Sex and racial disparities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cardiovascular events: National inpatient sample analysis (2019)

BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)increases cardiovascular disease(CVD)risk irrespective of other risk factors.However,large-scale cardiovascular sex and race differences are poorly understood.AIM To investigate the relationship between NAFLD and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCE)in subgroups using a nationally representative United States inpatient sample.METHODS We examined National Inpatient Sample(2019)to identify adult hospitalizations with NAFLD by age,sex,and race using ICD-10-CM codes.Clinical and demographic characteristics,comorbidities,and MACCE-related mortality,acute myocardial infarction(AMI),cardiac arrest,and stroke were compared in NAFLD cohorts by sex and race.Multivariable regression analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics,hospitalization features,and comorbidities.RESULTS We examined 409130 hospitalizations[median 55(IQR 43-66)years]with NFALD.NAFLD was more common in females(1.2%),Hispanics(2%),and Native Americans(1.9%)than whites.Females often reported non-elective admissions,Medicare enrolment,the median age of 55(IQR 42-67),and poor income.Females had higher obesity and uncomplicated diabetes but lower hypertension,hyperlipidemia,and complicated diabetes than males.Hispanics had a median age of 48(IQR 37-60),were Medicaid enrollees,and had non-elective admissions.Hispanics had greater diabetes and obesity rates than whites but lower hypertension and hyperlipidemia.MACCE,all-cause mortality,AMI,cardiac arrest,and stroke were all greater in elderly individuals(P<0.001).MACCE,AMI,and cardiac arrest were more common in men(P<0.001).Native Americans(aOR 1.64)and Asian Pacific Islanders(aOR 1.18)had higher all-cause death risks than whites.CONCLUSION Increasing age and male sex link NAFLD with adverse MACCE outcomes;Native Americans and Asian Pacific Islanders face higher mortality,highlighting a need for tailored interventions and care.

The Use of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in a Chinese Population to Predict Cardiovascular Events

Objective To explore associations between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2)and the risk of cardiovascular events in a Chinese population,with a long-term follow-up.Methods A random sample of 2,031 participants(73.6%males,mean age=60.4 years)was derived from the Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community study(APAC)from 2010 to 2011.Serum Lp-PLA2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The composite endpoint was a combination of first-ever stroke,myocardial infarction(MI)or all-cause death.Lp-PLA2 associations with outcomes were assessed using Cox models.Results The median Lp-PLA2 level was 141.0 ng/m L.Over a median follow-up of 9.1 years,we identified 389 events(19.2%),including 137 stroke incidents,43 MIs,and 244 all-cause deaths.Using multivariate Cox regression,when compared with the lowest Lp-PLA2 quartile,the hazard ratios with95%confidence intervals for developing composite endpoints,stroke,major adverse cardiovascular events,and all-cause death were 1.77(1.24–2.54),1.92(1.03–3.60),1.69(1.003–2.84),and 1.94(1.18–3.18)in the highest quartile,respectively.Composite endpoints in 145(28.6%)patients occurred in the highest quartile where Lp-PLA2(159.0 ng/m L)was much lower than the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommended cut-off point,200 ng/m L.Conclusion Higher Lp-PLA2 levels were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular event/death in a middle-aged Chinese population.The Lp-PLA2 cut-off point may be lower in the Chinese population when predicting cardiovascular events.

Control of modifiable risk factors and major adverse cardiovascular events in people with peripheral artery disease and diabetes

