Synopsis of Fire＇s Forest in the Province of Sidi Bel Abbes： Analysis and Cartography

In order to characterize the forest fires in the province of Sidi Bel Abbes （North West of Algeria） and depending on a statistical data analysis of a 17-year period （1996-2012）, our works are oriented toward a study of the area covered by forest fires in the 53 constituent municipalities of the region. To do this, we depended on the archives of the forest fires balance sheets in forest conservation in the wilaya of Sidi Bel Abbes. The results show that the region lost an annual average 29,929 ha of its total forest area for a maximum of 11,817.5 ha recorded in 2012. On the other hand, the use of the fire severity index ＂FSI＂ by town and its cartography in which we used the map of administrative division of the study area as support, has divided the region into six classes according to the risk of fire, where the municipalities belonging to the forest of Telagh whose land is rugged represent the risk of fire is greater. Indeed, this situation category the study area among the most exposed wilaya and the most affected by this problem at the national level and require new approaches to forest management for its conservation. These are paramount in reducing the risk of fires based on appropriate management plans to be established for each forest conservation area.

TrueType Font Symbol Library for Cartography of Emergency Situations

This contribution deals with the process of creation of symbol libraries for emergency situations cartography. The libraries were created as a TrueType font files. Two symbol libraries were created. The first one is a set of symbols for description of map orientation （compass roses and north arrows） with correct national （in this case Czech） description. The second one is a set of symbols for description of CBRN （chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear） threats and another CBRN issues. The TrueType font files are used as symbol libraries in various ESRI products. The font libraries created in this form are easily transferable between various operating systems and GIS programs and also can be easily converted into various different vector graphics formats. The whole process of font creation has taken place under Linux environment. Fortunately main programs used in this process are multiplatform and could be used under Linux, MS Windows and other various computer operating was part of Ubuntu repository and it was obtained free of charge. systems. All software used during the process of font creation

Information Theory of Cartography:An Information-theoretic Framework for Cartographic Communication

Map is one of the communication means created by human being.Cartographers have been making efforts on the comparison of maps to natural languages so as to establish a"cartographic language"or"map language".One of such efforts is to adopt the Shannon’s Information Theory originated in digital communication into cartography so as to establish an entropy-based cartographic communication theory.However,success has been very limited although research work had started as early as the mid-1960 s.It is then found that the bottleneck problem was the lack of appropriate measures for the spatial(configurational)information of(graphic and image)maps,as the classic Shannon entropy is only capable of characterizing statistical information but fails to capture the configurational information of(graphic and image)maps.Fortunately,after over 40-year development,some bottleneck problems have been solved.More precisely,generalized Shannon entropies for metric and thematic information of(graphic)maps have been developed and the first feasible solution for computing the Boltzmann entropy of image maps has been invented,which is capable of measuring the spatial information of not only numerical images but also categorical maps.With such progress,it is now feasible to build the"Information Theory of Cartography".In this paper,a framework for such a theory is proposed and some key issues are identified.For these issues,some have already been tackled while others still need efforts.As a result,a research agenda is set for future action.After all these issues are tackled,the theory will become matured so as to become a theoretic basis of cartography.It is expected that the Information Theory of Cartography will play an increasingly important role in the discipline of cartography because more and more researchers have advocated that information is more fundamental than matter and energy.

Cartography for the Aquifer Potential Recharge Areas of the Base of the Department of Aboisso(South-East Cote d’Ivoire)

The study highlights the potential recharge areas of the aquifers of the Department of Aboisso for an adequate and rational management of their use. The methodology used consisted in the identification of parameters (land use, soil types, drainage density, slope, induced permeability and alteration thickness) allowing infiltration and their expression as thematic maps. A weighting of these parameters was made by the multicriteria analysis method of Saaty. The integration to GIS conducted to elaborate the map of the potential recharge area of the aquifers for the Department of Aboisso. It brings to light five recharge level classes (bad: 20%;mediocre: 19%, medium: 45%;good: 15% and very good: 1%) in the study area. That map reveals the dominance of good recharge areas covering 61% and practically all over the studied area. They are generally characterized with gentle slopes coupled with mosaics of cultivations and forests, and high induced permeability allowing better infiltration. The zones of low recharge cover 39% of the department’s area, and are mainly located in urban areas inside the streams. This study exhibited that the land use is the preponderant parameter influencing the recharge in base area. This map could be considered as an excellent support for all kinds of activities especially to implement planning in the Department of Aboisso, the setting up of drilling broadbands and the choice of future sites for landfills or landfill of wastes to protect groundwater from any pollution.

