Dietary Intake, Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Potentials of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic Exposure via Consumption of Dried Crayfish in Calabar, Nigeria

Intense pressure from both onshore and offshore oil exploration and exploitation activities, together with the accompanying urbanization and industrialization has resulted in massive contamination of land and water resources in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Whereas crayfish is very sensitive to contaminant in the aquatic environment and constitute an important part of human diet, its quality and safety from environmental pollutant is of serious health concern. Evaluation of dietary intake, potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic exposure via consumption of dried crayfish purchased from major markets in Calabar, Nigeria was carried out between June and August 2021. Thirty-six composite samples of dried crayfish purchased from 180 vendors were used for the study. Heavy metals concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion. Metals concentrations (Mg/kg) were of the ranges 0.02 - 0.24, 0.14 - 0.86, 0.32 - 0.72, 0.04 - 0.19 for Pb, Cd, Hg and As respectively. The mean content of cadmium and mercury exceeded FAO/ WHO and Commission of European Communities maximum levels for crustaceans. Average Estimated Daily Intake for each of the metals was found to be above the recommended daily intake level except for arsenic. The average estimated daily intake values for Cd and Hg were also above the tolerable upper intake level. Average Target Hazard Quotient of all the metals and Hazard Index of all the markets were below 1.00. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk of the metals was greater than the standard tolerable regulatory risk (10-4) for carcinogens. Consumption of crayfish purchased from major markets in Calabar could pose a range of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks.

MUTAGENICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY OF FISH SAUCE FROM A COUNTY WITH THE HIGH RISK FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN CHINA

The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of fish sauce (FS) sample from Changle County, a high gastric cancer mortality (113.20/105) area, were investigated with the biologic short-term tests and laboratory animal experiment. The results showed that the extract of FS was markedly direct mutagenic toward S. typhimurium TA100, induced high sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) in V79 cells after nitrosation with sodium nitrite. But the non-nitrosated FS did not. The nitrosated fish sauce (NFS) also induced SOS in E. coli PQ37 and alkylation of calfthymus DNA. The potency of NFS to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human normal gastric mucosal cells was increased about fivefold compared with FS. When the NFS extract was given to newborn rats by gavage, dys-plasia and adenocaroinoma were induced in the glandular stomach in the 4th and 16th experimental week, respectively. N-nitrosamides were also found in NFS, which may account for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of NFS. It is indicated that FS, a traditional daily eaten seasoning, may contribute to the causes of the high gastric cancer mortality for the local residents.

Levels of Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Ingredients in Plant Food Supplements and Associated Risk Assessment

The present study describes the selection, analysis and risk assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic ingredients of botanicals and botanical preparations which can be found in food and plant food supplements (PFS). First an inventory was made of botanical ingredients that are of possible concern for human health because of their genotoxic and/or carcinogenic properties. In total, 30 botanical ingredients were selected and subsequently judged for their actual genotoxic and/or carcinogenic potential. Among the 30 compounds considered, 18 compounds were judged to be both genotoxic and carcinogenic. Interestingly, the majority of these compounds belong to the group of alkenylbenzenes or unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Subsequently, based on available carcinogenicity data and estimated daily human exposure that was determined focusing on the intake from PFS, the Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated for the alkenylbenzenes estragole, methyleugenol, safrole and β-asarone. Calculating the MOEs for intake estimates of these alkenylbenzenes from PFS resulted in MOE values that were generally lower than 10,000 and often lower than 100. In some cases the MOE was even below 10 meaning that the estimated daily intake is in the range of dose levels causing malignant tumors in experimental animals. This result indicates that the use of PFS containing the genotoxic carcinogens estragole, methyleugenol, safrole or β-asarone might raise a potential concern for human health and would be of high priority for risk management.

Contamination assessment,source apportionment and associated health risks of PTEs in agricultural soil under five land-use patterns in Sanya,China

To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.

腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析及其对患者预后和生活质量(QLICP-CR)的影响

目的分析腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘(Anastomotic Leakage,AL)的危险因素,为临床有效预防腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后AL提供理论依据,并进一步探索AL对患者预后和生活质量的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2020年12月皖南医学院第一附属医院胃肠外科收治的394例行腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术患者的临床资料,将其按是否发生术后吻合口瘘分成无吻合口瘘(无AL组,359例)和吻合口瘘组(AL组35例)两组。采用单因素分析和多因素二元Logistic回归分析探寻术后AL独立的危险因素。根据可能会影响患者术后生存的因素,将无AL组和AL组进行1︰1倾向性得分匹配(PSM),再采用Kaplan-Meier法比较匹配组和匹配后AL组患者术后3年的总生存率、局部复发率、远处转移率。对于生存时间满3年的匹配组和匹配后AL组的患者,进行癌症患者生命质量测定量表体系QLICP(Quality of Life Instruments for Cancer Patients)中的大肠癌CR(Colorectal Cancer)量表第二版(简称为QLICP-CR(V2.0))评分,比较两组患者生命质量差异。结果单因素和多因素logistic分析发现患者男性(OR:2.680,95%CI:1.098~6.540),术前接受新辅助治疗(OR:5.109,95%CI:2.347~11.118),术前白蛋白<35 g/L(OR:3.269,95%CI:1.507~7.090),肿瘤距肛缘距离<7 cm(OR:3.330,95%CI:1.448~7.657)是腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后AL的独立危险因素。Kaplan-Meier法分析显示,AL并不影响患者的3年总生存率(78.8%vs 75.8%,P=0.752)、3年局部复发率(9.1%vs 18.2%,P=0.285)、3年远处转移率(12.1%vs 15.2%,P=0.726)。AL患者在心理功能中的情绪侧面(P=0.029)、大肠特异模块中的大便情况侧面(P=0.039)评分显著降低。结论男性、术前接受新辅助治疗、术前白蛋白<35 g/L、肿瘤距肛缘距离<7 cm是腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后AL的独立危险因素。AL不影响腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术预后。AL会对患者带来情绪、大便情况上的不良影响。

广东近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)有机氯农药残留与健康风险评估

为了探讨有机氯农药对牡蛎食用安全性的影响,对2003年春季在广东沿岸15个贝类养殖海域采集的近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)样品,用气相色谱仪-石英毛细管色谱柱(长30m,内径0.32mm,膜厚0.25μm)-微电子捕获检测器,测定持久性有机氯农药的残留量,然后进行健康风险评估。结果显示:α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、pp′-DDD、pp′-DDE、pp′-DDT、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹、七氯和环氧七氯的残留量均低于澳大利亚、美国、日本的食品安全限量;接触风险指数ERI和致癌风险指数CRI分别为4×10-7～4×10-2、1.17×10-5～8.97×10-5;每天每千克人体可以食用的广东近江牡蛎软组织重量,按可接受的致癌风险(CRI≤10-4)推算为4～51g,15个采样点总体平均为9g;按可接受的接触风险(ERI≤1)推算为37～410g,总体平均为68g。

松花江沉积物中Pb As Cr的分布及生态风险评价

通过样品采集和分析,研究了松花江自第二松花江白山至松花江干流佳木斯段表层沉积物(0～10cm)中Pb、As、Cr的含量分布特征,并采用地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了沉积物中Pb、As、Cr污染及生态风险程度。结果表明,沉积物中Pb、As、Cr的含量范围分别为12.1～232.4、4.6～26.1、9.0～94.4mg·kg-1,平均值分别为34.8、12.8、37.9mg·kg-1。Pb含量的变异系数达1.4,污染源的性质及人为活动扰动可能是造成这种差异的主要原因。相关分析的结果显示,3种元素之间存在明显的正相关性。3种元素污染程度由高到低依次为Pb、As、Cr;所有江段均受到一定程度的Pb污染,且以中等污染为主;68.4%的取样江段受到轻微的As污染;除少数江段外,多数取样江段无Cr污染。Pb、As、Cr生态风险由强到弱的顺序为Pb、As、Cr,苇沙河及哨口江段存在较高的Pb、As、Cr综合生态风险,其余江段均为轻微生态危险。

