杨梅核仁油的GC-MS分析

目的:明确杨梅核仁油的化学组成。方法:采用索式抽提法提取杨梅核仁油,分析其理化指标;并采用GC-MS法,对杨梅核脂肪酸成分进行了系统分析。结果:杨梅核仁得油率为21.54%;杨梅核仁油经GC-MS分析共检测出11种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸含量达40.86%,不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸、8,11-十八碳二烯酸和9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸)含量占总量的80%左右。结论:杨梅核仁油具有较高的营养价值,是一种品质优良的油脂。

Physicochemical Properties and Nutritional Ingredients of Kernel Oil of <i>Carya cathayensis</i>Sarg

Carya cathayensis Sarg is distributed near Tianmu mountain areas in Zhejiang Province and Anhui Province, China. Kernel of Carya cathayensis Sarg, which is well-known for the daintiness and nutritional content, is popular and very delicious food in eastern China. In this paper, we investigated the physiochemical properties and nutrient gradients of the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg. The results showed that the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg contained 63% of fat, 9.1% of proteins, 3.6% of starch and 4.6% of soluble proteins (based ration of weight). The compositions of the fatty acids were very similar to olive oil, and the total unsaturated fatty acids were 94%. Meanwhile, the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg also contained some polyphenols such as vanillic acid, ferulic acid, 3-methoxybenzoic acid and quercetin. The content of total polyphenols was 9.7 μg/g. Furthermore, the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg also contained some trace amount of squalene, β-Sitosterol, Vitamin E.

Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications

This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.

Physicochemical properties, fatty acid and mineral content of some walnuts (Juglans regia L.) types

Some physical and chemical properties, mineral content and fatty acid compositions of kernel and oils of several walnut types (Büyük Oba, Kaman2, Kaman5) were determined. The oil yields from these kernels changed between 61.4% to 72.8%. The crude fibre contents of ker nels ranged between 3.77% and 3.80%. In add ition, crude protein contents of kernels ranged between 7.05% and 8.10%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 3.18 meq/ Kg and 3.53 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged be tween 0.35% and 0.56%. The main fatty acids of walnut kernel oils were oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. Linoleic acid contents of ker nel oils varied between 49.7% and 55.5%. On the other hand, oleic acid contents ranged between 20.5% and 26.4%. As a result, the present study showed the walnut kernels of the researched species of walnut kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applica tions.

Properties of Apricot Kernel and Oils as Fruit Juice Processing Waste

Recently, more attention has been focused on the utilization of food processing by products and wastes, as well as under-utilization agricultural products. Some physical and chemical properties, mineral contents and fatty acid composition of apricot kernel and oils were determined. The oil yields from kernels changed from 42.2% to 57.2%. The crude fibre contents ranged between 4.06% and 7.63%. In addition, crude protein contents ranged between 15.1% and 24.2%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 0.834 meq/Kg and 8.294 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged between 0.279% and 0.700%. The main fatty acids in apricot kernel oils were oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Oleic acid contents of kernel oils varied between 53.06% and 70.90%. On the other hand, linoleic acid contents ranged between 21.43% and 35,67%. As a result, the present study showed the apricot kernels of the researched species of apricot kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applications.

Quantification of methyl esters of fatty acids in the oil of Physalis minima by GC-MS

Objective:To investigate quantification of methyl esters of fatty acids in the oil extracted from Physalis minima(P.minima)using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.Methods:Oil was extracted from the shade dried plant with n-hexane through Soxhlet extraction.Fatty acids that present in the oil were derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters and analysed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.Results:A total of nine fatty acids were detected in quantifiable amount in the oil.Both the saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were identified.Palmitic acid was found in the highest concentration as 46.83%.Linoleic acid(ω-6)and linolenic acid(ω-3)were obtained in appreciable amount as 16.98%and 14.80%respectively among the unsaturated fatty acids in the oil under study.From the literature review,it appeared that fatty acids were determined for the first time in the oil of P.minima.Conclusions:Presence of these important fatty acids in high amount makes P.minima oil beneficial for health,which can be used in the preparation of phytopharmaceutical or pharmaceutical preparations.Moreover,the results of this study are useful for the phytopharmaceutical industries to establish their quality control profile.

