The urbanization process of Bohai Rim in the 1990s by using DMSP/OLS data

This paper firstly derived urban information from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System （DMSP/OLS） data in 1992, 1996 and 1998 with the support of statistical data, and then developed three basic urban models of polygon-urbanization, line-urbanization and point-urbanization in urban agglomerations from viewpoint of spatial analysis. The conclusions are as follows： （1） Urban patch numbers in the Bohai Rim increased from 1659 to 2053 with an annual average increase number of about 66. Meanwhile, the small urban patches accounted for a larger proportion in the region and the patch density increased fast. In addition, the urban barycenter of the region showed a moving trend toward northwest from 1992 to 1998. Urbanization in the Bohai Rim in the 1990s is fast and obvious. （2） Urbanization in the Bohai Rim can be reflected by three basic processes, i.e., the polygon-urbanization around the big cities, the line-urbanization around the transportation lines and the point-urbanization emerging in large areas. Of them, the polygon-urbanization has been in dominance. It is obviously within an effective range of 3-4 km surrounding the urban patches. The line-urbanization and point-urbanization in the region was relatively small, both of which showed an obvious increasing trend.

"Hollow Village" Evolution and Policy Control from the Perspective of Rural Urbanization: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province

From the perspective of the process of urbanization,this paper puts forward the corresponding public policy control by analyzing the characteristics of " hollowing" at different stages of urbanization. Moreover,the paper focuses on the stage of China's current urbanization.Based on the survey of migrant workers,this paper evaluates China's current policies,and argues that the rural " hollowing" is an objective that accompanies urbanization. At different stages of the process of urbanization,the rural " hollowing" presents different characteristics. Local governments should make policy and plan based on the different stages of local urbanization and local conditions,because of the extent of regional differences in economic and social development. This paper aims to guide the rural " hollowing" to develop toward the right direction.

A Theoretical Analysis of Interactive Coercing Effects Between Urbanization and Eco-environment

Objectively, a complex interactive coercing relationship exists between urbanization and eco-environment, and the research of this relationship is primarily divided into three schools, i.e., interactive coercion theory, interactive promotion theory and coupling symbiosis theory. Harmonizing the relationship between urbanization and eco-environment is not only an important proposition for the national development plan but also the only way to promote healthy urbanization. Based on an analysis of urbanization process and its relationship with the eco-environment, this article analyzes interactive coercing effects between urbanization and eco-environment from three perspectives of population urbanization, economic urbanization and spatial urbanization, respectively, and analyzes risk effects of the interactive coercion. Further, it shows six basic laws followed by interactive coercion between urbanization and eco-environment, namely, coupling fission law, dynamic hierarchy law, stochastic fluctuation law, non-linear synergetic law, threshold value law and forewarning law, and divides the interactive coercing process into five stages, namely, low-level coordinate, antagonistic, break-in, ameliorative and high-grade coordinate. Based on the geometric derivation, the interactive coercing relationship between urbanization and eco-environment is judged to be non-linear and it can be explained by a double-exponential function formed by the combination of power and exponential functions. Then, the evolutionary types of the interactive coercing relationship are divided into nine ones: rudimentary coordinating, ecology-dominated, synchronal coordinating, urbanization lagging, stepwise break-in, exorbitant urbanization, fragile ecology, rudimentary break-in and unsustainable types. Finally, based on an interactive coercion model, the degree of interactive coercion can be examined, and then, an evolutionary cycle can be divided into four phases, namely rudimentary symbiosis, harmonious development, utmost increasing and spiral type rising. The study results offer a scientific decision-making of healthy urbanization for achieving the goal of eco-environment protection and promoting urbanization.