Cartography of Landslide Susceptibility around the Dias Horst and Thies Cliff-Senegal

The aim of this work is to map the susceptibility of sites to landslides. To assess the susceptibility of the zone, GIS techniques were used. Susceptibility factors are selected and split into two groups: active and passive factors. Passive factors regroup all the intrinsic conditions existing on the field at all times. The active factors or triggering factors are present sporadically and are added to the passive factors to trigger a landslide. With the weighted overlay method using ArcGIS?, four scenarios have been developed. A first scenario where only passive factors are combined and three scenarios for which we have for each scenario the passive factors combined with an active factor. With these different scenarios, five levels of susceptibility are obtained in the zone. These levels range from very low to very high susceptibility. For the different scenarios, the results show that the zone consists mainly of very low to low susceptibility with at least 61% of the area, followed by moderate susceptibility (23.54% to 38.24%) and last land with high susceptibility to very high with less than 1% of the surface. Fields with high to very high susceptibility are located on the slopes of the hills. Among the active factors, only the rainfall significantly modifies the percentage of land susceptible to landslide but remains in the field of moderate susceptibility. The predicted susceptibilities are closer to the observed landslides around the Thies Cliff than to the Dias Horst.

Future Education of Cartography and GIS:What Is Next?

Cartography and maps support the continuous rising of the awareness of the power of spatial data,which further lays a foundation for the popularity of various location based services and applications in society.Cartography and Geographic Information System education has been a core activity in the cartographic academic community for knowledge creation and transfer in higher education institutions.Maps in primary and high schools play a unique role across disciplines to build the spatial thinking capacities of young generations.Over years educators train students via lectures and lab works into which digital technologies are gradually incorporated.The COVID-19 pandemic has been fast forwarding our pace to employ digital technologies in online teaching and learning.Teachers are passively or proactively adapted to conduct their teaching online and redesign their lectures and assessments of students’performance.On another side,students are getting used to online learning even more quickly with various digital devices in an interactive and collective way.It creates opportunities for cartographic GIS educators to build a body of knowledge for cartography which can be used to build open source educational resources systematically.Further flexible curriculum can be designed and implemented for professional and continuous education and training at various levels.Future education of cartography and GIS can improve map literacy and make a sustainable education.

State’s Technical Cartography and Social Cartography’s Participatory Mapping: Contributions to a Contemporary Reflection on the Use of Maps

The use of cartography in geographical approaches, notably in those focused on territorial discussions, is gaining more and more importance. However, the use of technical maps still prevails, which often act to hinder its use and appropriation by traditional communities. Based on this assumption, this article seeks to show that, in addition to technical cartography, there are other methodologies, which should also be used, in both elaboration and representation of territories, such as the participatory mapping. For that, some recommendations and suggestions are presented in this paper, aiming to subsidize the application and the collaboration of maps, through the mentioned methodology. These suggestions and contributions are the result of both theoretical debates and in loci observations, in workshops held in traditional communities of Brazilian Amazonia. From these discussions, it is concluded that the adoption of participatory mapping in the process of valuing and understanding the knowledge of traditional communities is of great value, in addition to serving as a subsidy for the claims of rights of both appropriation and possession of the territory.

The Cartography of Focus and Interrogative Projections inǸjò`-Kóo

Researches on cartography have made universal predictions on the hierarchies of functional projections in language.Based on this assumption,the structural maps established by Rizzi(1997,2001b)for the left-peripheral elements suggest very strongly that Interrogative dominates Focus.Nevertheless,a straight-jacket adoption of this proposed hierarchical order to account for these left-peripheral projections inǸjò`-Kóo would be counterintuitive.Therefore,leaning on empirical and theoretical evidence,the paper calls to question the universality of the cartographers’claim,and argues that the opposite of the view is true ofǸjò`-Kóo.The paper adopts fieldwork method for data elicitation and descriptive approach as well as minimalist program for analysis of data.Data used in this study were elicited from purposively selected native speakers based on language proficiency.Data were acquired with syntactic checklist and structured interviews,and were subjected to interlinear and qualitative analysis.

Landslide Cartography at the Region of Nabeul-Hammamet Based on Geographic Information System and Geomatic

Landslides are one of the most significant natural damaging disasters in hilly environment [1]. The location of our study area is to the north of Tunisia, home to several manifestations of land instabilities, we bring to study this area of interest by GIS and geomatic approach to reduce social economic losses due to landslides. The performance of a cartographic data base for the landslide study in the Cap-Bon region was realized through studying geologic 1/50,000 and topographic 1/25,000 maps, aster optic Remote Sensing, land observation, and climatologic seismic data. These data will be digitalized, georeferenced, vectorized, spatially analyzed, classified and geotreated in order to produce a landslides card. The findings have shown that fields with smooth and friable lithology which are located at rather important seismic zones (more than 4 at Richter’s scale) have some stability. However, the most endangered zones are in the North-West around Oued El Kbir and El Ain. Realizing this work helps to determine the most hazardous zones so that policy makers have an effective field intervention.

