The Cause and Prevention of Major Earthquakes in the World

On February 6, 2023, a series of severe earthquakes occurred in eastern Turkey and neighboring areas of Syria. It was the largest earthquake in the world in more than a year, and the largest earthquake in the history of Turkey. Living under the fear of earthquakes, the people in Turkey and other earthquake zones have hoped again and again to change their fate, but they have to resign themselves to fate. Thus, the author analyzed the causes of large earthquakes such as Turkey earthquake, and found that some of the world’s potential seismic zones have been eroded by sea water or river water for a long time to create a series of surface faults. When the moon gets close to these faults, it will have a huge gravitational pull on them, and even cause the fault to move, resulting in strong earthquakes. Especially in some seismic zones, earthquakes are occurring more and more frequently and their intensity is getting bigger and bigger. The main reason is that the opening of the Arctic shipping route and the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas have caused the melting of the Arctic ice sheet and the loss of glaciers, which has led to the weakening of the Arctic vortex and the reduction of the compression ability of the polar vortices to the clouds, thus slowing down the rotation of the Earth and thus the revolution of the moon. So the moon gradually moves in a spiral toward the Earth;as the moon orbit close to the Earth, the moon’s gravity on the surface faults will gradually strengthen, so it is easy to cause the surface fault dislocations, resulting in frequent earthquakes or strong earthquakes. So the author puts forward some measures to prevent frequent and strong earthquakes.

Tectonic environment and cause of earthquakes in the Three Gorges reservoir area

Seismotectonics in the Three Gorges reservoir area is investigated by using the P-wave tomography with earthquakes that occurred before the impoundment of the reservoir. The result indicates that most of these events occurred in or around the velocity-gradient belts between high-velocity and low-velocity anomalies. These belts have similar characteristics to buried-fauh zones. Stresses generated by movement of partially molten upper-mantle materials and thermal stress may have jointly contributed to the seismic activities along the faults and such buried faults, and possibly activated new earthquake ruptures.

Ms 6.5 Earthquake Occurred in Ludian County of Yunnan Province,China,Although Forecast Issued before the Earthquake,Life Casualties and Property Losses were Still Caused Significant

1 Geography Location At 16：30 on August 3rd, 2014, Ludian County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province （27.1°N, 103.3°E） was hit by Ms 6.5 earthquake, with the maximum intensity is 9 and epicenter depth is around 12 km （Figs. 1 and 2）.

3-D finite element modeling for evolution of stress field and interaction among strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region

Based on the latest achievement about activities of geological structure, a 3-D finite-element model containing four layers of upper crust, lower crust (two layers) and upper mantle is established in the paper. By repeated tests and revisions, the boundary conditions of the model are determined. And then the background stress field, the stress field caused by fault creep and the stress field triggered by strong earthquake in Sichuan-Yunnan region, as well as their dynamic variations are calculated. The results indicate that the latter earthquake often occurs in the area with positive Coulomb rupture stress change associated with the former one, the former earthquake has a triggering effect on the latter one to a certain extent, and strong earthquake often occur in groups under the background of high stress, which is of great significance for distinguishing seismic anomalies, as well as for improving the level of earthquake prediction.

Prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved survivors seven years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A cross-sectional study

Background:This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictive factors of prolonged grief disorder(PGD)among those bereaved by the Wenchuan earthquake in Southwestern China seven years after the event.Methods:A cross-sectional survey based on census tracts was conducted on the bereaved earthquake survivors.Responses to the questionnaire regarding PGD and its potential associated factors were obtained either through face-to-face or telephone interview.PGD was screened by a validated Chinese version of the PGD questionnaire-13(PG-13).Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of PGD.Results:A total of 1464 bereaved earthquake survivors,with a response rate of 97.6%,were included in the study.Of the 1464 respondents studied,124(8.47%)were diagnosed with PGD.Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that PGD in the bereaved earthquake individuals was significantly associated with several factors,including age,economic burden,close kinship with the deceased,and living with the deceased before the loss.Wenchuan earthquake bereaved aged 41e60 years were more likely to develop PGD compared to those aged younger than 40 or older than 60(OR=2.075,95%CI=1.297e3.319).Those who had a close kinship with the deceased had a higher tendency to develop PGD(OR=5.144,95%CI=2.716e9.740).The odds of PGD among the earthquake bereaved with economic burdens were higher relative to those who did not experience an economic burden(OR=8.123,95%CI=2.657e24.831).Those who living with the deceased before loss also had a higher tendency to develop PGD(OR=0.179,95%CI=0.053e0.602).Conclusions:This study revealed that a significantly high proportion(8.47%)of the Wenchuan earthquake-bereaved remain grieving seven years after the event.Those diagnosed with PGD should receive appropriate interventions from clinical psychologists.The risk factors identified in this study are crucial for the early screening and prevention of PGD in future nursing and psycho-clinical practices.

