Spatial Variability of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity in Hilly Tea Plantation Soils Under Different Sampling Scales

Studies on the spatial variability of the soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） were made to provide a theoretical basis for an ecological tea plantation and management of soil fertilizer in the tea plantation. Geostatistics were used to analyze the spatial variability of soil CEC in the tea plantation site on Mengding Mountain in Sichuan Province of China on two sampling scales. It was found that, （1） on the small scale, the soil CEC was intensively spatially correlative, the rate of nugget to sill was 18.84% and the spatially dependent range was 1 818 m, and structural factors were the main factors that affected the spatial variability of the soil CEC; （2） on the microscale, the soil CEC was also consumingly spatially dependent, and the rate of nugget to sill was 16.52%, the spatially dependent range was 311 m, and the main factors affecting the spatial variability were just the same as mentioned earlier. On the small scale, soil CEC had a stronger anisotropic structure on the slope aspect, and a weaker one on the lateral side. According to the ordinary Kriging method, the equivalence of soil CEC distributed along the lateral aspect of the slope from northeast to southwest, and the soil CEC reduced as the elevation went down. On the microscale, the anisotropic structure was different from that measured on the small scale. It had a stronger anisotropic structure on the aspect that was near the aspect of the slope, and a weaker one near the lateral aspect of the slope. The soil CEC distributed along the lateral aspect of the slope and some distributed in the form of plots. From the top to the bottom of the slope, the soil CEC increased initially, and then reduced, and finally increased.

Cokriging of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Using the First Principal Component Derived from Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

As soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） is a vital indicator of soil quality and pollutant sequestration capacity,a study was conducted to evaluate cokriging of CEC with the principal components derived from soil physico-chemical properties.In Qingdao,China,107 soil samples were collected.Soil CEC was estimated by using 86 soil samples for prediction and 21 soil samples for test.The first two principal components （PC1 and PC2） together explained 60.2% of the total variance of soil physico-chemical properties.The PC1 was highly correlated with CEC （r=0.76,P0.01）,whereas there was no significant correlation between CEC and PC2 （r=0.03）.The PC1 was then used as an auxiliary variable for the prediction of soil CEC.Mean error （ME） and root mean square error （RMSE） of kriging for the test dataset were-1.76 and 3.67 cmolc kg-1,and ME and RMSE of cokriging for the test dataset were-1.47 and 2.95 cmolc kg-1,respectively.The cross-validation R2 for the prediction dataset was 0.24 for kriging and 0.39 for cokriging.The results show that cokriging with PC1 is more reliable than kriging for spatial interpolation.In addition,principal components have the highest potential for cokriging predictions when the principal components have good correlations with the primary variables.

Comparison and Evaluation of Two Analytical Methods for Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage of Five Soil Types in Central Sudan

Twenty-six soil samples were collected from five soil profiles at different climatological and ecological regions in central Sudan. Soil profile was dug in each studied area and morphological profile description was carried out for different horizons. All samples were analyzed using two different methods to determine Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Statistical analysis (T-test) was used in order to investigate the differences between soil samples for the studied locations. Significant differences appeared when compared the two methods for CEC determination at Gedaref area, Wad Medani and Nile flood plain and that appeared in evaluation of ESP at Nile flood plain and Shambat area. The results also revealed that, the developed method used in this study was more practical, simple and reliable for determination of CEC and ESP as the currently used in most soil laboratories. In addition, it will be safer than the other methods in some problematic soils. The adoption of this developed method is advisable because it is less time consuming as it omits the washing step. In contrast, the old method cannot be a good substitute in laboratories which have no possibility to determine sodium by using flame photometer. We conclude that when the developed method is used to determine CEC and ESP time will be saved, that fewer amounts of chemicals will be used and that accurate results will be achieved.