Spatial Process of Green Infrastructure Changes Associated with Rapid Urbanization in Shenzhen,China

Through a case study of Shenzhen City,China,this study focused on a quantitative method for analyzing the spatial processes involved in green infrastructure changes associated with rapid urbanization.Based on RS,GIS and SPSS statistics software,the approach includes selection of the square analysis units and representative landscape metrics,quantification of the change types of landscape metrics in all analysis units through two indices and hierarchical cluster analysis of the above analysis units with different landscape metric change types(i.e.spatial attributes).The analyses verify that there is a significant sequence of continuous changes in green infrastructure in Shenzhen.They are the perforation,the segmentation,the fragmentation,the evanescence and the filling-in processes,which have a good spatio-temporal correspondence with urbanization and reflect the synthetic influence of urban planning,government policies and landforms.Compared with other studies on quantifying the spatial pattern,this study provides an alternative probe into linking the spatial pattern to spatial processes and the corresponding ecological processes in the future.These spatio-temporal processes offer many opportunities for identifying,protecting and restoring key elements in an urban green infrastructure network for areas in the early stages of urbanization or for non-urbanized areas.

On the Process of Peasant Workers' Transformation to Urban Residents

The unique two-stage "Chinese path" of China’s ru-ral-urban migration, which cannot be fully explained by classical theories of economic development, makes us to give peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents a top priority. On the basis of fully explaining peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents, a method for measuring its process has been advanced and then confirmed with the data of March in 2005 from surveys to peasant workers in Wuhan. Finally, the suggestions of acceler-ating peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents to pro-mote the construction of a harmonious society have been drawn from the analysis.

Japanese Occupation and the Fracture of Chinese Cities＇Modernization Process - Wuhan as aSample

Wuhan in the modern times had been an important industrial base and a trade center in China;its urbandevelopment even reached the highest point after the breakout of the Anti-Japanese War due to abnormal and temporaryprosperity. During the seven years of Japanese invasion thereafter,however,the city proper was seriously damaged,urban functions deteriorated, the dynamic mechanism of urban modernization was severely wrecked, the ecoenvironmentfor urban development fell to its worst,and the modernization process was thoroughly broken. Wuhan＇ssituation embodies a concentrated reflection of all other fallen cities. Japanese occupation ravaged all key elementsnecessary for urban development and interrupted the modernization process,resulting in the failure of Chinese cities＇development of early modernization and transformation.

Examining the Level of Service in the Context of Recreational Carrying Capacity in the Erzurum Urban Forest,Turkey

Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is considered as significant in ensuring ecological value’s and recreational satisfaction’s continuity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the carrying capacity of Erzurum Urban Forest with respect to Level of Service (LOS) as a new management technique that focuses on service quality and visitor satisfaction. The data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire conducted with 166 visitors on weekends and holidays during summer season of the year 2014. Data were analyzed by dimensions/indicators of recreational satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics with intent to identify tolerance range of visitors. The contribution and relative importance of each of the indicators to the overall satisfaction were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM). The results indicated that the four indicators were at the greatest degree;“distance from picnic spot to toilets” and “quantity of children’s playground facilities” were decease of overall satisfaction while “distance from picnic spot to parking” and “level of shade at picnic spot” had a positive contribution to the overall satisfaction. The outputs from these analyses were used to calculate LOS. It was revealed that the level of service (0.40) in Erzurum Urban Forest was below the moderate level. Planning and managing strategies for optimizing the LOS were developed and discussed by considering these results.

Impact of urban expansion on regional temperature change in the Yangtze River Delta

Based on non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery from 1992 to 2003, urban land area statistical data, meteorological data and land surface temperature data retrieved by MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR data, the influence of urbanization on regional climatic trend cf temperature in the Yangtze River Delta （YRD） was analyzed. Conclusions are as follows： 1） There is a significant urbanization process from 1992 to 2003 in the YRD. Four city clusters of Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Yangzhou, Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay form a zigzag city belt. The increase rate of annual mean air temperature in city-belt is 0.28-0.44℃/10a from 1991 to 2005, which is far larger than that of non-city-belt. 2） The urban heat island （UHI） effect on regional mean air temperature in different seasons is summer〉autumn〉spring〉winter. 3） The UHI intensity and the urban total population logarithm are creditably correlated. 4） The UHI effect made the regional annual mean air temperature increased 0.072℃ from 1961 to 2005, of which 0.047℃ from 1991 to 2005, and the annual maximum air temperature increased 0.162℃, of which 0.083℃ from 1991 to 2005. All these indicating that the urban expansion in the YRD from 1991 to 2005 may be regarded as a serious climate signal.

