“Instruction-Category” Approach of Test Suite Construction for Oven Embedded System

Being different from testing for popular GUI software, the “instruction-category” approach is proposed for testing embedded system. This approach is constructed by three steps including refining items, drawing instruction-brief and instruction-category, and constructing test suite. Consequently, this approach is adopted to test oven embedded system, and detail process is deeply discussed. As a result, the factual result indicates that the “instruction-category” approach can be effectively applied in embedded system testing as a black-box method for conformity testing.

A Hybrid Ensemble Learning Approach Utilizing Light Gradient Boosting Machine and Category Boosting Model for Lifestyle-Based Prediction of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus

Addressing classification and prediction challenges, tree ensemble models have gained significant importance. Boosting ensemble techniques are commonly employed for forecasting Type-II diabetes mellitus. Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) is a widely used algorithm known for its leaf growth strategy, loss reduction, and enhanced training precision. However, LightGBM is prone to overfitting. In contrast, CatBoost utilizes balanced base predictors known as decision tables, which mitigate overfitting risks and significantly improve testing time efficiency. CatBoost’s algorithm structure counteracts gradient boosting biases and incorporates an overfitting detector to stop training early. This study focuses on developing a hybrid model that combines LightGBM and CatBoost to minimize overfitting and improve accuracy by reducing variance. For the purpose of finding the best hyperparameters to use with the underlying learners, the Bayesian hyperparameter optimization method is used. By fine-tuning the regularization parameter values, the hybrid model effectively reduces variance (overfitting). Comparative evaluation against LightGBM, CatBoost, XGBoost, Decision Tree, Random Forest, AdaBoost, and GBM algorithms demonstrates that the hybrid model has the best F1-score (99.37%), recall (99.25%), and accuracy (99.37%). Consequently, the proposed framework holds promise for early diabetes prediction in the healthcare industry and exhibits potential applicability to other datasets sharing similarities with diabetes.

Distribution assessment of soil erosion with revised RUSLE model in Tianshan Mountains

aSoil degradation caused by soil erosion is one of the world's most critical environmental issues.Soil erosion in the Tianshan Mountains has caused various environmental problems in the surrounding areas.This study used remote sensing data to analyze the distribution of the factors influencing soil erosion,and the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)to calculate the total amount and distribution characteristics of soil erosion in the Tianshan Mountains in 2019.Due to the large error of RUSLE in soil erosion estimation in mountainous areas,this study modified RUSLE equation based on the characteristics of snow cover in the Tianshan Mountains.The results show that the average soil erosion was 1690.3 t/(km^(2)·year),of which insignificant erosion,slight erosion and moderate erosion accounted for 42,8%,22.4%and 9.9%,respectively.Severe erosion and above accounted for 13.3%.The accuracy of the soil erosion modulus calculated by the RUSLE was only 61.9%,with an average error of 1631.9 t/(km^(2)·year).The average error of the double-coefficient correction method was 1259.1 t/(km^(2)·year),and the average error of the modified formula method was reduced by 40.3%compared with the RUSLE,reaching 973.7 t/(km^(2)·year),and its accuracy reached 76.2%.Very severe erosion and catastrophic erosion are distributed on mountain ridges with higher elevation and on the northern area with higher precipitation.Snow cover has a certain inhibitory effect on soil erosion,and snow cover in alpine mountains is a factor that cannot be ignored in soil erosion research.

The Report of Homological Algebra

The current article intends to introduce the reader to the concept of injective and projective modules and to describe the CFT. We present a clear view to show the homological algebra and injective and projective modules.

Statistical Analysis of Accident Proneness of Drivers

A mathematical model describing the risks of road accidents has been built on the basis of statistical data of drivers’ accident rate. It has been revealed that drivers can be divided by the degree of their accident proneness into four categories with sharply differing probabilities of road accidents. It has been shown that there is a possibility of classification of drivers in accordance with specified categories.

A Study on the Correlation Between LIWC Word Categories and Chinese Composition Writing Performance of Fourth,Fifth,and Sixth Grade Students

This study focuses on the analysis of the Chinese composition writing performance of fourth,fifth,and sixth grade students in 16 selected schools in Longhua District,Shenzhen during the spring semester of 2023.Using LIWC(Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count)as a text analysis tool,the study explores the impact of LIWC categories on writing performance which is scaled by score.The results show that the simple LIWC word categories have a significant positive influence on the composition scores of lower-grade students;while complex LIWC word categories have a significant negative influence on the composition scores of lower-grade students but a significant positive influence on the composition scores of higher-grade students.Process word categories have a positive influence on the composition scores of all three grades,but the impact of complex process word categories increases as the grade level rises.