A statistical reappraisal of the relationship between liquid limit and specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and activity of clays

More than 500 datasets from the literature have been used to evaluate the relationships of specific surface area (SSA),cation exchange capacity (CEC) and activity versus the liquid limit (LL).The correlations gave R^2 values ranging between 0.71 and 0.92.Independent data were also used to validate the correlations.Estimated SSA values slightly overestimate the measured SSA up to 100 m^2/g.Regarding the estimated CEC values,they overestimated the measured CEC values up to 20 meq/(100 g).A probabilistic approach was performed for the correlations of SSA,CEC and activity versus LL.The analysis shows that the relations of SSA,CEC and activity with LL are robust.Using the LL values,it is possible to assess other basic engineering properties of clays.

The Cation Exchange Capacity of Fibrous Feedstuff and Its Nutritive Characteristics

Current researches on the nutritive characteristics of fibrous feedstuff through determining the feedstuff cation exchange capacity (CEC) to evaluate its nutritive value at home and abroad were comprehensively discribed. and the methods of determining CEC value and the correlation between CEC value and chemical compositions, pH value, and the effect of CEC value on the digestion kinetics in ruminants were also emphatically introduced. The results of research showed that the CEC values of different feedstuff are different, closely correlated with nitrogen and acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin (LIG) content of the feedstuff. At the same time, there are markedly effect of CEC value in diet on the nutrients flow of digesta in the digestive tract of ruminants, the degradation rate and digestibility of nutrients in the rumen.

Decrease in Cation Exchange Capacity of Zeolites at Neutral pH: Examples and Proposals of a Determination Method

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is an important characteristic of zeolites, especially when they are used as adsorbents in the aqueous system. However, no international standard method exists for the determination of CEC of zeolites. We determined CEC of Linde-type A and Na-P1 type zeolites at various pH (4 to 10) with a simple method, where Na+-saturated zeolites were prepared, and then various amounts of HCl were added. CEC was simply calculated by subtracting the amount of Na+ in the final supernatant from the content of Na+ of the Na+-saturated zeolites. CEC of the zeolites decreased with decreasing pH and with decreasing Na+ concentration of the final supernatant. The concentration of Na+ of the supernatant, CEC of the zeolites began to decrease at weakly alkaline or neutral pH, and that of the Linde-type A zeolite became about half at pH around 6. When CEC was plotted against pH-pNa;where pNa is negative logarithm of the activity of Na+;CEC of each zeolite was expressed by a curve. It indicates that the CEC or the amount of Na+ retention is univocally determined by the ratio of activities of Na+ and proton.

Soil exchangeable base cations along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla plantation in a semi-arid sandy land,China

As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region, North China. C. microphylla planta- tions modify organic carbon （SOC）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus dynamics, bulk density and water-holding capacity and biological activities in soils, but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties. Variation in soil ex- changeable base cations was examined under C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land, and at the depth of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, respectively. C. microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties. The results showed that exchangeable calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg）, and potassium （K）, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） were significantly increased, and Ca saturation tended to decrease, while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years. No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium （Na） neither with plantation years nor at soil depths. Of all the base cations and soil layers, exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly, and it increased by 1.76, 3.16, and 4.25 times, respectively after C. microphylla was planted for 5, 10, and 22 years. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and CEC were significantly （P〈0.001） and positively correlated with SOC, total N, pH and electrical conductivity （EC）. Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in ex- changeable cations, and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C. microphylla plantation. It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species, C. microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils, and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.

旋转振荡法优化土壤CEC测定的研究

使用旋转振荡代替手工搅拌对样品进行前处理,分别研究了振荡转速(r)、振荡时间(t)以及振荡次数(n)对阳离子交换量测定结果的影响。结果表明:当振荡条件控制在r=250 r·min^(-1)、t=10 min、n=2次时,可以有效地提高分析检测效率,节约化学试剂的消耗量,达到降低时间成本、节约人力的目的。该方法通过使用国家标准物质进行验证,测定的精密度和准确度均符合要求,综上,新方法操作性较强、效率高,适用于大批量土壤样品的分析测定。

Surface-rare-earth-rich upconversion nanoparticles induced by heterovalent cation exchange with superior loading capacity