Degradation of a protected mountain area by tourist traffic:case study of the Tatra National Park,Poland

Mountain protected areas are characterized by high biodiversity,which makes it a great challenge for managers to maintain a balance between their use and the stability of natural ecosystems.Maintaining that balance is particularly difficult in areas with high tourism pressure.The expected volume of tourist traffic should be considered at the planning stage of the tourist infrastructure development process.Insufficient capacity of tourist infrastructure can lead to environmental degradation,which is hard,or at times impossible,to repair.In our research,we identified patterns of tourist footpath and road functioning in an environmentally protected area with high volumes of tourist traffic.Data from geomorphologic mapping was analyzed in order to identify tourist footpath and road structures in the Tatra National Park(TNP).Fieldwork was conducted in several stages between 1995 and 2019.Orthophotomaps from the years 1977,2009,2017 and 2019 were used to identify and compare degraded zones along selected tourist footpaths.Degraded zones were defined as areas surrounding a footpath or tourist road with a mean width larger than or equal to 10 meters,with heavily damaged or completely removed vegetation and exposed,weathered cover,where geomorphic processes that would not take place under normal conditions are readily observable.The examined tourist footpaths and roads vary in terms of their morphometric parameters.Research has shown important differences between mean and maximum footpath width as well as maximum incision depth for the forest zone versus the subalpine and alpine zones.A lack of differences in these parameters was noted between the alpine and subalpine zones.Research has shown that an increase in the surface area of degraded zones found adjacent to tourist footpaths occurred in all the studied geo-ecological zones in the study period.However,the largest increase occurred atop wide ridgelines found in the alpine zone.Degraded zones may be an indication of exceeding the tourist carrying capacity of a mountain tourist area.Mass tourism in TNP contributes to the formation of degraded zones adjacent to footpaths,whose continuous evolution may lead to irreversible changes in local relief.

China's Urbanization in 1949–2015: Processes and Driving Forces

The pace and scale of China's contemporary urbanization are stunning. This paper reviews process and the underlying driving forces of China's urbanization between 1949–2015. Contemporary China's urbanization has experienced four stages, and each has had different driving forces: 1) economic re-construction and industrialization-led urbanization(1949–1977); 2) economic reform and market-led urbanization(1978–1995); 3) economic globalization and the global-local urbanization(1996–2010); and 4) the land-economyled urbanization(2010–). These urbanization processes and driving forces will undoubtedly provide scientific reference and have significant implications for developing countries, especially African countries, to formulate their urbanization public policies.

Understanding Citizens’ emotion States under the Urban Livability Environment through Social Media Data: a Case Study of Wuhan

It is recognized that a city with a livable environment can bring happiness to residents.In this study,we explored the social media users’emotional states in their current living spaces and found out the relationship between the social media users’emotions and urban livability.We adopt six urban livability indicators(including education,medical services,public facilities,leisure places,employment,and transportation)to construct city livable indices.Also,the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)spatial statistic method is applied to identify and analyze the different habitable regions of Wuhan City.In terms of citizen’s emotion analysis,we use Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)neural network to analyze the Weibo text and obtain the Weibo users’sentiment scores.The correlation analysis of residents’emotions and city livability results shows a positive correlation between the livable city areas(i.e.,the area with higher livable ranking indices)and Weibo users’sentiment scores(with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.881 and P-Value of 0.004).In other words,people who post Weibo in high livability areas of Wuhan express more positive emotional states.Still,emotion distribution varies in different regions,which is mainly caused by people’s distribution and the diversity of the city’s functional areas.