51例急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心脏破裂(CR)的临床特征及预后

目的分析急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)后心脏破裂(cardiac rupture,CR)的临床特征、发病危险因素和预后因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2014年1月我科收治并确诊为AMI合并CR的51例患者的住院资料,以及204例对照组AMI患者的资料。结果 CR组死亡34例(67%),平均胸痛到死亡时间为17.4天。CR组行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术22例(43%),其中死亡11例(50%);保守药物治疗21例(41%),其中死亡20例(95.2%);择期外科搭桥8例(15.7%),其中死亡3例(37.5%)。行外科修补术11例,其中死亡4例。CR组平均年龄、女性及高血压占比、NT-proBNP、肌酐、血糖、心率均显著高于对照组,左室射血分数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。CR组β-blocker、ACEI/ARB和欣维宁的使用比例均低于对照组(P<0.05),低分子肝素和机械通气使用率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论本研究发现AMI合并CR患者死亡率极高,高龄、快心室率、高血压、贫血、低红细胞压积是AMI患者急性期出现CR的独立危险因素。女性、左室游离壁破裂、左室射血分数低、NT-proBNP水平高、高血糖、肾功能不全与CR患者近期死亡(60天内)显著相关,是AMI合并CR患者近期死亡的独立危险因素。

地质沉积物中重金属Cr,Ni污染现状及生态风险评价

由于地质沉积物中重金属Cr,Ni污染问题日益突出,对生态风险评价不精准就无法彻底解决重金属Cr,Ni污染问题。针对这一问题,进行地质沉积物中重金属Cr,Ni污染现状及生态风险评价研究。通过分析地质沉积物中重金属Cr,Ni污染现状,得出地质沉积物中重金Ni不仅会污染水体和土壤,还会影响大气质量;计算地累积指数,模拟重金属Cr,Ni生态风险,完成地质沉积物中重金属Cr,Ni生态风险评价,致力于为环境容量、环境质量的研究提供基础数据。

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fish and Sediments from Vea Irrigation Reservoir

The low yield of food production ascribed to harm caused by pests has led to the application of pesticides to food crops. Pesticide residues from the application on crops are mostly found in foods that can cause diseases for consumers of such products. A total of 37 pesticide residues consisting of 15 organochlorines (OC), 13 organophosphorus (OP) and 9 synthetic pyrethroids (SP) were determined. The QuEChERS method was exploited for extraction and clean-up. Gas Chromatograph was used for detection and quantification which was equipped with an electron capture detector and pulse flame photometric detector. The results showed that the mean concentrations of pesticides in fish ranged from 0.007 mg·kg-1 to 1.026 mg·kg-1 for OCs, 0.002 mg·kg-1 to 0.190 mg·kg-1 for OPs and 0.004 mg·kg-1 to 0.032 mg·kg-1 for SP. Sediments have mean concentrations ranged from 0.005 mg·kg-1 to 1.207 mg·kg-1 for OCs. OP ranges from 0.002 mg·kg-1 to 0.399 mg·kg-1 and 0.003 mg·kg-1 to 0.202 mg·kg-1 for synthetic pyrethroids. Maximum Residue Limits were exceeded in both fish and sediment samples except for malathion, fenitrothion, profenofos, gamma-chlordane, and deltamethrin. Exposure in children ranged from 4.60 × 10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1 to 2.36 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1 and in adults it is from 1.97 × 10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1 to 1.01 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1. Health risk estimation revealed a non-cancer risk potential of β-HCH in sediment and aldrin and p,p'-DDE in fish. Carcinogenic risk assessed for organochlorine pesticide residues indicates cancer benchmark concentrations greater than 10-4 to 10-6 threshold for acceptance.