The Cartography and the Spatial Representations:Search by Perfect Map

The activities of the professionals working on cartographic products have been highlighted especially in recent years. The history, the concepts and categories of cartography cannot be neglected in using this type of tool since the use of elements that make a cartographic product, as an example: map, chart, plan, globe, and a scale model should be used since the unawareness of techniques of cartography and the absence of the components of a map may hinder the understanding of what is intended to represent cartographically. This text is a contribution to the discussion of advances in cartography including errors and absence of maps, including a brief discussion of the characteristics of cartographic language nowadays and the search for perfection in cartography.

中国地图制图学与地理信息工程进展报告(2019—2023)

本报告根据2019年以来中国在地图学与地理信息技术方面的进展状况,对地图学理论、数字地图制图与出版技术、国家基础地理信息数据库更新、地理信息技术和产业发展、地理信息应用与服务、地图集编制出版、新型在线地图等方面所取得的成就和进展进行总结,报告最后对中国地图学与地理信息工程发展趋势进行了展望。

叙事地图的要素及组织:基于电子游戏“要素-结构-场景”架构的视角

信息通信技术背景下,地图的对象空间从二元空间拓展到三元空间,信息空间的出现给地图学带来的一系列挑战,由地图投影、制图综合、符号系统构成的传统制图学经典理论框架已难以满足元宇宙、虚实融合和人机物融合等带来的空间刻画需求。针对目前叙事地图的理论框架大多面向传统的地图媒介和形式,本文以“要素-结构-场景”为架构探讨了叙事地图在新时代背景和数字载体下的组织形式。明确叙事要素是叙事地图构建的基础,叙事结构为叙事要素提供组织形式,叙事场景为叙事地图的叙事要素和叙事结构的呈现提供载体。鉴于地理环境类电子游戏具有天然的叙事性,本文通过该类游戏对“要素-结构-场景”这一框架进行了例证,旨在为信息通信时代下叙事地图的应用和实践提供理论基础。

自主式情境化地图表达:大模型时代的智能化地图制图理论探讨

通过智能化提升制图技术,让制图系统能全自动地完成地图设计与制作,一直是地图学界追求的目标,也一直是国际地图制图协会的前沿研究方向。从20世纪80年代开始,人工智能技术在地图学领域开始应用,逐步解决了部分工序的自动化问题,提高了地图制图的生产效率。然而,地图设计等关键环节的自动化水平仍然极低,无法满足信息时代的“定制化”“泛在化”制图需求。可喜的是,2023年以来,以GPT-4和Gemini等大语言模型(简称“大模型”)为代表的人工智能技术取得了突破,达到了“准通用人工智能”,表现出令人惊叹的语言理解力、推理能力和表达能力。基于此,本文探讨利用大模型来提升地图制图系统的智能水平,旨在建立新一代智能化制图理论与方法体系。首先,分析现有数字制图系统的瓶颈问题,指出建立新一代智能化制图技术的必要性;其次,分析大模型的性质与能力,论证建立新一代智能化制图技术的充分性;然后,进一步分析它们相结合的可能与方式,提出一个大模型时代的智能制图模式,并根据其根本性质与表征,将之称为情境化地图表达;最后,讨论情境化地图表达的关键技术问题,即自主觉知用图情境、自主设计制作地图及随境自主人机交互。

以“图”为切入点探讨“地图学”课程思政建设

“地图学”是测绘工程本科专业的专业核心课程。为更好地加强学生的思想政治素养和发挥课程的优势,在充分分析和总结课程专业内容的类型和特点的基础上,深入挖掘思政建设方向,以“图”为切入点,将思政元素融入专业教学内容中,实现了“专业内容—图—思政内容”的无缝衔接。从授课章节、专业内容、思政内容融入点和思政目标四方面着手,提出了完整的思政教学设计。确定了以教师评价和学生问卷调查两种评价方式检查思政内容实施效果,建立“评价—反馈—改进”良性循环的有效机制,保证和完善“地图学”课程思政建设的长期有效发展。