BACKGROUND People with diabetes and peripheral artery disease(PAD)have a high risk of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE).Prior research suggests that medical therapies aimed to control modifiable risk factors are poorly implemented in patients with PAD.AIM To examine the association between the control of modifiable risk factors,estimated by the novel PAD-medical score,and the incidence of MACE in people with PAD and diabetes.METHODS Participants were recruited from out-patient clinics if they had a diagnosis of both PAD and diabetes.Control of reversible risk factors was assessed by a new composite measure,the PAD-medical score.This score takes into account the control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,blood pressure,blood glucose,smoking and prescription of an anti-platelet.Participants were followed to record incidence of myocardial infarction,stroke and cardiovascular death(MACE).The association of PAD-medical score with MACE was assessed using Cox proportional hazard analyses adjusting for age,sex and prior history of ischemic heart disease and stroke.RESULTS Between 2002 and 2020,a total of 424 participants with carotid artery disease(n=63),aortic or peripheral aneurysm(n=121)or lower limb ischemia(n=240)were prospectively recruited,and followed for a median duration(inter-quartile range)of 2.0(0.2–4.4)years.Only 33(7.8%)participants had the optimal PAD-medical score of five,with 318(75%)scoring at least three out of five.There were 89(21.0%)participants that had at least one MACE during the follow-up period.A one-unit higher PAD-medical score was associated with lower risk of MACE(HR=0.79,95%CI:0.63-0.98)after adjusting for other risk factors.CONCLUSION The PAD-medical score provides a simple way to assess the control of modifiable risk factors targeted by medical management aimed to reduce the incidence of MACE.

24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Association with Cardiovascular Events:A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

Objective The relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular(CV)events remains unconfirmed.Therefore,we carried out a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for evaluating the potential impact of 24-hour sodium excretion on CV risk.Besides,24-hour sodium excretion was used to replace daily sodium diet intake.Methods We searched ISI Web of Science,Embase,Pub Med,and the Cochrane Library.Our study included cohort studies reporting hazard ratio(HR).The random-effects model was used for summarizing the total relative risks(RRs)between the included studies.In addition,the generalized least-squares regression was employed to fit the study model.Results A total of 9 studies involving 645,006 participants were included in this study.A significant non-linear relationship was observed between sodium excretion and CV events(P^(non-linearity)<0.001).In studies collecting 24-h urine samples,the sodium excretion and CV events risk were associated linearly(RR:1.04;95%CI:1.01,1.07).Conclusion In a linear dose-response manner,every 1 g increase in sodium intake was associated with an increased risk of CV events up to 4%.Further studies are required to validate our conclusions further.

Performance of HEART and TIMI scores in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs)of chest pain patients in the emergency department:A prospective observational study

Objective:To compare the value of HEART and TIMI scores in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs)of patients with chest pain in the emergency department at a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad,a city in western India.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on chest pain patients from January to December 2019.All adult patients with non-traumatic chest pain presenting to the emergency department were included,and their HEART and TIMI scores were evaluated.The patients were followed up within 4 weeks for monitoring any major adverse cardiac events or death.The receiver-operating characteristics(ROC)curve was used to determine the value of HEART and TIMI scores in predicting MACEs.Besides,the specificity,sensitivity,positive predictive value(PPV),and negative predictive value(NPV)of the two scores were assessed and compared.Results:A total of 350 patients were evaluated[mean age(55.03±16.6)years,56.6%of males].HEART score had the highest predictive value of MACEs with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.98,followed by the TIMI score with an AUC of 0.92.HEART score had the highest specificity of 98.0%(95%CI:96.4%-99.6%),the sensitivity of 75.0%(95%CI:70.7%-79.3%),and PPV of 97.0%(95%CI:94.1%-99.9%)and NPV of 82.5%(95%CI:74.6%-90.4%)for low-risk patients.TIMI score had a specificity of 95.0%(95%CI:92.4%-97.6%),sensitivity of 75.0%(95%CI:69.4%-80.6%),PPV of 92.3%(95%CI:88.1%-96.5%)and NPV of 82.3%(95%CI:73.8%-90.8%)for low-risk patients.Conclusions:HEART score is an easier and more practical triage instrument to identify chest pain patients with low-risk for MACEs compared to TIMI score.Patients with high HEART scores have a higher risk of MACEs and require early therapeutic intervention and aggressive management.