Surface modification of different functional molecules onto NaREF_(4)(RE=rare earth)upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)impart their multiple functionalities.Functional molecules can be loaded onto NaREF_(4) UCNPs through the formation of coordination bonds between the surface-exposed RE^(3+) ions and the appropriate chemical groups of functional molecules.The density of surface RE^(3+) ions directly determines the loading efficiency of Na REF4 UCNPs.However,NaREF_(4) is a binary cation system,rendering the surface-distributed Na;and RE^(3+) ions remains a mystery.Here,we develop an effective strategy to significantly enhance the density of surface RE^(3+) ions,thus maximizing the loading capacity of NaREF_(4) UCNPs.This strategy is based on a heterovalent cation exchange(HCE)reaction in the surface region in which Na^(+)ions are replaced by RE^(3+) ions.The density of surface ligands enhances from 3.6 to 8.8 molecules/nm^(2) after reaction,suggesting that the loading efficiency increases by approximately 150%.Benefiting from the improved loading capacity,we demonstrate such surface-RE-rich nanoparticles have the ability to offer higher colloidal stability and more desirable photodynamic therapy(PDT)efficacy.This work not only advances our understanding of cation exchange reactions in RE-based nanoparticles,but also provides significant value for considerable applications such as sensing,bioimaging,and therapy.

丘陵山区土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的空间分布预测

运用GIS的空间分析技术和DEM,在区域范围内可以表征基于地形因子的土壤–景观模型.本研究根据江西省兴国县151个样点数据,分析CEC和地形因子的相关关系,建立回归模型,进行预测.结果表明,表层土壤中CEC含量平均值为8.7cmol/kg.空间分布上,CEC含量在5～8cmol/kg、8～12cmol/kg和12～15cmol/kg的面积分别为1270km2、1500km2和281km2.CEC含量大于12cmol/kg,主要分布在千枚岩和红砂岩发育的土壤中,分布面积分别为242km2和56km2.地形变量中坡向对CEC含量影响最大,CEC含量和有机质、粘粒、海拔、母岩、坡向存在着正相关关系,坡度和CEC含量的相关关系不明显.利用回归分析模型和DEM(30m×30m),预测CEC的空间分布,R2为0.575.

区域土壤CEC与相关控制因子的空间非平稳关系评估

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)对土壤的保肥能力具有重要影响。了解土壤CEC的空间分布及相关控制因子的影响有助于区域土壤肥力的精准调控。以往多采用传统的最小二乘(OLS)回归模型探索相关因子对土壤CEC的影响。然而,该类模型是一种总体回归方法,不能反映局部空间区域内相关因子对土壤CEC的影响。采用一种局部空间回归技术——地理加权回归(GWR)探索表层和亚表层土壤中CEC与相关控制因子(土壤黏粒、土壤有机质和土壤pH)之间的空间非平稳关系。结果表明,各控制因子在不同的子区域和深度对土壤CEC的影响均有明显差异;同时,GWR模型有效地揭示了土壤CEC与相关土壤控制因子的空间非平稳关系。所得的空间非平稳关系图可以为更精确地调控区域土壤肥力提供依据。

绵羊日粮CEC值与其纤维物质消化特性研究

采用 12头绵羊作为试验动物 ,随机分成 4组 ,研究了以稻秆、小麦秸、玉米秸和花生藤 4种不同的阳离子交换量 (CEC值 )的粗饲料为主的绵羊日粮对纤维物质消化动力学参数的影响 .结果表明 :日粮 CEC值与粗蛋白 (CP)呈极显著正相关 (r=0 .748) ,与中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)呈极显著负相关 (r=- 0 .5 19) ,而与酸性洗涤纤维 (ADF) (r=- 0 .46 0 )和纤维素 (CEL ) (r=- 0 .46 5 )呈显著负相关 ,与其它化学成分没有相关性 .随着日粮 CEC值升高 ,各种营养物质在绵羊十二指肠和直肠中的流通量呈逐渐下降的趋势 。