Determination and Analysis of Liposoluble Chemical Constituents from Ictalurus punctatus Oil

The lipids was extracted from the internal organs of Ictalurus punctatus by microwave, and its liposoluble chemical constituents was identified and quantified by gas chromatography （GC）/electron impact （EI） mass spectrometry （MS）. Subsequent-ly, the acid catalysis method was used to convert fatty acids to methyl-esters. The total lipids in the pure fat of I. punctatus were found to be about 99%. Twenty-three fatty acids were identified. The major fatty acids found in the oils were normal mo-nounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and alkane paraffin. Unsaturated fatty acids comprised 72.84% of the total, and the major components of monounsaturated fatty acids were C18：1 （48.52%）, while the polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly composed of C18：2 （16.54%）. Saturated fatty acids comprised approximately 19.21%of the total. The main components were C16：0 （14.46%） and C18：0 （4.17%）, most of which were medium-long-chain fatty acids. Therefore, catfish oil can be used as an important dietary source of functional fatty acids. The difference between the pro-portion of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids appears to be significant compared to fish of the Cyprinidae family, as catfish skin and muscle have higher protein content and lower fatty content. This study confirms that catfish has excellent nutri-tional quality.

乙烯利处理对油茶采后种仁品质的影响

为开发对油茶籽进行大规模处理以促进其后熟的方法,以‘华硕’油茶鲜果为试验材料,去皮后得到油茶籽,并用1.5g/L乙烯利溶液浸泡处理,分析处理后0、3、6、9、12d和15d的油茶种仁含油率、可溶性糖、蔗糖、内源1-氨基-环丙烷羧酸(ACC)含量及其油脂不饱和脂肪酸含量,考察乙烯利处理对油茶采后种仁品质的影响。结果表明:1.5g/L乙烯利溶液浸泡处理油茶籽,显著提高了种仁含油率(处理组和对照组均在处理后9d达到峰值,处理组比对照组高15.64%)、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量(处理组和对照组均在处理后12d达到峰值,处理组分别比对照组高16.41%和36.49%)及油脂不饱和脂肪酸含量(处理组在处理后3d达到峰值,对照组在处理后6d达到峰值,处理组比对照组高0.28%),并改变了油茶种仁内源ACC含量的变化趋势,使原本的双峰型变为单峰型。综上,采用乙烯利浸泡处理有利于提高油茶采后种仁的品质,减少收贮不当造成的损失。

西康扁桃种仁含油量及营养成分分析

以甘肃生长的西康扁桃为材料,测定了其种子一般成分、种仁营养成分、种仁油脂肪酸组成及主要活性物质。结果显示,西康扁桃种子的纯仁率37.80%、杂质9.00%、水分6.32%;种仁的含油量45.20%、蛋白质30.35%、粗纤维4.19%、水分4.25%、灰分2.85%;种仁油共检出10种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸含量低(6.88%),以棕榈酸(4.92%)和硬脂酸(1.81%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量高(93.15%),以油酸(73.10%)和亚油酸(19.60%)为主;种仁油富含角鲨烯、维生素E、多酚等生物活性物质,其中维生素E含量较高(409.30 mg/kg),以α-和γ-生育酚形式存在,并以γ-生育酚为主,其次为角鲨烯含量(347.90 mg/kg),多酚含量<6.0 mg/kg。西康扁桃种子出仁率高,种仁含油量也高,且种仁和油脂富含营养成分,是一种营养丰富的植物油源,具有成为新型高品质食用油的潜质。

