Surface density of synthetically tuned spinel oxides of Co^(3+) and Ni^(3+) with enhanced catalytic activity for methane oxidation

Spinel oxides containing Co and Ni are a promising substitute as a noble metal catalyst for methane combustion.Achieving a complete oxidation of methane under 400°C remains challenging,andhydrothermal 60 h NiClittle impact on activity,especially at high space velocities due to the long hydrothermal time with less absorbed oxygen species and crystal defects.Overall,these results help clarify methane activa-tion mechanisms and aid the development of more efficient low-cost catalysts.