Internet of things-based health monitoring system for early detection of cardiovascular events during COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has currently caused the mortality of millions of people around the world.Aside from the direct mortality from the COVID-19,the indirect effects of the pandemic have also led to an increase in the mortality rate of other non-COVID patients.Evidence indicates that novel COVID-19 pandemic has caused an inflation in acute cardiovascular mortality,which did not relate to COVID-19 infection.It has in fact increased the risk of death in cardiovascular disease(CVD)patients.For this purpose,it is dramatically inevitable to monitor CVD patients’vital signs and to detect abnormal events before the occurrence of any critical conditions resulted in death.Internet of things(IoT)and health monitoring sensors have improved the medical care systems by enabling latency-sensitive surveillance and computing of large amounts of patients’data.The major challenge being faced currently in this problem is its limited scalability and late detection of cardiovascular events in IoT-based computing environments.To this end,this paper proposes a novel framework to early detection of cardiovascular events based on a deep learning architecture in IoT environments.Experimental results showed that the proposed method was able to detect cardiovascular events with better performance(95.30%average sensitivity and 95.94%mean prediction values).

Electrocardiographic predictors of cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk: a multicenter study

Background There are limited data on the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, and their value for predicting a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in patients at high cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ECG abnormalities in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events, and to identify ECG abnormalities that significantly predict MACE. Methods Patients aged ≥ 45 years with established atherosclerotic disease (EAD) were consecutively enrolled from the outpatient clinics of the six participating hospitals during April 2011 to March 2014. The following data were collected: demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, history of cardiovascular event, physical examination, ECG and medications. ECG was analyzed using Minnesota Code criteria. MACE included cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization due to unstable angina or heart failure. Results A total of 2009 patients were included, 1048 patients (52.2%) had established EAD, and 961 patients (47.8%) had multiple risk factors (MRF). ECG abnormalities included atrial fibrillation (6.7%), premature ventricular contraction (5.4%), pathological Q-wave (Q/QS)(21.3%), T-wave inversion (20.0%), intraventricular ventricular conduction delay (IVCD)(7.3%), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)(12.2%), and AV block (12.5%). MACE occurred in 88 patients (4.4%). Independent predictors of MACE were chronic kidney disease, EAD, and the presence of atrial fibrillation, Q/QS, IVCD or LVH by ECG. Conclusions A high prevalence of ECG abnormalities was found. The prevalence of ECG abnormalities was high even among those with risk factors without documented cardiovascular disease.

Left atrial area index predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with unstable angina pectoris

BackgroundThe 左 atrial 尺寸被看作了不利心血管的结果的一个有用标记。然而，左 atrial 区域索引(LAAI ) 是否与不稳定的心绞痛(UAP ) 在病人为预后有预兆的价值，不是众所周知的。这研究被瞄准估计在 LAAI 之间的协会，在 UAP patients.MethodsWe 的结果注册了作为 UAP 诊断的 391 个在里面医院病人的一个总数。临床并且在基线的 echocardiographic 数据被收集。病人是跟随的 for&#x000a0； adverse&#x000a0 的发展； cardiovascular&#x000a0；(CV ) 事件，为心绞痛的包括的医院重新接纳，尖锐心肌的梗塞(AMI ) ，充血的心失败(CHF ) ，击和所有原因 mortality.ResultsDuring 26.3 &#x000b1 的一吝啬的后续时间；8.6 个月， 98 个不利 CV 事件发生了(为心绞痛，四 AMI，四 CHF，一中风和五所有原因死亡的 84 医院重新接纳) 。在一个 multivariate 考克斯模型， LAAI [或：1.140， 95% CI：1.016-1.279， P = 0.026 ] ，心脏舒张的血压(或：0.976， 95% CI：0.956-0.996， P = 0.020 ) 并且脉搏压力(或：1.020， 95% CI：1.007-1.034， P = 0.004 ) 为在 UAP patients.ConclusionsLAAI 的不利 CV 事件的独立预言者是独立于的不利 CV 事件的一个预言者临床并且在 UAP 病人的另外的 echocardiographic 参数。

