Comparative Analysis of the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Active Compounds of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang Heteromorphic Leaves

In the present study,the variation patterns of leaf shape in different populations of individual Semiliquidambar cathayensis plants were analyzed to investigate the relationship among leaf shape variation,photosynthetic properties,and active compounds to understand the genetic characteristics of S.cathayensis and screen elite germplasms.The leaf shape of 18 offspring from three natural S.cathayensis populations was analyzed to investigate the level of diversity and variation patterns of leaf shape.Furthermore,photosynthetic pigment content,physiological parameters of photosynthesis,and the active compounds in leaves of different shapes were determined.Statistical analysis showed that the leaf shape variation in S.cathayensis indicated a high level of genetic diversity among and within the populations.Cluster analysis showed that the three natural populations formed two clusters,one whose offspring was dominated by entire leaves and another characterized by palmately trifoliate leaves.The differences in photosynthetic characteristics and active compounds of leaves of three different shapes were comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis.Two principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 92.768%were extracted,of which the highest comprehensive score was for asymmetrically lobed leaves.The leaf shape in different S.cathayensis germplasms exhibited distinct patterns,and there were some correlations between the photosynthetic properties and active compounds in leaves of different shapes.Thus,the leaf shape can be used to predict active compound content,and in turn,select varieties based on that purpose;it also provides a simple and effective method to classify S.cathayensis germplasms.

Cytotoxic Diarylheptanoids from Pericarps of Juglans Cathayensis Dode

A novel diarylheptanoid, named Jugcathanin（1）, along with two known diarylheptanoids（2,3）, were isolated from the fresh pericarps ofduglans Cathayensis Dode. A known triterpene（4） and a known aphthaoquinone（5） were also isolated from the plant. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies. All the compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxicities against human Hela, HepG2, and HL-60 cell lines.

Physicochemical Properties and Nutritional Ingredients of Kernel Oil of <i>Carya cathayensis</i>Sarg

Carya cathayensis Sarg is distributed near Tianmu mountain areas in Zhejiang Province and Anhui Province, China. Kernel of Carya cathayensis Sarg, which is well-known for the daintiness and nutritional content, is popular and very delicious food in eastern China. In this paper, we investigated the physiochemical properties and nutrient gradients of the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg. The results showed that the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg contained 63% of fat, 9.1% of proteins, 3.6% of starch and 4.6% of soluble proteins (based ration of weight). The compositions of the fatty acids were very similar to olive oil, and the total unsaturated fatty acids were 94%. Meanwhile, the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg also contained some polyphenols such as vanillic acid, ferulic acid, 3-methoxybenzoic acid and quercetin. The content of total polyphenols was 9.7 μg/g. Furthermore, the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg also contained some trace amount of squalene, β-Sitosterol, Vitamin E.

Effect of <i>Carya cathayensis Sarg</i>Shell Substrate on Yield and Nutrient Amount of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Using cottonseed hull as the control substrate, different proportions of the untreated and treated Carya cathayensis Sarg shells were added to cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on these substrates were determined. The results suggest that added to treated Carya cathayensis Sarg shell promoted the mycelial growth and increased the yield, biological efficiency and the contents of crude fiber, ash, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. In addition, the fat content and soluble sugar contents of Pleurotus geesteranus were decreased with the increase of the Carya cathayensis Sarg shell content in substrate, but their contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were higher than that obtained on control substrate.

Analysis on the Regional Brand Operation Mode for Carya Cathayensis——A Case Study of Lin'an in Zhejiang

Lin'an City has a long history of growing,processing and selling Carya Cathayensis,a traditional special local product for which the city is well known.In recent years,Lin'an Carya Cathayensis gives full play to the industry cluster advantages and gains the reputation of"regional name brand of Zhejiang".However,it faces the predicament of regional brand operation,so industry transformation and upgrading as well as intensive farming for this brand are inevitable and necessary.This paper analyzes the current regional brand operation mode of Carya Cathayensis in Lin'an to find out that the growth of this brand is constrained by messy business entities,weak brand protection effect,significant lemon market effect,insufficient industry association efforts and wanting brand culture construction,thus it puts forward the conception of a business alliance based regional brand operation mode for the Carya Cathayensis in Lin'an.The results of this study shall provide theoretical guidance and empirical basis for the marketing practice of the regional brand of Carya Cathayensis in Lin'an.

Means-End Chain Based Brand Positioning Strategy for Lin'an Carya Cathayensis Sarg

Based on the theory of Means-End Chain,this paper surveyed value cognition structure of 36 member consumers through the laddering interview. According to the survey,it made an in-depth analysis on brand positioning strategy for Lin'an Carya Cathayensis Sarg,and obtained the existing brand operating model. It is hoped to explore effective strategy of brand positioning for agricultural product enterprises in Zhejiang Province,and accordingly lift core competitiveness of agricultural products of Zhejiang Province.