CEC前处理系统-凯氏定氮仪快速测定土壤中的阳离子交换量

土壤阳离子交换量是指土壤胶体能够吸附的各种阳离子的总量,是反映土壤缓冲能力和保肥能力的重要指标,也是土壤环境评价等工作中必须分析的指标。传统的乙酸铵交换法(林业标准(LY/T 1243—1999))因其稳定性好、缓冲性强、重复性好而在我国土壤和农化实验室应用较为广泛,但在大批量土壤分析时仍然存在步骤繁琐、耗时长、效率低等不足。为了克服这些不足,本文结合前人的研究,分别从离心、蒸馏、滴定3大步骤对标准方法进行优化,利用CEC前处理系统对样品进行EDTA-乙酸铵溶液置换、乙醇清洗,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对置换的铵根离子进行测定,从而计算CEC值;详细探讨了测定过程中乙酸铵搅拌时间、乙醇用量、凯氏定氮仪蒸馏时间对测定结果的影响,综合建立并优化了CEC前处理系统—凯氏定氮仪测定土壤中的阳离子交换量的分析方法。实验结果表明,在最佳的置换时间、乙醇用量及蒸馏时间等条件下,一批样品(100件)的测定时间仅需8 h,极大地提高了工作效率,与传统方法相比时间缩短了近85%。方法经国家一级土壤成分分析标准物质验证,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2%。该方法分析效率高、操作简单,极大地减少了人工操作可能带来的误差,提高了测定结果的准确度,适用于大批量土壤的阳离子交换量的测定。

ICP-OES法测定土壤中的阳离子交换总量(CEC)

采用氯化钡作为交换液,将土壤样品中可交换阳离子和氢、铝离子交换出来,交换后的土壤样品洗净多余的氯化钡,加入定量的硫酸镁溶液浸取,将钡质土壤转化为镁质土壤,过滤分离后,用ICP-OES测定滤液中剩余的镁离子,根据镁离子的减少量计算阳离子交换总量(CEC)。本法操作流程短,检出限低,基体干扰小,分析精度和准确度可满足土壤样品有效态中CEC的分析要求。

基于CEC前处理系统-凯氏定氮仪测定土壤阳离子交换量的改进方法

测定土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的行业传统方法乙酸铵交换法(林业标准LY/T 1243—1999),在农业化学分析中有广泛应用,但应用于大批量土壤分析和检测时,存在步骤繁琐、耗时长、效率低等不足。为提高检测效率,分别从离心、煮沸前处理、淋洗3个步骤对标准方法进行优化,利用CEC前处理系统对样品进行EDTA-乙酸铵溶液置换、乙醇淋洗,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对置换的铵根离子进行测定,计算土壤CEC。结果表明,0.005 mol/L EDTA-1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液搅拌8 min,石灰性土壤无需进行淋洗前的1 mol/L氯化铵煮沸处理,乙醇淋洗4次。该条件下,通过对国家土壤有证标准物质进行测试,得出分析方法的准确度符合要求。该分析方法操作简便,提高了检测效率和准确度,适用于大批量土壤CEC的测定。

Al-Pillared Ghassoulite Clay as a New Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles and Benzimidazoles: Effect of Amine/CEC Ratio

The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The Editorial Board found that substantial portions of the text came from other published papers. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and the International Journal of Organic Chemistry treats all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.2, 151-157 (pages), 2013, has been removed from this site. Title: Al-Pillared Ghassoulite Clay as a New Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles and Benzimidazoles: Effect of Amine/CEC Ratio Authors: Rachid Azzallou,?Rachid Mamouni,?Kimberly Stieglitz,?Nabil Saffaj, Mohammadine Said

Enhanced Sorption of Naphthalene onto a Modified Clay Adsorbent: Effect of Acid, Base and Salt Modifications of Clay on Sorption Kinetics

This paper examined the influence of acid, base and salt modifications of clay on its rates of naphthalene adsorption. The modifiers used include hydrochloric acid (HCl), citric acid, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), sodium chloride (NaCl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The results obtained showed that equilibrium adsorption of naphthalene from the bulk solution was attained at a faster rate using modified clay when compared with the unmodified clay. HCl-modified clay had the highest rate of adsorption with a surface area and porosity of 49.05 mm2 and 53.4%. This was closely followed by NaOH-modified clay while down the order was the ZnCl2-modified clay which had the least rate of adsorption with a surface area of 44.3 mm2 and porosity of 43.4%. The implication of the retention time obtained from the equilibrium study is significant as it provides the bench mark for interplay between sorption and degradation for transport and transformation of contaminant solutes within the soil matrix.