Myeloperoxidase and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein for Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Background: Research has shown that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a major inflammatory marker for prediction of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) also plays an important role in atherosclerosis initiation and development. In present study, the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were investigated. Methods: MPO, hs-CRP and ACS-related risk factors from 201 ACS (78 AMI and 123 UAP) and 210 non-ACS (84 SAP and 126 non-CHD) patients confirmed by coronary angiography were detected, and the data were analyzed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Spearman’s correlation coefficients. MACEs of 285 CHD patients were investigated during the 4-year period follow-up from March 2010 to May 2014. Results: The areas under ROC curve for diagnosing ACS were 0.888 (95% CI 0.843 - 0.933) for MPO, and 0.862 (95% CI 0.815-0.910) for hs-CRP, respectively. There were significantly correlations between MPO and hs-CRP in both ACS and non-ACS groups. Regarding to ACS patients, both MPO and hs-CRP were positively correlated with BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C and Hcy. Prospective study demonstrated that the incidences of MACEs associated significantly with elevated MPO baseline level (yes vs no, OR 7.383, 95% CI 4.095 - 13.309) and high hs-CRP baseline level (yes vs no, OR 4.186, 95% CI 2.469 - 7.097) in CHD patients. Conclusions: The present study provides the epidemiological evidence that elevated baseline MPO and hs-CRP levels are both valuable predictors of MACEs in CHD patients. MPO and hs-CRP would prompt the progression of atherosclerosis and development from SAP to ACS.

A Low Serum Albumin Level Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Background: Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the most frequent cause of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for CV events in HD patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (PEF). Objectives: A total of 213 HD patients (69 years, 64.1% males) were enrolled. Demographic, laboratory test, and echocardiographic data were recorded, and CV events during the 32-month follow-up period were documented. Results: During the follow-up period, 31 patients (14.6%) died and 50 patients (23.5%) suffered a fatal or nonfatal CV event. Age and serum albumin, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and NT-proBNP levels were associated with CV events according to a univariate analyses. A multivariate analysis identified a low serum albumin value

Comparison of gliclazide vs linagliptin on hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular outcome trials have demonstrated cardiovascular safety of glimepiride(a sulfonylureas) against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin.Gliclazide(another newer sulfonylureas) has shown similar glycemic efficacy and 50% decreased risk of hypoglycemia compared to glimepiride.AIM Considering the absence of cardiovascular outcome trials for gliclazide, we decided to conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the cardiovascular(CV) safety by assessing the risk for major adverse CV events and hypoglycemia risk of gliclazide vs linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D).METHODS This systematic review followed the current Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to analyze all the clinical studies published from 2008 that compared the two drugs in patients with T2D with no risk of CV disease(CVD). We included only evidence designated high quality by the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine-Levels of Evidence.RESULTS Eight clinical studies were included in the narrative descriptive analysis(gliclazide: 5 and linagliptin: 3). The CV safety of gliclazide in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation trial and of linagliptin in the Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin(CARMELINA) and CARdiovascular Outcome study of LINAgliptin vs glimepiride in patients with T2D(CAROLINA)trials were excluded from the comparative analysis as these trials demonstrated CV and hypoglycemia benefits in patients at high risk of CVD. However, since these are landmark trials,they were discussed in brief to show the CV benefits and low hypoglycemia risk of gliclazide and linagliptin. We did not find any study comparing gliclazide with linagliptin. Hence, direct comparison of their major adverse CV events and hypoglycemia risk could not be carried out.However, the literature meeting the inclusion criteria showed that both drugs were effective in achieving the desired glycemic control and had low major adverse CV events and hypoglycemia risk in adult patients with no history of CVD.CONCLUSION Gliclazide can be considered an effective and safe glucose-lowering drug in T2D patients with no established CVD but at high risk of CVD due to their T2D status. Future randomized controlled trials comparing gliclazide with linagliptin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors can confirm these findings.