A Preliminary Interpretation of Near-field Observation Data of the Zhangbei Earthquake

In this paper, a preliminary data processing was made for tbe aftershock records or theZhangbei M6.2 earthquake on Jan. 10, 1998. The hypocenters of 205 earthquakes with M_L≥0.5 were located. The result shows that most aftershockS were concentrated in a more than10 km long and 5～8 km wide NE-trending beIt. The source mechanism solutions of largeraftersbocks were also calculated, from which it can be inferred that the faulted zone of themain shock is an NE-trending fault. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of P waves was made.The corner frequency is about 10 Hz.

Textual research of Wudu earthquake in 186 B.C. in Gansu Province, China and discussion on its causative structure

On the basis of the textual research on the historical earthquake data and the field investigation of Wudu earthquake occurred in 186 B.C., we suggest that the earthquake parameters drawn from the present earthquake catalogs are not definite and amendments should be made. The heavily-damaged area of this earthquake should be located between Jugan township of Wudu County and Pingding township of Zhouqu County. Its epicenter should be in the vicinity of Lianghekou in Wudu County with a magnitude of about 7-7 1/4 and an intensity of about IX-X. The major axis direction of the heavily-damaged area should be in the WNW direction that is approximately consistent with the strike of the middle-east segment of Diebu-Bailongjiang active fault zone, and the origin time should match up to that of the latest paleoearthquake event [before （83±46） B.C.] obtained by the trench investigation. Certain seismic rupture evidences are still preserved on this fault segment. Therefore, we propose on the basis of comprehensive analysis that the causative structure of the M 7-7 1/4 Wudu earthquake in 186 B.C. should be in the middle-east segment of Diebu-Bailongjiang active fault zone.

2023年甘肃积石山6.2级地震中川乡液化流滑灾害调查及诱因初析

2023年12月18日甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生了6.2级地震,地震导致青海省民和县中川乡金田村和草滩村发生特殊的流滑灾害,其规模之大、灾害之重在国内外实不多见。通过实地考察,得出了地震土壤液化是此次流滑灾害诱因的结论,且此次灾害是近70 a以来首次具有现场实证性质的液化流滑型地震灾害。调查分析结果表明:流滑区上游滑源区地下土壤液化触发了流滑,中游流通区特殊的水文地质条件加剧了流滑的发展;土壤液化潜在多区、多源特性,即中游流通区存在疑似液化区;流滑区地震动强度较大,初步估计地震动峰值加速度值为0.4(±0.1)g。调查分析结果可为认识此次液化流滑灾害提供科学依据。

Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Application of Seismic Zonation Map of ChinaTechnicalInnovations

China is a country with high seismicity. It is very important for industry and structure to fortify against earthquakes. In this paper the outline of seismicity in China, the criteria for fortification against earthquakes and the contents of seismic zonation map of China are described. The contents of seismic safety evaluation for major construction projects, such as large dams, large bridges, long distance pipe lines for transporting oil and natural gas, nuclear plants, petrochemical enterprises and so on, are presented. Some geological disasters caused by destructive earthquake, such as earthquake caused collapse and landslide, liquefaction of saturated soil and earthquake fault and so on, are also presented. Preventive countermeasures for these disasters are discussed.

2023年甘肃积石山M_(S)6.2地震中川乡泥流成因及破坏性分析

2023年12月18日23时59分,甘肃临夏州积石山县发生6.2级地震,并诱发了大量地质灾害,其中,中川乡砂土液化泥流灾害造成了重大的经济损失与人员伤亡,亟需对其特征、成因、破坏性进行分析厘定。根据已有文献资料,利用获取的高精度、高分辨率数字成果,借助影像解译、地面调查,对震后泥流灾害进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)易滑且饱水黄土在地震的震动载荷作用下,土体内孔隙水压力迅速升高导致砂土液化,最终土层失稳破坏,导致台地边缘垮塌与地震滑坡。土水混合物在重力作用下,顺着高差沿沟谷、冲沟前进形成液化型滑坡-泥流灾害。(2)此次灾害现象并非泥流单一作用,而是砂土液化导致的泥流和砂涌同时存在,二者同时发生的概率很低,破坏性极大。(3)此次地震为典型的“小震、中震大灾”情况,相比其他相似成因液化滑坡灾害,其规模更大;相比其他相近震级地震,其造成的破坏及伤亡更大。此次地震诱发的地质灾害具有一定的特殊性与异常性。

