CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION CAUSES OF QINGDAO COLD WATER MASS

In this work, the main characteristics of the Qingdao Cold Water Mass were studied by using "the comparison analysis method" based on 1980 temperature,salinity and dissolved oxygen data on the western South Yellow Sea. The formation cause of the water mass was analyzed based on February of 1959 temperature and salinity data for this area and on some other authors’ studies. The results showed that the Qingdao Cold Water Mass has growing and vanishing processes: appears in the last ten days of March; has stable pattern in April; is biggest in its area in May; becomes small in its area in June; vanishes in July. It comes from the northern Shandong Coastal Water and is characterized by low temperature and salinity and high dissolved oxygen. The mass is formed under the joint effects of anticyclonic circulation and solar radiation.

Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.

Study on Variations in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Spring Water in Jinan and Their Causes

Based on data of hydrochemical components in spring water and karst water in Jinan spring catchment during 1958-2012,according to the theory of groundwater cycle and hydrogeochemistry,variations in hydrochemical features of spring water in Jinan over the past years were analyzed,and the reasons for the variations were discussed to protect the quality of spring water in Jinan and stop the changing trend of the spring water. The results show that there were variations in the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water in Jinan during 1958-2012,which is mainly related to improper protection and man-made pollution.

Cause of over Water Quality Standard and Control Measures of State-controlled Sections in Northern Water-deficient Area of Jiangsu

Taking state-controlled section of Xuzhou Peiyan river as an example,the current water quality was monitored,and the cause of over water quality standard was analyzed.The results showed that the pollutants of Peiyan river were mainly from the urban river segment,and the immediate cause of over standard was tributary pollutants in urban river segment with the runoff into rivers.So we should strengthen the maintenance of drainage control and gate-han,accelerate the construction of urban wastewater treatment facilities and supporting pipe network,promote rural decentralized sewage treatment,prevent and control livestock and poultry pollution,pesticides and fertilizers pollution,and intercept non-point source pollution by using eco-technology.

Statistical and causes analysis of storm surges along Tianjin coast during the past 20 years

Based on tidal data statistical analysis for 20 years of Tanggu Marine Environmental Monitoring Station from 1991 to 2010, we concluded that an average of nearly 10 days of 100 cm above water increase took place at Tianjin coast every year. The maximum high tide and average tide of Tianjin coast occurred in summer and autumn, and the maximum water increase also occurred in summer and autumn. Days with water increase more than 100 cm mostly occurred in spring, autumn and winter. Then we summarized the causes of coastal storm surge disaster in Tianjin based on astronomical tide factors, meteorological factors, sea level rise, land subsidence, and geographic factors, et al. Finally, we proposed storm surge disaster prevention measures.

Study on the Possible Cause of Water Blooming and the Bloom-Prevention Technology in Lake Qiandaohu

A hypothesis was formulated to explain the possible cause of water bloom occurring inLake Qiandaohu in 1998 and 1999. We tested this hypothesis with a 3-year in situ fieldstudy. The results showed that the reconstruction of the silver carp and bighead carppopulations, without other measures of nutrient control, could prevent the recurrence ofalgal bloom in the lake successfully. This result could serve as an evidence to thesuggested hypothesis for water blooming: The drastic decline of the filter feedingsilver carp and bighead carp in the lake, rather than the nutrients overloading, wasmainly responsible for the algal bloom. According to this study, we suggest a generalhypothesis to the ecological mechanism of algal blooming: The insufficient grazing fromthe phytoplanktivores (top-down control) to the algal reproduction from nutrientsavailable (bottom-up effect) is the radical cause of water blooming, while conventionally,it is primarily attributed to the enrichment of nutrients. Besides, this study showedthat stocking silver carp and bighead carp in lakes could improve water quality, whichis also contrary to the conventional opinion. Finally, this study provided a cost-effective and practicable approach to control water bloom for the large-sized reservoirs,especially when water blooming occurred locally. A net-enclosed aquaculture zone (NEAZ)can be established in the nutrients-exposure area of the waters and stocked with the twocarps, water bloom could be controlled and prevented.

Pollution control of urban black-odor water bodies

On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.

Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Water Quality in Yinma River Basin

In order to comprehensively understand the water quality in Yinma River Basin,and to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of water quality over the years and the causes of water pollution,15 sections were selected in the Yinma River Basin.Based on the water quality monitoring data in the past decade,7 evaluation indexes including dissolved oxygen(DO),5-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD_(5)),permanganate index(COD_(MN)),chemical oxygen demand(COD),ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)-N),total phosphorus(TP)and total nitrogen(TN)were determined,according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water(GB3838-2002)and the historical monitoring data of rivers.The water quality of 15 sections in Yinma River Basin was comprehensively evaluated,and the water quality categories and the evolution of river water quality were analyzed.The pollution sources of Yinma River Basin were analyzed,and the constructive countermeasures were put forward according to the conclusions.

The Econometric Assessment of Losses Caused by Water Pollution in Chongqing, Southwest China

As an important industrial city, Chongqing has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years, but at the same time the growth has been accompanied by serious pollution problems. Water quality monitoring shows that the waters of Chongqing are widely polluted. In this paper, the human capital approach is applied to assessing the economic losses and damages caused by water pollution in Chongqing. Based on previous studies and empirical investigations, water pollution-induced damage can be categorized into two general types: damage to ecosystems, including agriculture; and damage to non-ecosystems, including industry. The economic loss estimation of each type of the damage is conducted by taking into account a group of relevant parameters and methods.

Research Progress of Analysis and Control Technologies against Urban Landscape Water Pollution

The root causes of urban landscape water pollution were analyzed in this study, the bio-ecological restoration technologies combing both exogenous and endogenous pollution control were put forward.

On the spatial characteristic of the short-term and imminent anomalies of underground water behaviors before strong earthquake

Observational results of underground water regime (water level and flow) in some strong earthquakes and moderate earthquakes (in this paper we also call them by 'strong earthquakes')in Chinese mainland are studied and the following conclusions are obtained. For one strong earthquake, the spatial distributions of the anomalies which include medium term anomalies of one year scale, short term anomalies and imminent anomalies, and underground water stations without the anomalies were mainly related to the causative mechanism and active master faults (active abyssal faults or strongly active faults) around the focal region; The spatial distribution of the anomalies coincided with the specific relation among the anomalies, the focal site, the causative mechanism and active master faults. Finally, the mechanism of the relation was briefly discussed, and the importance about the research result in this paper was set forth.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Water Body Pollution in Rural Areas of China

At present, people＇s environmental awareness gradually enhances, and the environmental requirements on production and living continuously improve. Urban sewage discharge management and sewage treatment intensity are increasing in whole country, and urban water environment has certain improvement. But in rural areas, due to relatively weak environmental awareness of residents, not high economic development degree and not perfect infrastructure construction, the issue has not been handled properly. It seriously restricts further development of rural economy, and contradiction between water pollution worsening and farmers eager to raise the level of living environment increasingly aggravating has become key problem restricting China＇s new rural construction. According to status quo of rural water pollution in China, causes and hazards of rural water pollu- tion are analyzed in detail, and several treatment suggestions are put forward.

THE HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER BUDGET OF QINGHAI LAKE DRAINAGE BASIN

The rapid shrinkage of the surface area reflects the long-term deficit water budget of Qinghai Lake. Study of the yearly hydrology and meteorology in the lake catchment basin and the hydrologic factors as well as water budget led to the conclusion that evaporation exceeding the water input resulted in the drop of lake level, thai the obvious decrease of runoff to the lake and precipitation on the catchment accelerated the falling of lake level before 1987. and that increase of about 6.7% in rainfall on the whole basin will balance the lake’s water budget.

Analyzing the formation cause of Xidatan drinking mineral springs in island permafrost area on north slope of the Kunlun Mountains

The replenishment source of Xidatan drinking mineral springs in island permafrost area on north slope of the Kunlun Mountains are mainly the melting water from the modern glaciers bottom, snow and ice melting water, atmospheric precipitation, and surface water in Yuzhu Peak area on the Kunlun Mountains. This scenario is based on the survey of hydrogeology, water-conducting and water-controlling faults, and water chemistry, and on the EH-4 high-frequency electronic deep exploration. The original water recharges the deep groundwater at fracture zone of active normal faults F3 and F4 , then groundwater enriches at normal faults F2 and F2-1,2 , and then run northward. A water-rich triangle area is formed when groundwater reach the active reverse fault F1 . Groundwater then discharges through fracture zone of F1 , which is the major cause of the Xidatan mineral springs formation.