高油酸花生籽仁发育过程中脂肪酸动态变化分析

为了探究高油酸花生品种中含油量及脂肪酸的形成规律,以普通花生品种‘冀花22号’为对照,对高油酸花生品种中含油量和8种脂肪酸的动态变化进行了分析。对花生籽仁3个发育时期的含油量测定结果显示,2类花生品种在荚果形成期,干物质中含油量迅速上升,在荚果充实期缓慢增加,到荚果成熟期后,含油量基本上趋于稳定,表明2种类型的花生品种含油量的积累规律基本一致。2类花生脂肪酸中以油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和棕榈酸(C16∶0)为主,总占比约90%,其中高油酸和普通花生品种中油酸含量占比均值分别为82.04%和43.84%,主要脂肪酸成分间差异极显著。8种脂肪酸成分之间的相关性结果显示,多数脂肪酸成分之间显著相关,相关系数在0~0.99之间。其中油酸与棕榈酸和亚油酸高度负相关,相关系数分别为-0.98和-0.99,与花生酸、山嵛酸和二十四烷酸显著负相关,相关系数在0.25~0.49之间,而与硬脂酸和花生烯酸不相关。脂肪酸动态变化结果显示,棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸占比的变化趋势在2类花生品种间差异均显著不同,其它5种脂肪酸占比动态变化趋势在高油酸和普通花生品种中基本一致,表明棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸是影响花生品质的主要因素。以上研究结果为深入理解高油酸花生形成的生理机制提供了有力参考。

‘华仲8号’杜仲种仁油脂积累及脂肪酸变化规律

【目的】研究杜仲种仁生长发育规律以及油体动态变化与种仁含油率的相关性,探讨种仁中脂肪酸变化特征以及各脂肪酸间的相互作用关系,为油用杜仲果实的适时采收和高油高质新品种的选育提供理论参考。【方法】以不同发育时期‘华仲8号’杜仲种仁为研究对象,采用尼罗红染色技术与共聚焦激光扫描电镜技术相结合的方法观察种仁内油体;应用气相色谱-质谱技术对种仁油脂中脂肪酸组分和相对含量进行分析。【结果】1)杜仲种仁生长发育过程可划分为快速生长期(5月底—7月初)、缓慢生长期(7月初—8月底)和种仁成熟期(9月初以后);2)随着种仁发育油体数量逐渐增多,并不断向细胞中央扩散,种仁含油率与含油体率呈正相关关系,其增长速率均表现为“S”形变化趋势;3)种仁发育过程中共检测出9种脂肪酸,主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸等;随着种仁发育,不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,并在9月初达到最大值(91.64%),其中亚麻酸含量高达63.25%;相关性分析表明,棕榈酸与硬脂酸和油酸呈极显著正相关关系,亚麻酸与棕榈酸和油酸呈极显著负相关关系。【结论】杜仲种仁生长发育过程呈先快后慢的变化趋势;种仁内含油体率与含油率呈显著正相关关系;种仁油脂中脂肪酸种类丰富,其中对人体有益的不饱和脂肪酸含量优势显著。

超临界CO_(2)萃取制备腰果仁油工艺优化及其脂肪酸成分分析

以腰果仁为原料,采用超临界CO_(2)萃取技术萃取腰果仁油,研究萃取温度、萃取压强、萃取时间、CO_(2)流量对腰果仁油得率的影响,通过响应面法优化最佳提取工艺条件,采用气相色谱甲酯法对腰果仁油的脂肪酸成分进行分析。结果表明,超临界CO_(2)萃取腰果仁油的最佳条件为萃取温度45℃、萃取压强40 MPa、CO_(2)流量4.2 L/min、萃取时间1.6 h,该条件下腰果仁油得率为46.41%,与模型预测结果接近。气相色谱甲酯法对脂肪酸成分分析表明,腰果仁油含有12种脂肪酸成分,其中含量较高的4种脂肪酸成分分别为油酸58.42%、亚油酸18.75%、棕榈酸11.160%、硬脂酸9.890%,不饱和脂肪酸含量达78.21%。