Arsenic in Drinking Water Toxicological Risk Assessment in the North Region of Burkina Faso

Human health risks assessment were estimated by determining the nature and probability of adverse health effects in the North region’s populations who are now exposed to arsenic from drinking water or will be exposed in the future. Several questions were addressed in this study: what types of health problems may be caused by arsenic from drinking water? What is the chance that people will experience health problems when exposed to different levels of arsenic? What arsenic level are people exposed to and for how long? To answers these questions we have first identified the hazard by evaluating arsenic concentration in thirty-four (34) bore-hole water points among the region based on the assumption of clinical cases related to drinking water. Arsenic concentration ranged from 0 up to 87.8 micrograms per liter. Next we assessed the dose-response of exposure to arsenic. Dose-response relationship describes how the likelihood and severity of adverse health effects are related to the amount and condition of exposure to arsenic. This required us to choose toxicity reference values (TRVs) above which adverse effects may occur for noncarcinogenic and for carcinogenic effects. Exposure factors have been calculated in two scenarios: people from 0 to 14 years old and people from 15 to 70 years. Exposure has been estimated indirectly through consideration of measured concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. This study show that people in the Yatenga, Zondoma and Passore provinces are at very high risk for developing several pathologies such as hyper pigmentation, keratosis, cancer, etc. due by chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water.

Health Risks due to Consumption of <i>Malus domestica</i>Golden Delicious Containing Heavy Metals

The intake of heavy metals through food consumption is a food safety problem that severely impacts the health of consumers, so information about food intake and heavy metal concentrations in food products is required to estimate the potential risk to the health of the population. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the potential risks to human health from exposure to Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn through the intake of Malus domestica Golden Delicious consumed in the Mexican southeast, considering the age group and gender. The concentration of each of the metals was quantified by spectrometry of atomic absorption (AAE) and the daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk indices through the consumption of apple: health risk index (HRI), total health risk index (THRI), target hazard coefficient (THQ) and the probability of carcinogenic risk (CR) were estimated. The concentrations of the metals analyzed in the apple samples showed the following decreasing order: Zn ≥ Ni ≥ Cu ≥ Pb ≥ Cd. The DIM values showed the following decreasing order: child > young adult > adoescent > elders. The health risk assessments (HRI, THRI, THQ and CR) obtained from the samples of Golden Delicious apples are located within the acceptable and/or tolerable limits, however, the increase in the intake of heavy metals through consumption of apples from establishments in the study area or the consumption of various foods contaminated with heavy metals may increase the health risk potential of consumers. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out studies on the concentration of heavy metals in food products, mainly those of greater popular consumption, to guarantee food security of the population.

Synoptic Analysis of Epidemiologic Evidence of Brain Cancer Risks from Mobile Communication

In the radio frequency (RF) range concern about long-term health risks from electromagnetic fields (EMF) is enhanced by contradictory results and conclusions from epidemiologic studies. A new approach of a synoptic analysis of all available data from epidemiological studies published since 2001 was performed. This approach provided new insight with regard to a potential link between mobile phone use and brain cancer. Two quite different data pools could be identified with numerous studies from one research group opposing all other studies. However, it could be shown that with the number of exposed cases both data pools exhibit a clear trend of risk estimates (odds ratios) towards the final result, namely a reduced cancer risk of OR = 0.8, though from either side of the zero-risk line. The analysis of potential long-term effects indicated by a dosedependence revealed diverging results with different dose metrics. Overall, the synoptic analysis supports reassuring rather than alarming conclusions on RF EMF health risks from mobile telecommunication.