公路沥青路面水损坏分析与处治研究

水损坏是我国高速公路沥青路面损坏的主要原因之一,但在实际工程中,对于水损坏原因的判断并没有成熟的方法,相应病害的治理措施也没有针对性的方法和流程。因此,以某高速公路北京段病害处理专项工程为实例,探讨了水损坏原因的判断方法以及处治措施,提出了应通过病害破损调查,同时结合钻芯取样与室内试验等方法,对病害原因进行分析;明确了滞水的位置与状态,并采用开挖盲沟加排水管排除沥青路面结构层间滞水的方法,对水损坏进行了处治。研究结果表明,该方法可以有效汇集并排除沥青路面层间滞水,彻底解决路面水损坏问题,可为沥青路面水损坏维修设计提供一定的参考。

隧道突涌水灾害缩尺物理模型试验研究综述

随着我国经济的快速发展,隧道工程建设越来越多地面临着大埋深、高地应力、高地温、高渗透压力等复杂地质环境,运用物理模型试验开展复杂环境下隧道突涌水灾变机理与安全防控研究已成为岩石力学的热点问题。结合近年来国内外针对隧道突涌水灾变缩尺物理模型试验开展的研究工作,重点对该类物理模型的流固耦合相似理论、相似材料研制、渗透压加载方法等内容进行了系统梳理,并对下一步的可能发展方向进行展望。参考部分文献和突水典型案例后,总结了流固耦合相似准则和高地应力下的相似准则、相似材料选用方案及材料配比、试验中的水压加载方案,认为未来关注的重点包括考虑温度场的物理模型试验相似准则的研究和涌水涌泥与突水突泥间渐变过程的研究2个方面。

佳木斯市2011年-2020年地表水生态环境质量变化研究

采用Spearman秩相关系数法,对松花江佳木斯市2011年-2020年期间主要污染指标变化趋势进行了分析。计算结果表明,2011年-2020年佳木斯上断面的高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷,佳木斯下断面的化学需氧量和总磷,江南屯断面的化学需氧量,同江断面的高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量和总磷,汤旺河口内断面的化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷,梧桐河口内断面的化学需氧量和总磷呈显著下降趋势;其余监测断面的这几项监测指标无显著变化。对污染物的年际变化进行了分析,并探讨了地表水环境质量变化原因。

煤矿采动覆岩离层水害致灾因素勘查与预测评价

采动覆岩离层突水在我国各地矿区均较为常见且危害性较大,现有的规范中鲜有针对离层水害的具体工程地质和水文地质勘查方法。探索煤矿离层水害工程地质水文地质勘查与评价方法,能够推动我国矿井水害防治水平进一步提升。首先从煤矿采动覆岩高位离层水害孕灾机制出发,分析了离层水害从孕灾到致灾的工程地质条件,将我国现有的离层水害归纳为3种典型类型:离层动力突水、离层静水压涌突水和离层携泥砂突水。然后,确定了“水源”“通道”“力源”和“物源”为控制离层水害类型与强度的关键隐蔽致灾因素,将位于传统导水裂隙带以上,可发生离层突水的复合层位称为采动覆岩“突水离层带”,并提出了煤矿采动覆岩“突水离层带”的判别流程,划分勘查阶段,指明勘查要点。煤矿离层水害采前勘查应包括2个阶段:①开展覆岩基本工程地质和水文地质条件勘探,评估勘探区离层水害的可能性并确定潜在“突水离层带”的层位;②将“突水离层带”和“物源”层作为勘查目标层,开展离层水害致灾因素专项勘查,评定离层水害类型和强度。回采期间对水动力条件和覆岩裂隙演化进行探查。最后,基于离层水害致灾因素互馈演化致灾机制,建立了适用于采动覆岩离层水害的矿井区域预测综合评价模型,提出了全矿井/采区尺度的区域危险性分区、采前工作面突水位置判定及涌水量预计的煤矿采动覆岩离层水害预测评价方法。