Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Seismic performance analysis and design suggestion for frame buildings with cast-in-place staircases

Many staircases in reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures suffered severe damage during the Wenchuan earthquake. Elastic analyses for 18 RC structure models with and without staircases are conducted and compared to study the influence of the staircase on the stiffness, displacements and internal forces of the structures. To capture the yielding development and damage mechanism of frame structures, elasto-plastic analysis is carried out for one of the 18 models. Based on the features observed in the analyses, a new type of staircase design i.e., isolating them from the master structure to eliminate the effect of K-type struts, is proposed and discussed. It is concluded that the proposed method of staircase isolation is effective and feasible for engineering design, and does not significantly increase the construction cost.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

Design and construction of high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever flowering frame beam

The high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever structure of the office building of some court, which is located I-steel at the cantilever and used steel pipe scaffold as the support, has guaranteed the frame body and structure security by the frame body calculating, on-site test and reasonable construction order.

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

Study on plant fiber/plastic composites as the substrate of floorboard

Three kinds of composites （fiber/Polypropylene, fiber/Polyethelene, and fiber/Polystyrene） were made by using hot pressing process for substrate of floorboard and the properties of each kind of composites were tested. MORs of PP/wood fiber, PS/fiber, and PE/fiber composites with coupling agent added were raised by 18.4%, 37.1%, and 42%. respectively, compared to those without coupling agent. Among the three kinds of fiber/plastic composites, fiber/PP composite has best mechanical properties, and it can meet quality standard of eligible grade product and come up to the excellent grade products of China when the coupling agent is added. The performance of composite made of PE/fiber or PS/fiber can exceed qualified product grade only with coupling agent added.

木地板中裸蛛甲的防制研究

目的了解木地板、木制品害虫情况,探索木地板裸蛛甲防制方法。方法现场调查,采集害虫标本,并进行分析鉴定。采用雾化喷洒、热烟雾剂及粉杀法等3种方法杀虫。结果调查发现危害木地板、木制品的害虫为裸蛛甲。雾化喷洒、热烟雾剂及粉杀法3种方法综合进行,有效控制了家居木地板、木制品害虫的危害。结论防制木地板、木制品害虫的首要工作是预防,若发现虫害应及时采取有效措施杀灭、控制虫害。

复合地板用水性聚氨酯乳液胶粘剂的研制

采用TDI和PVA为主要原料,合成复合地板粘接用水性异氰酸酯乳液胶粘剂,给出了适宜的配方和工艺条件.并进行了压板和耐水应用实验,结果表明,水性异氰酸酯乳液胶粘剂用于复合地板的生产粘接性能好,具有耐水、无毒和稳定性好等特点,其耐水效果完全能够通过日本地板标准.

复合地板及其选择

简要介绍了复合地板主要种类、特点及其选择方法。

利用动态信号技术检测强化木地板榫接部位横向变形量

介绍一种用动态信号分析仪测定强化木地板榫接部位横向变形量大小的方法。该法主要通过采集电涡流传感器中前置器解调后的地板榫接部位变形时的低频信号值获得其实际变形量,并为检测其它种类地板的变形量参数提供参考。

基于CATIA的车身后底板逆向设计

车身后底板因结构复杂、零部件多而成为白车身设计的难点,采用逆向工程方法对后底板进行了分析设计。针对逆向设计中后底板形状复杂、点云数量大、倒角、翻边及搭接等技术处理难点做了相应的优化,为产品的创新设计和缩短生产周期,以适应快速多变的市场需求提供了技术支持。通过三维建模软件对汽车后底板的逆向设计,完成了数据采集、预处理及三维模型的重建,并对逆向设计过程中遇到的问题做出合理的解答,为逆向工程方法在汽车车身设计的应用提供了参考。