武汉地区池塘养殖鳜中重金属Cr和As含量及其健康风险评价

为了解武汉地区池塘养殖鳜重金属铬(Cr)和砷(As)污染现状及食用风险,于2019年5—9月采集武汉地区池塘养殖鳜共计14份,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)仪进行分析测定其肌肉中重金属Cr和As的含量状况,并采用目标危害系数法(THQ)评估重金属暴露的健康风险。结果表明,Cr和As在鳜肌肉中含量范围分别为ND^0.174和0.00455~0.0830 mg/kg,武汉地区池塘养殖鳜肌肉中Cr和As残留相对较低。健康风险评价结果显示各采样点Cr、As的危害商数都小于安全基准值1。因此,通过食用武汉地区的鳜而摄入的Cr、As不具有潜在的健康风险,可以放心食用。

关联因子作用下含Cr(Ⅵ)天然劣质地下水的健康风险评价

为了提高地下水健康风险评价的准确性,在对目标污染物进行健康风险评价时需考虑关联因子的影响。文章对健康风险评价模型进行改进,提出了关联因子影响下目标污染物浓度的校正方程,并用四川德阳地区地下水中目标污染物Cr(Ⅵ)和关联因子挥发酚的检测数据进行验证。得出校正后Cr(Ⅵ)的健康风险值比校正前减小21.86%,与当地未见Cr(Ⅵ)毒害的人群相符。

Degradation and Exposure Risk Assessment of Six Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Soil

[Objective] The paper was to understand the degradation tendency and carcinogenic risks of six sulfonylurea herbicides in soil, and guide the safe use. [Method] The herbicide residues were determined by UPLC-MS/MS and the degradation rates were calculated. In addition, the changing tendencies of directly exposed carcinogenic risk along with the herbicide residues were analyzed through the risk evaluation model. [Result] Significant differences were found among the degradation tendencies of the six sulfonylurea herbicides in soil, the longest theoretical half-life was 28.9 d and the shortest was 18.7 d. After application, the maximum carcinogenic risk value of the six herbicide residues in soil was 2.5×10^-8, lower than the reference value （×10^-6）. Oral intake and dermal contact were the major exposure routes, with the total contribution rate of 99.78% to the carcinogenic risk by direct exposure. When the P-value was less than 0.01, both original residue level and carcinogenic risk were significantly correlated with the dosage of herbicide, and the correlation coefficient was 0.983 1. [Conclusion] Under the condition of test, it does not have any unacceptable carcinogenic risk to human body. Moreover, selection of readily degradable herbicide with low residue level, and control of application rate are the effective approaches of reducing the carcinogenic risk of direct exposure.

Geochemical signatures and human health risk evaluation of rare earth elements in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Information on rare earth elements(REEs)in soils and plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very limited.Therefore,in this study,we performed field sampling to explore the geochemical signatures and human health risk of REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.A total of 127 soil samples and 127 plant samples were collected from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to acquire the geochemical signatures and related human health risks of REEs.The mean total concentrations of REEs in soils and plants of the study area reached 178.55 and 10.06 mg/kg,respectively.The light REEs in soils and plants accounted for 76%and 77%of the total REEs,respectively.REEs showed significantly homogenous distribution in soils but inhomogeneous distribution in plants of the study area.Characteristic parameters indicated that light REEs were enriched and fractionated significantly,while heavy REEs were moderately fractionated in soils and plants.REEs in soils and plants showed significantly negative Europium anomaly.Cerium showed slightly positive anomaly in plants and slight anomaly in soils.The normalized distribution patterns of REEs were generally similar in the analyzed soils and the corresponding plants of the study area.The average bio-concentration factor of REEs ranged from 0.0478(Scandium)to 0.0604(Europium),confirming a small accumulation of REEs by plants.Health risks caused by REEs in soils and plants were negligible,while risks for adults were lower than those for children.This study provides important information on REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Fuzzy Framework of Health Risk Assessment of Nitrates in Groundwater

This study provides a characterization of potential health risk associated with groundwater Nitrates in Akkar plain in Taturs governorate in Syria. Six villages were chosen for Nitrates analysis in artesian wells. The results show that Nitrates concentrations are above the natural level but still below the level of water potability and measures have to be taken to prevent Nitrates accumulation in groundwater. Comparing Nitrates dose in young children diet with reference dose and calculating the hazard index give the noncarcinogenic risk (Methemoglobinemia). Carcinogenic risk of drinking well waters with Nitrates is calculated in a probabilistic-fuzzy framework. The role of Bacterial contamination of water and its association with Nitrates pollution is discussed and we found that the two pollutants are not correlated in Akkar plain, because Nitrates come principally from fertilizers in this area while fecal coliforms come from landfill leachates and untreated wastewaters. Nitrates and FC play associated roles in gastro-intestinal disturbance and Methemoglobinemia.