AI绘画在地图制图中的应用与挑战

进入信息时代,地图制图呈现大众化趋势,大众制图时代来临。人人都能制作地图,但制图质量却参差不齐,如何实现地图制图由专家主导的“授人以鱼”扩展为面向大众的“授人以渔”成为当前的研究热点,迫切需要发展智能化、个性化的制图方法。AI绘画通过机器学习和深度学习等技术,使计算机能够模拟人类艺术家的创造力进行图像创作、编辑和合成图像。AI绘画能否为智能化、个性化制图提供一种新的技术途径?针对这一问题,首先梳理出了由文本生成图像、图像编辑、草图转化为图像、风格化神经渲染、图像风格迁移5类典型AI绘画技术。然后,逐一分析这些技术在游戏地图绘制、地图脱密脱敏、心象地图绘制、艺术感地图绘制、地图风格迁移等方面的应用。最后,总结AI绘画在地图制图中面临的地图内容理解、制图知识规则嵌入以及结果地图的可读性等挑战,以期丰富对AI地图制图的讨论,启发创新性AI制图应用与研究。

线上线下混合式一流本科课程的建设与探讨——以“地图学”课程为例

“地图学”是测绘类、地理类本科专业的核心课程,也是其他专业课的先导课,具有基础性强、开设面广等特点。教学团队根据专业培养目标,基于OBE教学理念对课程教学内容进行优化,构建“一主两线三结合”的教学模式;基于BOPPPS模式,打造“课前—课中—课后”三段式混合教学课堂;推进“基于过程导向”的多元化考核模式。在教学任务的设计和知识传授的同时,多维度深入挖掘课程思政元素,将爱国主义情怀、哲学思维、科学精神和人文素养覆盖于课前、课中和课后三个环节,实现全过程思政育人。

《阳光下的葡萄干》中的文学绘图及地理隐喻

“文学绘图”贯穿罗伯特·塔利文学空间研究的核心,以地图绘制喻指文学写作,揭示绘制主体与所处空间以及更宏大的空间组织的关系,并探究文学如何表征并建构这一整体性。《阳光下的葡萄干》借由文学绘图探讨人物的绘图动机与行为及其所绘地图中的地理隐喻。汉斯贝里通过绘制黑人家庭在美国地图上的游走路线,分析扬格一家在空间/地方转换中产生的绘图焦虑和由此实现的绘图实践,并揭示他们绘制的这幅地图背后暗藏的种族对立、权力意志和身份政治。对作品中的文学绘图和地理隐喻的分析既是对人与空间关系的讨论,也是对黑人种族存在与未来命运的思考,彰显了汉斯贝里的文学实践和现实关怀。

基于属性驱动和信息化映射的地理实体符号化

基于1∶500、1∶1000、1∶2000基础地理信息要素数据存量转换生产基础地理实体数据和基于基础地理实体数据派生地形图是当前新型基础测绘研究的热点和难点问题。本文提出基于属性驱动的地理实体转换技术,可解决数字线划图中部分基础地理信息要素到基础地理实体的转换问题;同时提出基于信息化映射的动态符号化技术,能够解决转换后的基础地理实体再派生为基础地理信息要素的符号化问题,并分别应用于广州市1∶500基础地形图到基础地理实体的存量转换,以及基础地理实体再到数字线划图的派生。

典型地貌特征的行星可视化制图--以火星与月球为例

对火星与月球的多次探测任务,使人们对两者地形地貌的共同点与差异点有了一定的认识。火星与月球的地形地貌与地球表面地貌存在较大差异性,对其采取有针对性的可视化方法,与其各自的地貌类型和地表色彩体系相匹配,将有利于行星制图和行星认知探索。本文对比了火星与月球之间的同类地貌,尤其是撞击坑、皱脊、槽沟等与地球地貌差别较大的地貌类型,通过选取适宜认知的星体可见光色彩,实现符合月球与火星表面形貌特征的增强可视化,使地图使用者快速把握地形地貌信息,有利于进一步开展深空探测研究及公众科普。

The Use of Hand Stamps in the Manuscript Maps Drawn by East Asian Countries in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

It was generally accepted that manuscript maps,as distinct from printed maps,exhibited no signs of printing and were entirely hand-drawn.Western scholars Christopher Terrell and Tony Campbell were the first to break this stereotype in 1987,followed by Catherine Delano-Smith and Chet Van Duzer who discovered a few Renaissance maps and two Qing dynasty maps that showed use of hand stamps.Inspired by these findings,this paper explores the stamped map signs in ten Chinese maps,three Japanese maps,and three Korean maps.By analyzing each map and each type of stamp,this paper provides more examples of this research,broadens the research horizons and geographical area,and demonstrates that use of stamps in manuscript maps was invented independently among people of different regions and civilizations as a result of human nature.