The Application Value of Ultrasound Imaging in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Breast Nodules of BI-RADS 3 and Above

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of ultrasound imaging for breast nodules of breast imaging-reporting and data system(BI-RADS)category 3 and above.Methods:From June 2021 to July 2022,163 patients with breast nodules of BI-RADS 3 or above were selected as the research subjects.After pathological diagnosis,24 cases were malignant breast nodules of BI-RADS 3 or above,while 139 cases were benign breast nodules of BI-RADS 3 or above.The diagnosis rate of malignant and benign breast nodules of BI-RADS 3 or above,including 95%CI,was observed and analyzed.Results:The malignant and benign detection rates of conventional ultrasound were 88.63%and 75.00%,respectively,and the malignant and benign detection rates of ultrasound imaging were 93.18%and 87.50%,respectively,with 95%CIs greater than 0.7.Conclusion:Ultrasound imaging can help improve the diagnostic accuracy of benign and malignant breast nodules of BI-RADS 3 and above and reduce the misdiagnosis rate.

Making the category of entwined modules into a braided monoidal category

The question of how the category of entwined modules can be made into a braided monoidal category is studied. First, the sufficient and necessary conditions making the category into a monoidal category are obtained by using the fact that if （A, C, ψ） is an entwining structure, then A × C can be made into an entwined module. The conditions are that the algebra and coalgebra in question are both bialgebras with some extra compatibility relations. Then given a monodial category of entwined modules, the braiding is constructed by means of a twisted convolution invertible map Q, and the conditions making the category form into a braided monoidal category are obtained similarly. Finally, the construction is applied to the category of Doi-Hopf modules and （α, β ）-Yetter-Drinfeld modules as examples.

Construction of semisimple category over generalized Yetter-Drinfeld modules

Let H be a commutative, noetherian, semisimple and cosemisimple Hopf algebra with a bijective antipode over a field k. Then the semisimplicity of YD（H） is considered, where YD （H） means the disjoint union of the category of generalized Yetter-Drinfeld modules nYD^H（ α, β） for any α, β E Aut Hopf（H）. First, the fact that YD（H） is closed under Mor is proved. Secondly, based on the properties of finitely generated projective modules and semisimplicity of H, YD（H） satisfies the exact condition. Thus each object in YD（H） can be decomposed into simple ones since H is noetherian and cosemisimple. Finally, it is proved that YD （H） is a sernisimple category.

A Study of English Neologisms in 2015 Based on the Prototype Category Theory

With the development of science and technology, large quantities of neologisms are created. Neologisms are the result of people's conceptualization of new things based on their life experiences. Cognitive linguistics views that categorization of organisms and concrete objects are based on the prototype category. This paper takes 167 English Neologisms from Wordspy in2015 as the data for analysis and finds that these English Neologisms are characterized by family resemblances, degree of membership in category and boundary fuzziness from the view of prototype category theory. This study also has some implications for the research of English language teaching and learning.

Stable t-structures and Homotopy Category of Strongly Copure Projective Modules

In this paper, we study the homotopy category of unbounded complexes of strongly copure projective modules with bounded relative homologies K;（SCP）.We show that the existence of a right recollement of K;（SCP） with respect to K;（SCP）, K;（SCP） and K;（SCP） has the homotopy category of strongly copure projective acyclic complexes as a triangulated subcategory in some case.

Category of Generalized Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

In this paper, category GIFS of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets(GIF) is built up. Topoi properties of category GIFS are studied. Firstly, it is proved that the category GIFS has all topoi properties except that it has no subobject classifiers, Secondly, it is proved that the category GIFS has middle object and consequently GIFS is a weak topos. Thirdly, by the use of theory of weak topos GIFS, the power object of an object in GIFS is studied.

Equivalence of Dynamicity and Balance of Category in “INCEPTION”

"INCEPTION" has become a blockbuster recently and this word reflects the phenomenon:meaning expanding in a specific context,which,as a matter of fact,lives in many fields such as literature,films and speeches.Such words or phrases have both surface and deep meanings whose translation research is mainly placed on literal or literary transfer,leaving out their dynamicity and balance in meaning category.This paper aims to give a brief analysis on such phenomenon and puts forward to a new translation principle:category equivalence in dynamicity and balance.