Health Risk Assessment on Drinking Water in Shenzhen, China

Objectives: To conduct health risk assessment on drinking water in 2012 in Shenzhen of China. Methods: The water quality monitoring data on product water and pipe water in 2012 were collected and analyzed, and the risk evaluation models recommended by the U.S. environmental protection agency (US EPA) were employed, to perform adults and children’s health risk assessments on the three kinds of genetic toxic substances such as hexavalent chromium, cadmium and arsenic and the 12 non-carcinogenic materials such as iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, volatile phenol, cyanide, mercury, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, copper, zinc and selenium. Results: The results about water quality from the 150 factory samples and 207 peripheral water samples showed that the measured indicators in other water samples were accord with the National Health Standards (GB5749-2006) released by Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, except manganese level in one factory sample and the same index in one peripheral sample, and nitrate concentration in another water sample were out of limit, respectively. Namely, the total of 3 samples was disqualification. The adults and children’s health risks (HI) on the 12 non-carcinogenic materials were 178.04 × 10-8 and 249.96 × 10-8 in the factor water samples, and 363.02 × 10-8 and 509.66 × 10-8 in the pipe samples, respectively. Lead in factory water and fluoride in peripheral water samples were the most serious harm in the all measured non-carcinogenic indicators. The adults and children’s cancer risks (R) on the 3 genetic toxic substances were 25.60 × 10-6 and 28.51 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 23.47 × 10-6 and 26.08 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Hexavalent chromium was the most damage among the three detected carcinogenic indicators. Therefore, the total adults and children’s health hazard risks including the 3 carcinogenic and 12 non-carcinogenic substances were 27.38 × 10-6 and 31.00 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 27.10 × 10-6 and 31.17 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Genetic toxic matters in drinking water are the main hazard and more children’s health risk than adults’ risk. Conclusions: The health risk (R) on the 15 kinds of chemicals in Shenzhen’s municipal water supply was in the range of maximum acceptable risk levels (5.0 × 10-5/a) recommended by the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP). The results in this study indicate that the carcinogenic substances are greater risk comparing with the non-carcinogenic substances, and hexavalent chromium is the biggest carcinogenic risk, and lead and fluoride are the most non-carcinogenic risk, and the rather risk of children than adults.

Synoptic Analysis of Epidemiologic Evidence of Glioma Risk from Mobile Phones

Concern about brain cancer risks from mobile phone use, in particular of glioma, is mainly based on epidemiologic studies reporting on an increased risk estimate (odds ratio, OR) in particular of long-term and/or heavy users. Concern is enhanced by contradictory results and alarming conclusions from some epidemiologic studies. In a new synoptic approach all reported data from epidemiological studies published since 2001 were analyzed. This approach provided new insight with regard to the suspected link between mobile phone use and glioma. Two quite different data pools could be identified with numerous studies from one single research group opposing all other national and international studies. It could be shown that in spite of puzzling differences of their data pattern, in dependence of the number of exposed cases both data pools exhibit the similar trend of ORs towards reduced glioma risk with increasing statistical power, finally even converging towards a reduced risk, although from either side of the zero-risk line. While in the pooled data a potential long-term risk could be masked by reassuring short-term data the synoptic analysis in dependence of dose surrogates such as cumulated use time, cumulated call time or cumulated number of calls the seemingly increased long-term risk of glioma could be identified as an effect from low statistical power. In spite of worrying differences among some epidemiological studies, overall, the synoptic analysis of the entire body of data supports reassuring rather than alarming conclusions on glioma risks from mobile phone use even in long-term and/or heavy users.