HPLC Determination of Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Chaenomeles cathayensis from Guizhou

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a method for determining the contents of Chaenomeles cathayensis(Hemsl.)Schneid.,and analyze the changes in effective components of C.cathayensis grown in Guizhou,so as to provide data support for the production and quality control of C.cathayensis.[Methods]The contents of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in C.cathayensis in different areas of Guizhou were determined.The HPLC method was adopted under following conditions:chromatographic column waters C18 column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5.0μm);mobile phase:methanol-0.1 mol/L ammonium acetate(85∶15);column temperature:25℃;detection wavelength:257 nm;flow rate 1.0 ml/min.[Results]Through methodological investigations,HPLC could be used to detect the contents of the two terpenoids oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in C.cathayensis from Guizhou.The content of oleanolic acid ranged from 0.076%to 0.144%,and the content of ursolic acid ranged from 0.201%to 0.439%.[Conclusions]A method for determining the contents of C.cathayensis was established using the HPLC method with oleanolic acid and ursolic acid as the index components.The method is accurate,reliable,and simple and easy to implement,and can serve as a reference and support for quality evaluation and standard improvement of C.cathayensis.

Antihyperuricemic and Nephroprotective Effects of the Total Flavonoids from Carya cathayensis Leaves(CCTF)in Potassium Oxonate/hypoxanthine-induced Hyperuricemic Mice

Background:Abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood,defined as hyperuricemia(HUA),increases the chance of developing various disorders,such as gout,hypertension,and diabetes.There is a critical need to create safer and more potent therapeutic medications since the current clinical treatment for HUA has a number of negative effects.Objective:To explore the antihyperuricemic benefits of the total flavonoids from Carya cathayensis leaves(CCTF)in HUA model mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:The mouse HUA model was induced with potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine and then the mice were given normal saline,allopurinol,or various dosages of CCTF for one week.The weight of the mice was recorded,followed by measurements of their blood uric acid(UA),creatinine(Cr),urea nitrogen(BUN),aspar-tate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and xanthine oxidase(XOD)activity.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining and Manson staining were used to simultaneously detect pathological abnormalities in the liver and kidney tissues.Afterward,the mRNA expression of urate transporters in kidney was determined by qRT‒PCR experiments,including ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2(Abcg2),urate trans-porter 1(Urat1),and glucose transporter 9(Glut9).Finally,immunohistochemistry(IHC)staining was performed to confirm ABCG2 protein expression in the kidney.Results:In contrast to the model group,the CCTF group lowered blood levels of UA,Cr,BUN,ALT,and AST in serum,downregulated XOD levels in serum and liver,and significantly improved liver and renal damage,exhibiting outstanding antihyperuricemic effects.The levels of Urat1 and Glut9 were further shown to be much lower in the kidney,whereas both Abcg2 expression and ABCG2 level were increased,according to the findings.Conclusion:CCTF ameliorated hyperuricemia-related kidney damage and had antihyperuricemic effects,suggest-ing that CCTF might have the potential to protect against HUA by regulating the expression of relative urate transporters and XOD.

山核桃(Carya cathayensis)与油棕(Elaeis guineensis)成油基因的比较

山核桃是木本油料树种中含油率极高的经济树种。为了识别山核桃成油的关键基因,本研究将山核桃种子生长发育期胚转录组数据与油棕中果皮发育期转录组数据进行了比对分析。结果发现山核桃与油棕比对上的脂类代谢及碳水化合物代谢基因比例很高,其中有15个脂类代谢基因在油棕中有表达,而在山核桃中表达量极低;有35个脂类代谢基因在山核桃中相对表达量较高,在油棕中相对表达量较低,但只有14个基因与种子成油有关。有13个碳水化合物代谢相关基因在油棕中表达,而在山核桃中表达量低或并不是各时间点都能检测到;有26个基因在山核桃中表达,而在油棕中表达量低或未检测到,且所有这些基因均与脂肪酸合成的碳源供应有关。山核桃胚中识别的这些基因有3个基因的表达与含油率变化趋势一致,且在山核桃和油棕中的表达模式相似,但只有基因OBO(编码Oil-body oleosin,油体油菜素)表达量很高;油棕中高表达的基因山核桃中有8个,但它们的表达量均不如基因OBO。研究说明不同油料物种的成油相关基因表达有异同,基因OBO对山核桃高油脂的积累具有特殊的作用。

Diarylheptanoids from the root bark of Juglans cathayensis

A new diarylheptanoid glucoside,（8R,9R）-17-methoxy-2-oxatricyclo[13.2.2.1^（3.7）]icosa-l（17）,3（20）,4,6, 15,18-hexaene-4,9,10-triol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（1）,namely jugcathayenoside,together with two known diarylheptanoids,（＋）-galeon（2） and 4-hydroxy-17-methoxy-2-oxatricyclo[13.2.2.1^（3,7） ]icosa-1（17）,3（20）,4,6,15,18-hexaene-9-one（3）,were isolated from the root bark of Juglans cathayensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis.