Effects of Aeration on Nitrification Process in a Polluted Urban River

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the effects of aeration on nitrification process in a polluted urban river, [Metbod] Through indoor simulation experiments, the effects of different aeration conditions （aerating water named Ew, aerating sediment named Es ） on nitrification process in a polluted urban river were studied.[ Result]The nitrification of the control group named Ec proceeded slowly, while two kinds of aeration promo- ted the process of nitrification, that is, the peak values of nitrate nitrogen of Ew and Es group were respectively 5.15 and 3.83 times that of Ec group. During aeration, NO2 --N accumulation in the overlying water of Ew and Es group lasted for 10 and 14 days separately, and the maximum concentrations reached 11.41 and 7.41 mg/L respectively. Nitrification process was not consistent during the two aeration conditions, that is, the rate of nitrite oxidation in Ew group was faster than that in Es group. Denitrification process was significant after aeration, and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in Ew and Es group was 1.26 and 2.82 mg/L respectively at the end of the experiment. [ Conclusion]The research could provide scientific references for the restoration of polluted urban rivers.

An examination on several key problems inChina's urbanization process

Industrialization is the leading factor to urbanization which is the inexorable trend ofeconomic construction. In the future urbanization process three key problems are identified as I)relation between urban construction and cultivared land protetion, 2) how to take China's way tourbanization, and 3) China should take the Way of nd and urban coordination and forbid to occupyagricultural land for blind urbsn condtruction.

Recreational Attractiveness of Urban Parks and Implications for Their Management:A Case Study in Changchun,China

Urban parks are an important part of urban ecosystems and also provide recreational services for urban residents.However,it is still unclear how the recreational attractiveness of urban parks can be evaluated.In this study,12 typical parks in Changchun,China were selected for evaluation of their recreational attractiveness.We built a recreational attractiveness evaluation system based on the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)to produce a composite evaluation index.This method included:1)the landscape quality of the parks;2)the recreational facilities;3)the conditions of the area;and 4)the accessibility of the parks.Our results showed that Nanhu Park,Children’s Park,Shengli Park,and Jingyuetan Forest Park had high recreational attractiveness,whereas Linyuan Park had the lowest attractiveness among the 12 parks.These results agreed with the information obtained from a field survey of the actual recreational and revisit rates,which showed that the evaluation index is reliable.Correlation analysis showed that the landscape quality and recreational facilities of parks had a direct effect on their recreational attractiveness.A negative correlation was found between the accessibility of a park and its recreational attractiveness.We conclude that if the scenery and facilities are not as good as a visitor expects,then they may choose to visit a different park,even if it takes a longer time to reach.

Effect of Carried-Envelope Phase on Transient Process in a Cascade-Type System

这份报纸调查带信封的阶段的效果在上短暂在一种串联类型处理原子系统，它被二超短波的激光脉搏(探查和信号激光) 驾驶。这被发现一个光子和相应于小径 | 的二光子的过程 0 >| 1 > 并且 | 0 >| 1 >| 2 > 能被 modulating 提高或压制探查的带信封的阶段激光脉搏。我们的数字结果也证明二个激动的状态的短暂人口能被探查激光脉搏的带信封的阶段周期性地影响。与某些时间，在二个退出的状态之间的部分人口转移能就被调整探查激光脉搏的带信封的阶段认识到。

A comparison on urbanization of two mega-polises in western China in recent 20 years

Based on a comparison of the spatial extension modulus and speed of the two mega-polis cities in western China, Chongqing and Chengdu, the differences of urbanization characteristics of the two cities were analyzed. The results show that the two cities have different spatial extension modulus and extension speed. The extension speed of Chongqing, the largest mountainous city of China, was slow and its extension direction was along the Yangtze River valley and the Jialing River valley. Chengdu, the largest plain city of western China, had a faster extension speed than Chongqing and a concentric circles extent modulus. The spatial extent modulus and speed were controlled by the natural condition, especially the topography, the policies, the economic development level and the investment of the state central government.