Association between hemoglobin glycation index and 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events:the REACTION cohort study

Background:The hemoglobin glycation index(HGI)was developed to quantify glucose metabolism and individual differences and proved to be a robust measure of individual glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)bias.Here,we aimed to explore the relationship between different HGIs and the risk of 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs)by performing a large multicenter cohort study in China.Methods:A total of 9791 subjects from the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals:a Longitudinal Study(the REACTION study)were divided into five subgroups(Q1-Q5)with the HGI quantiles(≤5th,>5th and≤33.3th,>33.3th and≤66.7th,>66.7th and≤95th,and>95th percentile).A multivariate logistic regression model constructed by the restricted cubic spline method was used to evaluate the relationship between the HGI and the 5-year MACE risk.Subgroup analysis between the HGI and covariates were explored to detect differences among the five subgroups.Results:The total 5-year MACE rate in the nationwide cohort was 6.87%(673/9791).Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and MACE risk after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors(x^(2)=29.5,P<0.001).After adjustment for potential confounders,subjects with HGIs≤-0.75 or>0.82 showed odds ratios(ORs)for MACE of 1.471(95%confidence interval[CI],1.027-2.069)and 2.222(95%CI,1.641-3.026)compared to subjects with HGIs of>-0.75 and≤-0.20.In the subgroup with non-coronary heart disease,the risk of MACE was significantly higher in subjects with HGIs≤-0.75(OR,1.540[1.039-2.234];P=0.027)and>0.82(OR,2.022[1.392-2.890];P<0.001)compared to those with HGIs of≤-0.75 or>0.82 after adjustment for potential confounders.Conclusions:We found a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and the risk of 5-year MACE.Both low and high HGIs were associated with an increased risk of MACE.Therefore,the HGI may predict the 5-year MACE risk.

Real-World Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events of Nicorandil and Nitrate in Coronary Heart Disease in Central China:A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective::Residual cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)still needs to be addressed in real-world practice.This study aimed to examine the clinical effectiveness of nicorandil and nitrate in addition to optimal treatment for CHD patients.Methods::This retrospective cohort study included patients with CHD between October 2009 and March 2020 from 2 tertiary hospitals in Wuhan,China.Patients were grouped into nicorandil and nitrate groups depending on the first recorded antianginal therapy.Demographic and clinical data were collected from databases of the 2 hospitals.The primary outcome was cumulative 18-month major adverse cardiovascular event(MACE)-free survival,which was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis.Propensity score matching(PSM)and multivariate Cox regression were adopted to adjust for confounding factors.Results::A total of 14,275 patients were analyzed,including 590 and 13,685 patients in the nicorandil and nitrate groups,respectively.With a median follow-up of 0.88(Q1,Q3:0.21,1.54)years,the cumulative 18-month MACE-free survival rates were comparable between the 2 groups(80.0%vs.75.0%,adjusted hazard ratio(aHR):1.04,95%confidence interval(CI):0.42-2.56,P=0.982,7)after 1:4 PSM.The cumulative 18-month stroke-free survival rate was significantly higher in the nicorandil group compared to the nitrate group(93.0%vs.84.0%,aHR:0.56,95%CI:0.34-0.92,P=0.023,5).Conclusion::This retrospective study showed that nicorandil and nitrate have similar 18-month rates of MACEs in CHD patients,but nicorandil is associated with lower incidence of stroke compared to nitrate.More studies need to be conducted to validate this association and explore the long-term benefit of nicorandil use on the occurrence of MACEs in the future.

Association of Remnant-like Particle Cholesterol with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Subjects with Different Levels of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9:A 9.5-year Follow-up Study in a Beijing Community Population

