Strain concentration caused by the closed end contributes to cartridge case failure at the bottom

Ruptures at the bottom of cartridges are a common cause of failure of ammunitions,which directly threatens the safety of weapons and shooters.Based on plastic tube theory,this study analyses the radial and axial deformation of a cartridge,considering the radial constraint of the closed end at the bottom of the cartridge.Owing to the influence of the closed end,the bottom of a cartridge does not establish complete contact with the chamber.Owing to strain concentration in the non-contact area,this area is more amenable to the occurrence of cartridge rupture.This theory predicts the location of the fracture more accurately than the traditional theory.The maximum axial deformation of a cartridge comprises bending and friction deformation.The maximum strain at the bottom of the cartridge increased by 135%owing to the introduction of bending strain caused by the closed end.The strain distribution of a cartridge was measured using digital image correlation technology,and the measured result was consistent with the predicted results of the bending deformation theory and rupture case.The effects of wall thickness,radial clearance,friction coefficient,and axial clearance on the axial deformation of the cylinder were studied.Increasing the wall thickness and reducing radial clearance were found to reduce bending deformation;furthermore,lubrication and reduction in axial clearance reduce frictional deformation,which in turn reduce cartridge rupture.

Optimization of Casing Design Parameters to Mitigate Casing Failure Caused by Formation Slippage

There has been lack of work efforts on how to optimize cementing and completing parameters in order to prevent casing failure induced by formation slippage in pertroleum industry scope.Once the weak plane fails,the formation will become easily undertaken slippage across a large area along its interface.The plenty of horizontal planes of weakness in reservoir formations,as reported for a number of oilfields,can easily undertaken slippage once it fails.To address the problem,three-dimensional finite element models were established by taking into considerations the elastoplastic mechanical characteristics of both the casing and the near-wellbore rock.Two types of casing impairment scenarios were considered:Casing collapse(that causes tubing stuck in the well)and complete casing shear-off.In this study,the critical slip displacement of casing shear damage under both cemented and un-cemented conditions was calculated,and the critical displacement of casing with various wall thicknesses and steel grades was compared.A new cementing practice for the Daqing oilfield was then proposed by optimizing casing parameters according to API standards,and a new research method was also put forward by proposing new casing materials to effectively mitigate casing failure caused by formation slippage for the future.Modeling results indicate that the stress and deformation associated with casing in the un-cemented condition is more diffused and the critical slippage displacement is larger than that in the cemented condition.Therefore,the un-cemented condition is more effective in preventing casing shear failure and easier for casing repair,for the case of casing damage caused by formation shear slippage.Casing elongation is the key parameter of casing shear failure in the un-cemented condition.Lower grade casing exhibits a larger critical slippage displacement because of its higher elongation capacity under stress.Casing with lower grade and smaller thickness provides more advantages in preventing casing damage in formations abundant with horizontal weak layers.If the elongation of casing can be largely improved,the critical displacement value can be increased by 21.40%.Higher grade and thicker casing is adapted for mitigate casing failure caused by formation slippage.

Transport model for shale gas well leakage through the surrounding fractured zones of a longwall mine

The environmental risks associated with casing deformation in unconventional(shale)gas wells positioned in abutment pillars of longwall mines is a concern to many in the mining and gas well industry.With the recent interest in shale exploration and the proximity to longwall mining in Southwestern Pennsylvania,the risk to mine workers could be catastrophic as fractures in surrounding strata create pathways for transport of leaked gases.Hence,this research by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)presents an analytical model of the gas transport through fractures in a low permeable stratum.The derived equations are used to conduct parametric studies of specific transport conditions to understand the influence of stratum geology,fracture lengths,and the leaked gas properties on subsurface transport.The results indicated that the prediction that the subsurface gas flux decreases with an increase in fracture length is specifically for a non-gassy stratum.The sub-transport trend could be significantly impacted by the stratum gas generation rate within specific fracture lengths,which emphasized the importance of the stratum geology.These findings provide new insights for improved understanding of subsurface gas transport to ensure mine safety.

Horizontal aquifer movement induced by groundwater pumping and its applications to the analysis of some geological disasters

Based on Darcy Gersevanov law concerning a flow relation between water and solids, we derive the horizontal movement of solid frame resulted from a discharging well in a Theis Thiem confined system, and further analyze the relations among the horizontal movements and pumped time t as well as radius r from the discharging well. As applications of the theory, we propose some new interperations for ground fissure activity and casing failures induced by groundwater withdrawal or injection.

Distribution laws and effects analysis of casing external pressure taking elastic parameters matching into account

Distribution laws of casing external pressure,which are obtained by different scholars in different conditions,are not the same.Thus,a model to calculate the external pressure of casing is established with finite element method.In the model a contact is built between the outer wall of the casing and the inner wall of the cement sheath.The casing external pressure can be got through extracting contact force of results.The numerical results and analysis show that:The largest casing external pressure exists in the direction of minimum horizontal stress of formation rather than in the direction of the maximum horizontal stress.There exists such matching between the cement sheath elastic modulus and formation elastic modulus:When the elastic modulus of the cement sheath is small,reducing its value is conducive to reduce the casing external pressure and to prolong casing service life.When the elastic modulus of the cement sheath is large,increasing its value is conducive to reduce the casing external pressure and to prolong casing service life.The casing external pressure will become large with the increase of Poisson's ratio of cement sheath.With the increase of the degree of the formation stress unevenness,the maximum casing external pressure increases and the smallest external decreases.The increasing of the non-uniformity degree of formation stress makes the non-uniformity degree of casing external pressure and the risk of casing failure increase.The study can provide certain reference for drilling workers to take measures to prolong service life of casing.