Comparative authentication of Semiliquidambar cathayensis and its substituted species via macroscopic and microscopic features

Objective:Ban Fenghe recorded in the Quality Standard of Yao Medicine of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Volume 1)is derived from the dried stems and leaves of Semiliquidambar cathayensis.It is usually confused with medicinal herbs from Pterospermum heterophyllum and Dendropanax dentiger.However,they are very different in chemical composition,and should not be used as the same drug.To ensure their safety and efficacy,a method based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics was developed to distinguish them.Methods:A total of 14 batches of Ban Fenghe samples from three species were collected from different producing areas in China.The macroscopic characteristics were examined by observing external traits.The tissue structures of transverse sections of stems and leaves,the leaf epidermis,and the powder were observed microscopically.Results:The branchlets and leaf surfaces of S.cathayensis and P.heterophyllum were hairy,especially the lower leaf surfaces of P.heterophyllum were densely covered with hairs,but those of D.dentiger were hairless.The pericyclic fibers of S.cathayensis stems were intermittently distributed in a circular shape and accompanied by stone cells,whereas those of P.heterophyllum and D.dentiger were bundled without stone cells.So stone cells and hairs were present in S.cathayensis powder,stone cells were not found in P.heterophyllum and D.dentiger powder,and hairs were not present in D.dentiger powder.The distribution sites,sizes and types of secretory tissues of these three species were also different in transverse sections of stems and leaves.Stomata on the lower epidermis of S.cathayensis leaves were paracytic,whereas those of P.heterophyllum and D.dentiger were anomocytic.Conclusion:Ban Fenghe drugs derived from S.cathayensis could readily be distinguished from those of P.heterophyllum and D.dentiger by macroscopic and microscopic features.

粉团蔷薇叶片不定芽的直接诱导及植株再生

粉团蔷薇(R.multiflor avar.cathayensis)是多花蔷薇的一个变种,既可以用作切花月季的优良砧木,又是园林绿化的景观材料。本研究以粉团蔷薇的无菌苗叶片为外植体,建立了其高效离体再生体系。实验以MS为基本培养基,附加不同激素(6-BA、TDZ、NAA)和培养条件(光、暗),诱导叶片直接再生不定芽。结果表明:高浓度的细胞分裂素和高浓度的生长素相配合对不定芽的诱导有显著影响;暗培养可以促进不定芽的诱导。适宜粉团蔷薇叶片不定芽再生的培养基为MS+4mg/L6-BA+0.5mg/LTDZ+1.0mg/LNAA;不定芽增殖培养基为MS+1.0mg/L6-BA+0.004mg/LNAA;生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2mg/LNAA,生根苗经移栽后成活率为85%。

山核桃采摘技术与装备研究现状

山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sary.)具有很高的营养价值和保健作用。研究和开发山核桃采摘装备应结合其生物特性和生长环境,满足安全性、经济性和实用性等要求。介绍了国内外林果采摘装备的研究现状,分析了采摘装备中各关键技术的性能特点,并对山核桃采摘新技术进行了展望。山核桃采摘装备的研制和推广,可有效降低果农劳动强度,提高劳动效率。

大别山山核桃林植物组成与区系特征研究

大别山山核桃林植物组成与区系特征研究张旭东，黄成林（安徽农业大学，合肥２３００３６）叶志琪（合肥林业学校，合肥２３００３１）ＦｌｏｒｉｓｔｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＣａｒｙａｃａｔｈａｙｅｎｓｉｓｆｏｒｅ...

模拟薄壳山核桃自然散粉对浙江山核桃实生林分果实直感效应的研究

为探讨薄壳山核桃（C.illinoensis）自然散粉对浙江山核桃（C.cathayensis）实生林分果实的直感效应,采用模拟种间自然授粉试验,选取14年生浙江山核桃（C.cathayensis）实生林为研究对象,模拟自然条件抖落薄壳山核桃（C.illinoensis）花粉,测定不同方位和不同距离间隔的果实性状及品质,研究种间模拟天然授粉对浙江山核桃（C.cathayensis）果实的增效作用。结果表明在中心树东南西北4个方位,0~40 m范围内不同距离间隔采收的果实,果实性状的差异均达到了极显著的水平（P〈0.01）。处于下风口和近距离的浙江山核桃（C.cathayensis）果实性状比上风口和远距离果实受到的增效作用大,其中2棵0 m处的单株单果质量分别比CK重了43.23%和46.75%,核果质量分别重了43.59%和36.41%。所采样品的果实品质各指标值大部分都在山核桃（C.cathayensis）与薄壳山核桃（C.illinoensis）的对照之间。在模拟自然授粉条件下,薄壳山核桃（C.illinoensis）对浙江山核桃（C.cathayensis）群体授粉具有较高竞争性;薄壳山核桃（C.illinoensis）自然授粉对山核桃（C.cathayensis）果实有明显的增效作用。

