on Gamma Irradiated Plasticized Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Tannin Composites

The interest in the development of edible and biodegradable films has increased because it is every day more evident that non-degradable materials are doing much damage to the environment. Blends based on different ratios of plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Tannin compound were prepared by solution casting in the form of thin films. Then the blend films were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation. First, the effect of gamma irradiation and the Tannin compound, as an antimicrobial agent, on the thermal and mechanical properties was investigated. As an application in the field of the prolongation of food preservation lifetime, banana fruits were coated with solutions of gamma irradiated PVA/CMC blends in the presence of Tannin. The results showed that the gamma irradiation improved the thermal properties, which provides suitable materials based on natural biodegradable polymers for food preservation withstanding the temperature and stresses.

Effect of mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose on dry eye in postmenopausal women

AIM： To investigate the protective effect of mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops on dry eye in postmenopausal women.METHODS： Sixty postmenopause female patients diagnosed of dry eye were assigned randomly to mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops treatment group（n=30） and control group treated with normal saline eye drops（n=30）. The subjective symptoms of ocular surface, Ocular Surface Disease Index（OSDI）, tear film function tests, tear protein and corneal morphology by confocal scanning microscopy were analyzed before treatment and at 1, 2, 4 and 8 wk after treatment respectively. To ensure the safety of the trial, all patients were examined with systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, urine creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen at 8 wk after treatment.RESULTS： There were no obvious differences between two groups before the treatment（P〉0.05）. In two months after the treatment, the symptoms of ocular surface, OSDI, tear protein, and tear film function were only slightly changed in normal saline eye drops group. However, all indices were improved after the treatment of mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops group（P〈0.05）. In addition, the average amount of corneal epithelium basal cells and inflammatory cells of mistletoe treated group were 3174±379 and 38±25 cells/mm2, significantly decreased as compared to the control group with 4309±612 and 158± 61 cells/mm2, respectively. In the control group, althoughnerves still maintained straight under corneal epithelium, the number of nerves were significantly decreased, as compared with normal female. In the mistletoe treated group, the number of nerves was only slightly reduced, compared with normal female.CONCLUSION： Mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops can alleviate the symptoms and signs of dry eye symptoms.

Hydrogenation of Toluidines Catalyzed by Silica-supported Carboxymethylcellulose-platinum Complex

The hydrogenation of toluidines catalyzed by silica-supported carboxymethyl cellulose platinum complex forms methylcyclohexlamines in high yields, such as m-toluidine to 3-methylcyclohexylamine, o-toluidine to 2-methylcyclohexylamine, and p-toluidine to 4-methylcyclohexylamine in 97%, 96.7% and 98.2% yields, respectively, at 30 ℃ and under atmospheric hydrogen pressure. The yields were remarkably affected by the Pt content in the complex, the kind of solvent and the reaction temperature. The catalyst was very stable and could be reused several times without remarkable change in the catalytic activity.

Preparation of Waterborne Nanoscale Carbon Black Dispersion with Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Waterborne nanoscale carbon black dispersion (NCBD) was widely used in inkjet printing, spun-dyeing fibers and coloration fabrics. In this paper, NCBD was prepared using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as dispersant. Effects of CMC viscosity, ultrasonic time and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide on carbon black (CB) particle size were discussed. The results showed that CB particle size decreased by mechanical agitation while it increased by ultrasonic with the increase of CMC viscosity. Ultrasonic is a more effective method to disperse CB particles than that of mechanical agitation. CB particle size obviously decreased with increasing ultrasonic time and arrived at about 160 nm for 60 min. In addition, oxidation with 2 mol/L of H_ 2 O_ 2 and 0.2 wt% of CMC300 reduced CB particle size to 160 nm at 90℃ for 2.5 h.