Objective::The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between remnant-like particle cholesterol(RLP-C)and major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs)in patients with different levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9(PCSK9).Methods::From September 2007 to January 2009,1,859 subjects in Pingguoyuan communities in Beijing were initially screened.After excluding those with bedridden status,mental illness,severe systemic diseases,and missing data,1,680 subjects were recruited for follow up.All recruited subjects were followed up from February 2013 to September 2013(181 subjects were lost to follow-up)and from June 2017 to September 2018(174 subjects were lost to follow up).Finally,1,325 subjects were included in the study.General demographic characteristics,lifestyle and behaviors,disease history and use of medication was collected.Levels of total cholesterol,triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,fast blood glucose,RLP-C,low-density lipoprotein triglycerides and PCSK9 were measured.The levels of RLP-C(low:RLP-C≤157 mg/L;high:RLP-C>157 mg/L)and PCSK9(low:PCSK9≤135.87μg/L;high:PCSK9>135.87μg/L)were represented using quartiles.Subjects were categorized into 4 groups according to their RLP-C and PCSK9 levels:Q4,high levels of RLP-C with high levels of PCSK9;Q3,high levels of RLP-C with low levels of PCSK9;Q2,low levels of RLP-C with high levels of PCSK9;and Q1,low levels of RLP-C with low levels of PCSK9.The association of RLP-C with MACEs in subjects with different PCSK9 levels was evaluated.Results::After a median follow-up of 9.5 years,1,325 subjects were included in the study and a total of 191 MACEs had occurred.The incidence of MACEs was higher in the RLP-C>157 mg/L group than the RLP-C≤157 mg/L group(18.40%vs.10.42%).Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that increased RLP-C levels were associated with an increased risk of MACEs(hazard ratio:1.405;95%confidence interval:1.005-1.964;P<0.005).The incidence of MACEs was higher in the high RLP-C/PCSK9 group vs.the low RLP-C/PCSK9 group(20.68%vs.8.76%).Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that RLP-C was associated with an increased risk of MACEs in subjects with high PCSK9 levels independent of traditional risk factors(hazard ratio:1.791;95%confidence interval:1.168-2.825;P=0.001),but not in those with low PCSK9 levels.Conclusions::RLP-C was identified as a risk factor for MACEs,particularly in subjects with high PCSK9 levels.Lowering PCSK9 levels may reduce residual risk in subjects with elevated plasma RLP-C levels.

Prediabetes: An overlooked risk factor for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in atrial fibrillation patients

BACKGROUND Prediabetes is a well-established risk factor for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(MACCE).However,the relationship between prediabetes and MACCE in atrial fibrillation(AF)patients has not been extensively studied.Therefore,this study aimed to establish a link between prediabetes and MACCE in AF patients.AIM To investigate a link between prediabetes and MACCE in AF patients.METHODS We used the National Inpatient Sample(2019)and relevant ICD-10 CM codes to identify hospitalizations with AF and categorized them into groups with and without prediabetes,excluding diabetics.The primary outcome was MACCE(all-cause inpatient mortality,cardiac arrest including ventricular fibrillation,and stroke)in AF-related hospitalizations.RESULTS Of the 2965875 AF-related hospitalizations for MACCE,47505(1.6%)were among patients with prediabetes.The prediabetes cohort was relatively younger(median 75 vs 78 years),and often consisted of males(56.3%vs 51.4%),blacks(9.8%vs 7.9%),Hispanics(7.3%vs 4.3%),and Asians(4.7%vs 1.6%)than the non-prediabetic cohort(P<0.001).The prediabetes group had significantly higher rates of hypertension,hyperlipidemia,smoking,obesity,drug abuse,prior myocardial infarction,peripheral vascular disease,and hyperthyroidism(all P<0.05).The prediabetes cohort was often discharged routinely(51.1%vs 41.1%),but more frequently required home health care(23.6%vs 21.0%)and had higher costs.After adjusting for baseline characteristics or comorbidities,the prediabetes cohort with AF admissions showed a higher rate and significantly higher odds of MACCE compared to the non-prediabetic cohort[18.6%vs 14.7%,odds ratio(OR)1.34,95%confidence interval 1.26-1.42,P<0.001].On subgroup analyses,males had a stronger association(aOR 1.43)compared to females(aOR 1.22),whereas on the race-wise comparison,Hispanics(aOR 1.43)and Asians(aOR 1.36)had a stronger association with MACCE with prediabetes vs whites(aOR 1.33)and blacks(aOR 1.21).CONCLUSION This population-based study found a significant association between prediabetes and MACCE in AF patients.Therefore,there is a need for further research to actively screen and manage prediabetes in AF to prevent MACCE.

Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction Analysis of the Correlation of Chinese Medicine Syndrome Evolvement and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart Disease

Objective： To analyze the correlation of Chinese medicine syndrome evolvement and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods： This prospective cohort study investigated and collected the clinical information of patients with stable CHD and observed the syndrome type at the baseline and 6-month at follow-up, as well as the cardiovascular events during the 6-month and 12-month follow-up. The patients were divided into the event group and the non-event group. The interaction and the impact of syndrome evolvement on cardiovascular events were examined through multifactor dimensionality reduction （MDR） analysis and the results were verified by Chi-square test. Results： Totally 1,333 of 1,503 stable CHD patients enrolled met the inclusion criteria of MDR analysis. Among them, 959 （71.9%） cases were males and 374 （28.1%） cases were females. Thirty seven cases had cardiovascular events during 6 to 12 months after the study began. The results of the MDR analysis and verification using Chi-square test showed that the development of cardiovascular events was positively correlated with interaction between blood stasis and toxic syndrome at the baseline, blood stasis at the baseline and qi deficiency at the 6-month follow-up, toxic syndrome at the baseline and qi deficiency at the 6-month follow-up, toxic syndrome at the base line and blood stasis at the 6-month follow-up, qi deficiency and blood stasis at the 6-month follow-up （P〈0.05 for all）. Conclusions： Blood stasis, toxic syndrome and qi deficiency are important factors of stable CHD. There are positive correlation between cardiovascular events and syndrome evolution from blood stasis to qi deficiency, from toxic syndrome to qi deficiency and from toxic syndrome to blood stasis, indicating the pathogenesis of toxin consuming qi, toxin leading to blood-stasis in stable CHD patients prone to recurrent cardiovascular events.

Is myocardial bridging a bridge connecting to cardiovascular events？

Coronary arteries and their major branches usually course on the surface of the heart in the subepicardial tissue. However, a muscle fiber overlying the intramyocardial segment of an epicardial coronary artery was defined as myocardial bridging （MB）, and subsequently the artery coursing within the myocardium is called a tunneled artery. In fact, MB has previously been given a various of terms ＂intramural coronary artery＂, ＂mural coronary artery＂,

Cardiovascular events in hyperuricemia population and a cardiovascular benefit-risk assessment of urate-lowering therapies:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Hyperuricemia and gout have become public health concerns;many important guidelines have recommended xanthine oxidase inhibitors(XOIs)as the first-line urate-lowering therapies(ULTs)to treat chronic gout with hyperuricemia.However,whether treating hyperuricemia and gout with ULTs modifies cardiovascular risks remains controversial.The aim of this study was to assess the incident risk of cardiovascular(CV)events(CVE)in hyperuricemia population,assess the cardiovascular benefit-risk of ULTs in hyperuricemia patients with or without gout in diverse cardiovascular risk sub-groups,and specify the safety of different ULTs.Methods:We searched PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,Wanfang,Chongqing VIP(CQVIP,en.cqvip.com),and China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database for prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(RCTs)in English and Chinese.Potential medications included XOIs,and uricosurics.RCTs were divided into sub-groups analysis based on blinding status and patients’history of CV diseases.Risk ratios(RRs)were calculated and were reported with corresponding 95%confidence intervals(CIs)by fixed-effects or random-effects model.Results:Seven prospective cohort studies and 17 RCT studies were included.The risks of both major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)(RR=1.72,95%CI 1.28-2.33)and CVE(RR=1.35,95%CI 1.12-1.62)were higher in the hyperuricemia population than non-hyperuricemia one.In seven RCT studies where XOIs were compared with no-treatment or placebo,the results of five low CV risk studies showed that XOIs lowered the risks of both MACE(RR=0.35,95%CI 0.20-0.62)and CVE(RR=0.61,95%CI 0.44-0.85);whereas two high CV risk studies showed that XOIs lowered the risk of CVE(RR=0.69,95%CI 0.54-0.88)rather than MACE(RR=0.62,95%CI 0.29-1.35).In nine RCT studies where the cardiovascular safety between febuxostat and allopurinol were compared,no statistical difference was found in the risk of MACE or CVE.Conclusions:The hyperuricemia population does have a higher incidence of CVE,and the results suggested that XOIs might reduce the incidence of MACE and total CVE.In addition,from the perspective of cardiovascular safety,febuxostat equaled allopurinol in our meta-analysis.