甘肃迭部野生西康扁桃种仁油理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

为探究西康扁桃的利用价值,以甘肃迭部林区野生分布的西康扁桃种仁油为材料,测定了西康扁桃油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成及部分生物活性物质。结果表明:西康扁桃种仁油酸值1.30 mg KOH/g、碘值98.00 g I/100 g、皂化值189.10 mg KOH/g、过氧化值3.80 mmol/kg、水分及挥发物质量分数0.26%、不溶性杂质质量分数0.04%、相对密度0.9155、折光指数1.4710,主要理化指标符合生物柴油用木本油脂标准和食用植物油国家安全标准;西康扁桃种仁油含有棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸、花生-烯酸、芥酸10种脂肪酸,碳链长度在C16~C22之间。脂肪酸组成比较合理,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)质量分数(6.62%)低,以棕榈酸(4.68%)和硬脂酸(1.75%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)质量分数(92.47%)高,以油酸(72.10%)和亚油酸(18.60%)为主,总不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)和总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的比例接近14∶1。不饱和脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)质量分数(72.88%)较高,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)质量分数(19.59%)较低,两者比例约为3.7∶1;西康扁桃油富含角鲨烯、维生素E、多酚等生物活性物质,其中角鲨烯含量较高,为450.10 mg/kg,多酚含量15.50 mg/kg,维生素E含量359.90 mg/kg,以γ-生育酚为主,α-生育酚次之,其含量分别为331.80、28.10 mg/kg。

苦杏仁去皮热风干燥适宜温度提高油脂品质

为探索适宜的杏仁热风干燥温度,以热烫去皮处理后的湿杏仁为试验材料,研究了热风干燥不同温度对杏仁及其油脂的感官、理化和营养品质的影响。结果表明,经热烫去皮、干燥处理后可以得到颜色较浅的杏仁油,有利于提高杏仁油的感官品质,但会造成杏仁油过氧化值显著升高(P<0.05),油酸、亚油酸、十七碳烯酸、二十碳一烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸的比例和甾醇含量降低,棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、十七碳烷酸、二十碳烷酸、二十碳一烯酸的比例和总生育酚含量升高,对杏仁油的理化特性和营养品质产生影响。但不同脂肪酸及其伴随物种类、不同温度处理变化幅度不同。随着干燥温度的提高,干燥速率逐渐加快,杏仁及杏仁油的颜色逐渐加深,杏仁油亮度下降,酸价略有升高,但不同干燥温度之间差异不显著(P>0.05);过氧化值呈上升趋势,且80℃以上干燥处理显著高于40℃和60℃干燥处理(P<0.05);总不饱和脂肪酸、油酸、亚油酸、十七碳烯酸、二十碳烷酸的比例及β-生育酚、δ-生育酚及总生育酚含量总体呈下降趋势,棕榈油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸的比例和β-谷甾醇、总甾醇含量总体呈升高趋势。低温干燥有利于提高杏仁油中生育酚含量,而提高干燥温度则有利于杏仁油中植物甾醇含量的提高。尤其是干燥温度为80℃以上时,杏仁油的品质变化加快。因此,为提高杏仁油理化与营养品质,杏仁脱皮后的干燥宜在80℃以下的较低温度条件下进行。研究结果可为杏仁干燥和高品质杏仁油加工提供参考。