乙二胺四乙酸-乙酸铵盐交换法测定阳离子交换量方法优化

针对乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)-乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量耗时长的问题,对方法的搅拌方式、搅拌时间、蒸馏时间进行优化。优化后分析条件为:用磁力搅拌器代替人工橡皮头玻璃棒搅拌,确定搅拌时间为90 s,确定蒸馏时间为6 min。选择4个不同地区不同阳离子交换量的土壤标准物质用优化前、后的方法分别进行7次测定,其检测结果相对标准偏差为1.53%~5.32%;28个实际样品进行成对二样本均值分析,优化前、优化后测定的土壤阳离子交换量结果无显著性差异;对优化前、后28个土壤样品阳离子交换量测定结果进行相关性分析,线性相关显著,相关系数r=0.998。结果表明,EDTA-乙酸铵交换法优化前、后均具有较好的精密度和准确度,结果无显著性差异,EDTA乙酸铵交换法优化后的方法检测时间(1人测定8个样品)由280 min缩短到130 min,提高了检测效率,适合批量石灰性土壤阳离子代换量的测定。

铝胁迫下5种内生真菌的生长与吸收动力学特征

为了解铝(Al)胁迫下不同内生真菌的生长情况及其对Al^(3+)的吸收动力学特征,筛选抗铝性较强的优良菌株。选取分离自南方酸性红壤区耐铝树种千年桐的5种不同内生真菌(分别隶属于拟盘多毛孢属、链格孢属、盾壳霉属、青霉属和嗜热真菌属)为供试材料,设置5个Al^(3+)浓度(0、0.555、0.746、1.111、1.852 mmol·L^(-1)),研究内生真菌的生长情况及其对Al^(3+)的吸收、吸附特征,并分析5种内生真菌的阳离子交换量和吸收动力学情况。结果表明:5种内生真菌菌株的生物量总体随着Al^(3+)浓度的升高呈现先增加后减少的趋势;当Al^(3+)浓度低于1.111 mmol·L^(-1)时,5种内生真菌均具有较强的耐铝性,当Al^(3+)浓度为1.852 mmol·L^(-1)时,5种菌株对Al^(3+)的耐受能力显著下降(P<0.05);各菌株对Al^(3+)的吸收和吸附均随着Al^(3+)浓度的升高而增加。其中,青霉属菌株的平均生长量达158 mg,其生物量显著大于其他4种菌株(P<0.05),其耐受指数、吸收动力学指标及吸附性Al^(3+)含量也相对较高,而其吸收性Al^(3+)含量均小于其他4种菌株。综合上述各项指标,相较于其他4种菌株,青霉属菌株细胞壁的吸附性Al^(3+)含量较多,能够防御Al^(3+)进入细胞内。

内蒙古平原灌区土壤固碳与养分吸附特征及秸秆还田调控

为内蒙古平原灌区春玉米连续高产稳产过程中秸秆培肥高产田和改良盐碱田提供理论依据。设置了玉米秸秆还田1~4 a(HT1~HT4)定位试验,以秸秆不还田作为对照(CK),测定了春播前和收获期土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量、pH值和酸碱缓冲曲线。结果表明,HT1~HT4收获期与春播前相比土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量的相对变化率为1.34%~3.62%,0.20%~1.51%,-0.11%~0.78%,0.89%~6.36%,0.09%~0.41%,CK收获期与春播前相比土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量的相对变化率为1.57%,-0.02%,-0.45%,-0.15%,-0.05%;HT2、HT3、HT4比CK的土壤pH值显著降低;土壤对碱的缓冲能力依次为HT4>HT3>HT2>HT1>CK。综上所述,随秸秆还田年限的增加,土壤固碳能力、保肥能力和缓冲性能增大,有效抵御因施化肥等因素导致土壤pH值剧烈变化的能力增强,秸秆还田培肥改土措施显著提升了土壤质量。