煤矿覆岩主控致灾层位危险识别及现场应用

针对煤矿地面水力压裂技术施工中工作面覆岩主控致灾层位难以准确辨识的难题,以孟村煤矿401102工作面地面水力压裂工业试验为背景,采用理论分析、微震监测、现场调研等方法,揭示了煤矿厚硬覆岩运动诱发矿震和冲击地压的动力灾害机理,分析了基于载荷三带理论的厚硬覆岩分区运动特征与诱发动力灾害之间的关系,建立了基于关键层运动状态的矿震能量预测模型与采场等效附加应力估算模型,提出了基于K-means聚类算法和肘部法则的煤矿覆岩主控致灾层位识别技术方法,确定了现场压裂施工层位并进行工业试验,根据现场微震监测数据及理论分析结果进行了效果验证,得到结论如下:孟村煤矿401102工作面致冲关键层及矿震关键层均为距离煤层66 m的安定组关键层R9,其初次破断运动采场等效附加扰动应力理论值为7.23 MPa,初次破断运动释放矿震能量理论值为6.08×105 J,致灾危险性较强;震−冲关键层压裂后,矿震能量理论值降幅94%,采场等效附加扰动应力理论值降幅76%,工作面上方5×10^(3)J大能量微震事件出现明显上移趋势,上移量约为15 m;10^(3)J及以上能级微震事件频次占比显著下降,由60.39%降至17.89%,最大微震事件能量由6.65×10^(5)J降至9.75×10^(3)J;10^(2)J及以下能级微震事件频次占比显著上升,由39.61%增至82.11%。

易门井水温动态特征及其成因分析

以易门井近30年以来的水温观测资料为研究对象,系统收集整理了水温观测过程中记录到的各种干扰因素,对易门井水温动态变化特征及其形成机制进行了总结,对水温映震效能进行了分析。结果认为易门井水温日变形态为起伏型,日变幅差呈现逐年减小的趋势,水温多年趋势动态为小幅振荡缓慢上升型走势。场地环境干扰对易门井水温的影响较小,主要干扰因素为观测系统故障、人为干扰。水温观测系统故障主要是仪器故障和供电故障,表现形式以下降、缺数为主;人为干扰主要是安装、校测仪器和取样,表现形式为短时“V”字型或台阶变化。易门井水温在小幅振荡上升过程中若出现转向或加速,这种变化可能是邻区构造活动引起的。易门井水温同震变化表现形态为快速下降—缓慢回升的过程。

Catastrophic Debris Flows on July 10^(th) 2013 along the Min River in Areas Seriously-hit by the Wenchuan Earthquake

Over 240 debris flows occurred in hill-slopes, gullies （ indicated those with single-channel） and watersheds （indicated those with tributaries and channels） on July 10th 2013 in the Wenchuan county, and caused 29 casualties and about 633×10^6 USD losses. This work aimed to analyze characteristics, hazards and causes of these events and explore mitigating measures based on field investigation and remote sensing images interpretation. The debris flows contained clay content of 0.1%~3.56%, having densities of 1.72-2.14 t/m^3, velocities of 5.0-m.7 m/s, discharges of 335-2353 m^3/s and sediment yields of 0.10-1.26×10^6 m^3, and also numerously occurred in large watersheds with the area over lo km^2. Large debris flows formed 3 hazard-chains in slopes, gullies, watersheds and rivers, which all evolved in dammed lakes and outburst flood, and 26 dammed lakes and lO newly ones were generated along the rivers of Min and Yuzi. The remarkable spatial difference of loose solid materials accumulation and intense rainfall, with the cumulative of about or more than 150 mm and the hourly of over 16mm, caused debris flows in the sections from Yingxiu to Miansi and Gengda. The damages on buildings, reconstructions, highways,factories and hydro power station originated from the impacting, scouring, burying of debris flows, the submerging of dammed lake and the scouring of outburst flood, and the huge losses came from the ruinous destructions of control engineering works of debris flows as well as the irrational location and low- resistant capabilities of reconstructions. For hazards mitigating of debris flows in long term, the feasible measures for short term, including risk-reassessing of foregone and potential hazard sites, regional alarming system establishing and integrated control in disastrous sites, and middle-long term, including improving reconstruction standard, rationally disposing river channel bed rise and selecting appropriate reconstruction time and plans, were strongly suggested.

Study on Seismic Damage to Buildings from the 2016 Hutubi Ms6.2 Earthquake

Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8,2016,we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. In conclusion we put forward some suggestions for the restoration and reconstruction in the earthquake affected area in future.

Discussion on Principles and Methods in Estimating the Maximum Potential Earthquakes in Low Seismicity Areas

Five principles and methods are proposed for estimating the maximum potential earthquakesin low seismicity areas,and their applicabilities are discussed,taking Sichuan basin as asample area.The proposed principles and methods are not only on the grounds of thegeological tectonics but also considered fully the mutual complementation between geologicaland seismological methods.They will be helpful to the study of engineering seismology andthe assessment of designing ground motion parameters in low seismicity areas.