紫苏籽主要营养成分含量分析

[目的]为给紫苏材料创新及品质育种提供资源数据支撑。[方法]对国内外132份紫苏种质资源籽粒的含油量、蛋白质含量、脂肪酸含量及含水量进行检测与分析。[结果]132份紫苏籽粒的含油量、蛋白质和α-亚麻酸含量分别为20.24%~53.71%、10.86%~27.60%和39.10%~73.06%。含油量与蛋白质含量间呈极显著正相关。脂肪酸成分中,α-亚麻酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸均呈极显著负相关;亚油酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸间均呈极显著正相关。检测样本中含油量及蛋白质含量呈双峰分布;α-亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸呈正态分布。[结论]132份紫苏籽粒的含油量、蛋白质及脂肪酸组成等主要品质指标的变异范围较大、遗传多样性较丰富。筛选到17份材料含油量超过50%,3份超过53%;10份材料蛋白质含量超过25%,2份超过27%;8份材料α-亚麻酸含量超过60%,2份超过70%,紫苏品质育种中可对这些材料加以应用。

酸枣仁油的理化性质及成分分析

对酸枣仁油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,酸枣仁油主要由6种脂肪酸构成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量最高,分别为49.1%、26.0%;通过测定酸枣仁油Sn-2位脂肪酸组成,确定了酸枣仁油甘三酯的脂肪酸分布。酸枣仁油VE总含量为18.67 mg/100 g油。使用GC/MS对酸枣仁油的不皂化物成分进行了分析,检测出7种主要物质,其中角鲨烯的含量高达39.2%(占酸枣仁油不皂化物总量)。

光皮树果实不同部位油脂组成分析

对光皮树果实中果肉、种核、种仁3个部位的油脂含量及其脂肪酸组成进行了分析,结果表明,果肉中油脂占全果总含油比例为66.95%,种核中油脂占16.96%,种仁中油脂占16.09%。3部位油脂均含有亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和花生酸,只是相对含量不同,其中果肉中油脂主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(24.41%)、亚油酸(32.46%)、油酸(30.07%)、硬脂酸(1.64%)、花生酸(3.09%);种核中油脂的主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(12.48%)、亚油酸(54.79%)、油酸(26.93%)、硬脂酸(2.18%)、花生酸(1.63%);种仁中油脂主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(6.61%)、亚油酸(58.80%)、油酸(22.32%)、硬脂酸(2.03%)、花生酸(0.65%)。

不同杏品种果仁油脂的脂肪酸组成分析

为研究山西晋中地区不同杏品种果仁中脂肪含量与脂肪酸的组成特点,采用索氏提取、气相色谱分析法分析测定了15个杏品种果仁中的总脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成,结果表明:15个杏品种果仁中共检测出脂肪酸组分10种,总脂肪含量在28.11~53.15 g/100 g,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总含量的91.60%~95.15%,油酸与总脂肪含量之间呈极显著正性相关且油酸的偏相关系数最大;应用聚类分析可将其划分为"高含油率-高油酸-高亚麻酸""低含油率-高亚油酸""高含油率-高油酸-低亚麻酸"杏仁品种类型;根据主成分分析对杏仁的品质进行综合评价,扁杏综合评分最高。扁杏是高含油率-高油酸-高亚麻酸重要种质资源,该结果为杏栽培、育种及产业化的发展提供依据。

油茶籽油主要特征成分的研究分析

研究分析了采自我国油茶籽主产地95个油茶籽和87个成品油茶籽油样品的特征成分。结果表明:油茶籽的纯仁率为57.5%～71.8%;含油量(干基)为39.6%～65.3%。提取油茶籽油的皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)分别为178.0～197.7 mg/g和79.3～97.3 g/100 g,成品油茶籽油分别为181.0～188.0 mg/g和82.0～86.0 g/100 g。提取油茶籽油和成品油茶籽油中占主要组分的脂肪酸相对含量几乎一致,提取油茶籽油的棕榈酸含量为7.1%～9.6%,硬脂酸含量为1.6%～3.3%,油酸含量为77.2%～83.6%,亚油酸含量为5.4%～9.8%;成品油茶籽油分别为3.9%～9.1%,1.0%～4.6%,74.3%～83.6%和7.0%～15.0%。根据上述数据可确定油茶籽油国家标准的特征指标和限量值。