软轴传动山核桃采摘器的设计

为了降低劳动强度并适应工况复杂的采摘环境,采用软轴传动的方式设计了一种便携式山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)采摘器,该采摘器由采摘头、采摘杆、软轴(动力传递)、动力输出装置构成。动力装置使用齿轮传动,用脚踏的方式进行力的输出;采摘头连接在软轴的末端,使用软性材料通过旋转击打山核桃果实使其脱落。结果表明,软轴传动能够有效地将脚踏的动力通过齿轮传动转化为采摘头的动力,该采摘器具有采摘方便、移动轻巧、经济高效的特点。

山核桃仁多酚提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

以山核桃(Carya cathayensis)仁为材料,采用单因素试验和正交试验辅助超声波提取其中的多酚,确定多酚提取的最佳工艺,采用FRAP、DPPH和ABTS 3种方法测定了山核桃仁多酚的抗氧化能力并用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定其总酚含量。结果表明,多酚提取的最佳工艺组合为料液比1∶50(g∶m L),乙醇体积分数30%,超声时间20 min,提取温度35℃。FRAP、DPPH和ABTS法测得山核桃仁多酚的抗氧化活性分别为108.94、184.71和175.92μmol Trolox/g。山核桃仁多酚是较好的抗氧化剂。

两种圆田螺精子的超微形态结构与活力比较研究

为了探究中国圆田螺(Cipangopaludina chinensis)和中华圆田螺(C.cathayensis)精子的超微结构差异以及活力,应用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)、光镜和电镜技术对两种圆田螺的精子活力和精子的超微结构进行了比较研究。结果显示:两种圆田螺成熟典型精子和非典型精子均由头部、中段和尾段组成,典型精子头部呈螺旋形,由螺旋形细胞核组成,中段呈螺旋形,由螺旋形线粒体组成,尾部光滑;非典型精子呈马蹄形,由少量细胞核组成,中段呈棒状由线粒体和囊泡组成,尾部分叉,由9~16根鞭毛组成,两种类型的精子均不存在顶体和中心粒结构,轴丝均从核基部延伸至尾部,是典型的"9+2"结构。两种圆田螺典型精子形态仅在体宽存在显著差异,非典型精子形态仅在体宽和头宽存在显著差异,其余性状没有显著差异。两种圆田螺的典型精子运动能力较弱,非典型精子运动能力强,中华圆田螺非典型精子的快速运动时间(FET)显著大于中国圆田螺;在快速运动时间上,中国圆田螺非典型精子的平均路径速度(VAP)、平均曲线速度(VCL)、平均直线运动速度(VSL)显著高于中华圆田螺。统计各类型精子的比例;典型精子、非典型小精子、非典型大精子比例,中国圆田螺为1∶1.39∶1.66,中华圆田螺为1∶1.39∶1.38。

FTIR and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Three Kinds of Nutshells

The main components and pyrolysis characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel hells, Castanea mollissima Blume shells, and Castanea mollissima Blume shells were analyzed by using FTIR and thermogravimetric methods. The experimental results indicated that the main components of the three kinds of raw materials consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The highest contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were in Camellia oleiferaAbel shells (49.34% ± 0.07%), Castanea mollissima Blume shells (27.34% ± 0.01%), and Carya cathayensis Sarg shells (49.78% ± 0.01%), respectively. The pyrolysis processes of three kinds of shells generally included three stages, namely dehydration, pyrolysis, and carbonization. The peak values and the appearance times of their pyrolysis rates were closely related to their compositions.

丘陵山区养殖中华圆田螺主要形态性状对螺重的相关性及通径分析

为深入认识丘陵山区养殖中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cathayensis)主要形态性状与螺重之间的关系,测量2320只田螺个体的螺重(BW,g)、螺长(SL,mm)和螺宽(SW,mm),通过模型拟合筛选获得螺长、螺宽与螺重关系的最佳模型。建立以螺长与螺宽为自变量,螺重作为因变量的回归方程,计算直接、间接通径系数和决定系数。模型拟合结果显示,田螺个体螺长、螺宽分别与螺重的最优拟合模型都为幂函数曲线模型,2个形态性状与螺重的最优模型分别为:y=0.000638x2.719、y=0.000482x3.111。通径分析结果显示,螺长对田螺螺重的直接影响最大,通径系数为0.701。2个形态性状对螺重都有极显著的直接作用,其最优多元回归方程:BW=-28.355+0.783 SL+0.480 SW。