地电阻率观测常见变化形态及其可能原因分析

地电阻率连续观测中常见的变化形态有长趋势变化、年变、日变化、阶跃、高频扰动、快速下降/上升、年尺度持续性下降/上升变化等形态,且多种形态通常相互叠加在一起,构成观测曲线复杂的变化形态.本文结合地电阻率观测基本原理、地电学科多年的研究成果和异常核实工作,尝试对地电阻率观测中常见变化形态可能的产生原因进行分析和总结,以期为异常分析和震情跟踪提供一定的参考.

2022年四川泸定M_(S)6.8地震人员震亡特征分析

基于系统整理的2022年四川泸定M_(S)6.8地震中93名遇难人员资料,探讨人员震亡与烈度分布、地域分布、社会特征等要素的关系,通过与2017年四川九寨沟7.0级地震人员震亡进行对比,分析本次地震人员震亡的特征。结果表明:泸定M_(S)6.8地震人员震亡数量大,主要因地质灾害所致,分布方向基本上与烈度区长轴方向一致,中老年段震亡比高,以本地户籍为主。灾区地质灾害发育、地形地貌特殊、房屋抗震性能不高、地震强度大等是此次地震人员震亡多的主要原因。川西高山高原地区人员震亡具有明显的地域特征。

世界大地震的成因与预防——以土耳其地震为例

2023年2月6日,土耳其东南部与叙利亚接壤地区发生了一系列强烈地震。究其原因,世界上一些潜在地震带长期受到海水或河水的侵蚀,形成了一系列的地表断层。当月球靠近这些断层时,就会对它们产生巨大的引力,甚至导致断层移动,从而产生强烈地震。分析了土耳其地震及世界其他大地震的成因,并提出了预防频繁地震和强烈地震的措施。

华北坳陷中南部深部结构大地电磁探测

为研究华北坳陷中南部河南地区的深部电性结构和该区3次破坏性地震的深部孕震背景,采用宽频带大地电磁测深法对该区深部的电性结构进行探测。使用NLCG二维反演方法对TE、TM模式进行联合反演,最终获得研究区的深部电性结构。结果显示,以新乡-商丘断裂为界,其北部的北华北坳陷中的内黄隆起、东濮凹陷的电性结构相对简单,为低阻、高阻2层结构,与该区地壳由沉积盖层和基底整体性较好的坚硬地块结晶基底组成相对应。新乡-商丘断裂以南的南华北坳陷中的构造单元深部的电性结构相对复杂,纵向上表现为低—高—低3层结构,横向上高阻、低阻交互出现,分析其可能与受到扬子板块与华北板块南缘相互俯冲碰撞影响有关。而北华北坳陷因边界断裂———新乡-商丘断裂的调控,受到扬子板块和秦岭-大别造山带造山作用的影响较小。1342年和1918年河南通许2次破坏性地震的震源位于太康隆起下方的高、低阻边界交接区域,1737年河南封丘51/2级地震的震源位于壳内高、低阻梯度带附近。

郯庐断裂带中南段地壳厚度与泊松比研究

郯庐断裂带中南段与西太平洋板块俯冲以及华北克拉通破坏密切相关,研究其深部结构对于了解郯庐断裂带构造演化过程、强震的孕震机制具有重要意义.本文利用密集台阵波形资料,采用接收函数H-κ叠加方法获得郯庐断裂带中南段的地壳厚度和泊松比.结果显示,郯庐断裂带中南段的地壳厚度分布以庐江和新沂为分段点呈现出与地质构造相关的南北向分段特征:南段的断裂带西侧的地壳厚度比东侧厚约5 km,中段的断裂带两侧厚度差异减小至约3 km,而北段则表现为断裂带下方隆起特征.郯庐断裂带沿线的地壳泊松比较高,推测是地幔物质的热侵蚀和化学侵蚀所致.根据艾里地壳均衡理论,南段地壳厚度与地表高程相关,基本符合艾里地壳均衡模型;而中段两侧地表高程基本相同,两侧地壳厚度差异表明不符合艾里地壳均衡模型,可能与断裂带西侧的华北克拉通岩石圈比东侧扬子克拉通岩石圈具有更高密度有关,高密度岩石圈产生向下“拖拽力”导致莫霍面相对理论值偏深;北段的莫霍面也偏深,与中段断裂带西侧情况类似,该区域基本位于华北克拉通块体.在郯城地震破裂范围内,存在莫霍面的不平滑过渡、活动块体的边界带以及断裂的分叉与交汇这三类结构特征.在上述结构特征的区域应力更集中,从而孕育产生了1668年郯城8.5级地震.