住宅现浇楼板裂缝产生的原因与防治

针对住宅现浇楼板裂缝问题,如表面龟裂、纵向、横向裂缝以及斜向裂缝,对其裂缝产生的原因作了分析,从混凝土施工配合比、负筋的保护层厚度、增设辐射筋等方面,提出裂缝的处理方法。

高密度人造木地板的VOCs散发实验研究

针对目前室内装修常用的高密度人造木地板,采用大环境舱模拟实际室内空气环境研究了甲醛的散发,并对处于稳定散发期的木地板研究了环境因素对其甲醛及VOCs散发的影响,同时作了VOCs化学成分的检测。研究结果发现:高密度人造木地板的甲醛散发具有规律性,甲醛散发在几小时内达到最大值后逐渐衰减直到趋于稳定值;环境因素对稳定散发期的木地板的甲醛及VOCs的散发有较大影响;受试木地板除散发甲醛外还散发多种VOCs,它们主要是芳香族挥发性有机化合物。

二次纤维合成软质地板基材研究

实验对回收纤维进行分离处理使其成浆和湿法成型,得到基层板坯,进行预压和热压制成软质地板的基材。实验得出:热压温度为190℃,热压时间为30min,添加木纤维20%,酚醛树脂胶加入量1%,制成的软质地板基材的性能指标是:密度0.37g/cm3,静曲强度3.1175MPa,硬度271N。实验表明由二次纤维合成软质地板基材具有密度小、弹性好、保暖、触感舒适等特点,适宜供老人、儿童等特殊人群专用地板使用。

钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝产生的原因分析

文基于钢筋混凝土与裂缝有关的材料特性及楼板温度应力的特点熏较全面地讨论了混凝土收缩、楼板设计施工及环境日晒温度变化对钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝的影响熏得出一些有用的结论熏可供广大工程技术人员参考。

Seismic performance of precast bridge columns connected with grouted corrugated-metal duct through biaxial quasi-static experiment and modeling

In this paper,the seismic behaviors of precast bridge columns connected with grouted corrugated-metal duct(GCMD)were investigated through the biaxial quasi-static experiment and numerical simulation.With a geometric scale ratio of 1:5,five specimens were fabricated,including four precast bridge columns connected with GCMD and one cast-in-place(CIP)bridge column.A finite element analysis model was also established by using OpenSees and was then calibrated by using the experimental results for parameter analysis.The results show the biaxial seismic performance of the precast bridge columns connected with GCMD was similar to the CIP bridge columns regarding ultimate bearing capacity and hysteresis energy,and further,that it could meet the design goal of equivalent performance.The seismic performance of the precast bridge columns connected with GCMD deteriorated more significantly under bi-directional load than under uni-directional load.A proper slenderness ratio(e.g.,7.0-10.0)and longitudinal reinforcement ratio could significantly improve the energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity of the precast bridge columns,while the axial load ratio and concrete strength had little influence on the above properties.The research results could bring insights to the development of the seismic design of precast bridge columns connected with GCMD.

Exothermic process of cast-in-place pile foundation and its thermal agitation of the frozen ground under a long dry bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

A number of dry bridges have been built to substitute for the roadbed on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,China.The aim of this study was to investigate the exothermic process of cast-in-place (CIP) pile foundation of a dry bridge and its harm to the stability of nearby frozen ground.We present 3D heat conduction functions of a concrete pile and of frozen ground with related boundaries.Our analysis is based on the theory of heat conduction and the exponent law describing the adiabatic temperature rise caused by hydration heat.Results under continuous and initial conditions were combined to establish a finite element model of a CIP pile-frozen ground system for a dry bridge under actual field conditions in cold regions.Numerical results indicated that the process could effectively simulate the exothermic process of CIP pile foundation.Thermal disturbance to frozen ground under a long dry bridge caused by the casting temperature and hydration heat of CIP piles was substantial and long-lasting.The simulated thermal analysis results agreed with field measurements and some significant rules relating to the problem were deduced and conclusions reached.