Research on Category of Maritime English Vocabulary

Through the research on the maritime English vocabulary, the author analyzes the category of Maritime English vocabulary, stresses an important application of Maritime English vocabulary in maritime field.

On the Restriction Functor of the Relative Stable Category

We prove that, confined that G > H > P and P is a proper p-subgroup of H, if H ∩~gH ≤ P for any g ∈ G-H, then the operator of the restriction to RH of RG-modules induces a triangulated equivalence from StmodP(RG) to StmodP(RH); if the normal subgroup H controls the fusion of p-subgroups of G, the restriction functor is a faithful triangulated functor; if P is strongly closed in H respect to G, the same functor is also a faithful triangulated functor.

Relationship between Category of Weight and Threshold of Maximum Oxidation of Lipids in Congolese Judoists

Background: One of the goals for training in judo is to mimic real situations. In subsaharian countries;there is a lack of knowledge considering relation between category of weight and threshold maximum oxidation of lipids. Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of category of weight on lipoxmax and to identify the zones of target intensities corresponding to lipoxmax. Materials and Methods:Twenty four male well-training judoists, divided in two groups according to weight, were evaluated during calorimetry effort’ test. For this situation, cardiorespiratory parameters (HR, VO2, VO2max), blood parameter (lactatemia), anthropometric variables and zones of target corresponding to lipox were evaluated. For statistical analysis, Shapiro-Wilks test was used to compare all the data and differences were confirmed by one-way variance. Results: No significant differences were observed among two groups for target intensities to lipox. The judoists of group 1 were aged to 24.1 ± 5.9 years with 1.78 ± 0.07 m versus 20.4 ± 1.6 years with 1.86 ± 0.04 m. Primary results indicated higher intensities for lipoxmax. Also, values of power (% LDC) and VO2 and were significantly higher in the judoists for group 2, with respectively: 45.3 ± 10.2 and 46.4 ± 8.6 ml/min versus 38.2 ± 7.2 and 31.3 ± 7.6 ml/min. Conclusion: High weight in judoists induces high intensities of lipoxmax and change oxidation of lipids markers following training.

Do unemployment and payor category impact length of stay and hospital charges of spine fusion patients?

Introduction: In this paper we investigate the possible connection between socioeconomic status as demarcated by employment and in-surance status and consumption of healthcare resources in spine surgery patients. Methods: The clinical records of 1599 spine surgery pa-tients counted from 2008-2009 were reviewed. The largest groups of patients belonged to MS-DRG 460 (N = 585) and to MS-DRG 473 (N = 700). These two MS-DRG patient groups were used as the study cohort representing patients who, by definition, did not have serious comor-bidities or complications. Results: Unemployed non-cervical patients tended to stay on average 1.8 days longer in hospital and had on average $5800 higher hospital charges. No major differ-ences were noted in length of stay and hospital cost between government and private insurance patients. However, self-pay non-cervical fusion patients had notable increases in length of stay and hospital cost, especially in the >39 and <60 age group with the difference in length of stay amounting to 5 days and in hospital charges to $10,000. Univariate analysis with DRG (460 or 473) as a covariate showed significant impact from employment status on length of stay (F = 4.259, P = 0.014) and less significant impact from payor category on hospital charges (F = 2.229, P = 0.064) in the economically-productive 40 -59 age group. Conclusions: In general, no increase in hospital resource consumption was noted except among self-pay patients, the same group seemingly least able to afford expensive healthcare.

Category of Attractor and Its Application

In this paper, we provide a new approach to study the geometry of attractor. By applying category, we investigate the relationship between attractor and its attraction basin. In a complete metric space, we prove that the categories of attractor and its attraction basin are always equal. Then we apply this result to both autonomous and non-autonomous systems, and obtain a number of corresponding results.

Fuzzy Sets and Rough Sets:a Comparison through an Extension of Obtulowicz's Category

This paper is a purely mathematical one dealing with a common possible foundation of Fuzzy Set Theory and Rough Set Theory.It begins with a generalization of Obtulowicz's paper,rough sets and Heyting algebra valued sets,published in Bull.Polish Acad Sc.(math),198.In this paper Obtulowicz proposes a special subcategory