Evolutionary dynamics of tax-based strong altruistic reward andpunishment in a public goods game

In public goods games, punishments and rewards have been shown to be effective mechanisms for maintaining individualcooperation. However, punishments and rewards are costly to incentivize cooperation. Therefore, the generation ofcostly penalties and rewards has been a complex problem in promoting the development of cooperation. In real society,specialized institutions exist to punish evil people or reward good people by collecting taxes. We propose a strong altruisticpunishment or reward strategy in the public goods game through this phenomenon. Through theoretical analysis and numericalcalculation, we can get that tax-based strong altruistic punishment (reward) has more evolutionary advantages thantraditional strong altruistic punishment (reward) in maintaining cooperation and tax-based strong altruistic reward leads toa higher level of cooperation than tax-based strong altruistic punishment.

Evolutionary analysis of green credit and automobile enterprises under the mechanism of dynamic reward and punishment based on government regulation

To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises.

Combined Optimal Dispatch of Thermal Power Generators and Energy Storage Considering Thermal Power Deep Peak Clipping and Wind Energy Emission Grading Punishment

Peak load and wind energy emission pressure rise more as wind energy penetration keeps growing,which affects the stabilization of the PS(power system).This paper suggests integrated optimal dispatching of thermal power generators and BESS(battery energy storage system)taking wind energy emission grading punishment and deep peak clipping into consideration.Firstly,in order to minimize wind abandonment,a hierarchical wind abandonment penalty strategy based on fuzzy control is designed and introduced,and the optimal grid-connected power of wind energy is determined as a result of minimizing the peak cutting cost of the system.Secondly,considering BESS and thermal power,the management approach of BESS-assisted virtual peak clipping of thermal power generators is aimed at reducing the degree of deep peak clipping of thermal power generators and optimizing the output of thermal power generators and the charging and discharging power of BESS.Finally,Give an example of how this strategy has been effective in reducing abandonment rates by 0.66% and 7.46% individually for different wind penetration programs,and the daily average can reduce the peak clipping power output of thermal power generators by 42.97 and 72.31 MWh and enhances the effect and economy of system peak clipping.

Power,punishment,patriarchy in Shakespeare’s Othello

An informal survey revealed that graduate students presented with Shakespeare's works felt academically unfit and powerless.These student-teacher-text power relationships parallel the power relationships between the dominant patriarchy and female characters in'Othello'-Desdemona,Emilia,and Bianca.Both main characters contribute to the creation of the new or der.The writer wants to look briefly at a Shakespearean couple outside Othello as an attempt at alternative model for distributing power.

An Unusual Punishment

One day Jack broke his mother's glass. When shesaw the broken glass, she cried, "Jack, your father isgoing to punish(惩罚)you." "I'm too upset(沮丧)to punish you now." said Jack'sfather."I'll do it after supper."

Maintenance of cooperation induced by punishment in public goods games

In this paper, we study the public goods games with punishment by adopting the well-known approximate best response dynamics. It shows that the evolution of cooperation is affected by two aspects when other parameters are fixed. One is the punishment mechanism which can avoid the dilemma of lacking investment, and the other is the degree of rationality. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the existence of punishment mechanism and distribution of rationality are the keys to the enhancement of cooperation level. We also testify that they can heavily influence the payoffs of system as well. The findings in this paper may provide a deeper understanding of some social dilemmas.

Stochastic evolutionary public goods game with first and second order costly punishments in finite populations

We study the stochastic evolutionary public goods game with punishment in a finite size population. Two kinds of costly punishments are considered, i.e., first-order punishment in which only the defectors are punished, and second-order punishment in which both the defectors and the cooperators who do not punish the defective behaviors are punished. We focus on the stochastic stable equilibrium of the system. In the population, the evolutionary process of strategies is described as a finite state Markov process. The evolutionary equilibrium of the system and its stochastic stability are analyzed by the limit distribution of the Markov process. By numerical experiments, our findings are as follows.（i） The first-order costly punishment can change the evolutionary dynamics and equilibrium of the public goods game, and it can promote cooperation only when both the intensity of punishment and the return on investment parameters are large enough.（ii）Under the first-order punishment, the further imposition of the second-order punishment cannot change the evolutionary dynamics of the system dramatically, but can only change the probability of the system to select the equilibrium points in the ＂C＋P＂ states, which refer to the co-existence states of cooperation and punishment. The second-order punishment has limited roles in promoting cooperation, except for some critical combinations of parameters.（iii） When the system chooses＂C＋P＂ states with probability one, the increase of the punishment probability under second-order punishment will further increase the proportion of the ＂P＂ strategy in the ＂C＋P＂ states.

Mathematical Neurolaw of Crime and Punishment: The <i>q</i>-Exponential Punishment Function

Whether people tend to punish criminals in a socially-optimal manner (i.e., hyperbolic punishment) or not is unknown. By adopting mathematical models of probabilistic punishment behavior (i.e., exponential, hyperbolic, and q-exponential probability discounting model based on Tsallis thermodynamics and neuroeconomics, Takahashi, 2007, Physica A;Takahashi et al., 2012, Applied Mathematics), we examined 1) fitness of the models to behavioral data of uncertain punishment, and 2) deviation from the socially optimal hyperbolic punishment function. Our results demonstrated that, the q-exponential punishment function best fits the behavioral data, and people overweigh the severity of punishment at small punishing probabilities and underweigh the severity of punishment at large punishing probabilities. In other words, people tend to punish crimes too severely and mildly with high and low arrest rate (e.g., homicide vs. excess of speed limit), respectively. Implications for neuroeconomics and neurolaw of crime and punishment (Takahashi, 2012, NeuroEndocrinology Letters) are discussed.

Role of Reward and Punishment in Education

This essay aims at illustrate the important role, of reward and punishment in education from a psychological viewpoint. According to Stimulus and Response theory, reward and punishment are now commonly used by teachers to encourage both congnitive activities and appropriate behaviour in classroom . Either of them can be used to encourage or supervise the students in learning, and rewarding is fawoured. However reward mechanism must be used properly and under control. It should 't be overused. Also, there is a place for punishment in education because errors need to be pointed out and antisocial behaviour should be corrected. It can be applied only when the intensity, duration and timing are carefully considered. In a word , reward system . is undoubtedly to have positive effect while punishment is proved to cause unpredictable result. Those specific informations are mentioned in the essay that follows.

Analysis on the Significance of Ancient Chinese Corporal Punishment Reform to the Progress of the Penalty System

Since the ＂five -punishment＂ system was established from the period of the slavery society of the Western Zhou Dynasty, corporal punishment has been always in existence as a tool used by the rulers to punish people in ancient China. Although corporal punishment was abolished in the punishment sentencing reform of Emperor Wen of Han, it was further developed and improved in the penalty system of the Sui and Tang dynasties. However, it was restored in the Song, Liao, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, etc. From the studies of the corporal punishment change, the reform law of the penal system in ancient China can be found, and also the significance of ancient Chinese corporal punishment reform to the progress of criminal penalty can be sought. Meanwhile, it is of vital significance to knowing well the development of China＇s legal history and improving the current penal system.

Muted Message： Capital Punishment in the Hollywood Cinema

Contemporary Hollywood films seem at first glance to be opposed to capital punishment. However, this article＇s consideration of five surprisingly similar films （Dead Man Walking, The Chamber, Last Dance, True Crime, and The Life of David Gale） finds that they do not truly and consistently condemn capital punishment. Instead of suggesting that the practice of capital punishment is fundamentally immoral and should in general be ended, the films champion only worthy individuals on death row and delight primarily in the personal growth of other characters who attempt to aid the condemned. In the end, Hollywood offers only a muted message regarding the on-going use of capital punishment.

Corporal Punishment of Minors in the Muslim Family in Israel

Corporal punishment was always considered a valid disciplinary measure in Muslim Arab culture to be used as deemed necessary to shape a minor＇s behavior. Applying physical force against children as punishment for unwanted behavior has become a normative part of parents＇ routine interaction with their children, despite the fact that it is forbidden by Israeli law. Psychologists that work with the Muslim Arab population find it difficult to convince parent of the difficulties and conflicts that they create by enforcing corporal punishment on their children. Parents tend to reject professional advice because it is viewed as conflicting with their cultural mentality and traditions and ignore the vast research that proves the ineffectiveness of this type of discipline and the complications that it may lead to. What＇s more, Sharia law, the religious Muslim legal code that governs the lives of Muslim Arabs in Israel, advocates and even encourages corporal punishment. Legislation and further professional intervention is necessary to change this harmful practice and to protect Muslim Arab children.

The Rationale for Victims' Cooperation in Cases of Pleading Guilty and Accepting Punishment from the Perspective of Protecting the Right of Action

In the context of the more frequent application of the leniency system for pleading guilty and accepting punishment,the connotations of the rules on victim involvement should be enriched in the 2018 Criminal Procedure Law.Victims deeply influenced by the concept of cooperative justice will also have an intention to cooperate,thus resulting in a rationale for victims’cooperation.Victims’cooperation features a subjectivity of interactivity,understanding,and constraint.This kind of cooperation faces the accused,the procuratorial organ,and the court.The jurisprudential function of the rationale for cooperation of victims is embodied in such aspects as recognizing the victims as eligible subjects,enhancing the legal force of the recognizance in a case of pleading guilty and accepting punishment,and consolidating the legitimate basis for victim to obtain legal assistance.Oriented to protecting right of action of the victim,understanding and developing the rationale for the cooperation of the victim can start by reaching a judicial consensus on the"two limits"principle,optimizing the right of action system for victims,achieving the interconnection of multi-level litigation systems,and improving the rules on lenient punishment to enrich the plan for protecting victims’right of action in cases of pleading guilty and accepting punishment.

Discussion on the abolishment and recovery of corporal punishment in Xingfa Zhi of JinShu

Xingfa Zhi of JinShu recorded the field of ancient Chinese law live debate on major issues in detail,providing a vivid example in understanding the development of ancient Chinese law.These issues included the abolition of revenge,the Amnesty Penalty,the stability of law,the evolution of law,and the Abolishment and recovery of the corporal punishment.This article is only discussed on the related issues of the Abolishment and recovery of the corporal punishment.

反思量刑合意的效力

《刑事诉讼法》第201条涉及控辩量刑合意之于法院的效力,其包括实体和程序两个维度。“控辩合意→法院确认”“法院让渡量刑权”等对美国辩诉交易的认识可能存在误差:在法律规范层面,量刑协议对法院并无约束力;即使在司法实践中,美国法院亦对最终量刑有实质影响。将我国《刑事诉讼法》第201条中的“一般应当采纳”解释为量刑建议对法院的刑罚裁判具有约束力,无法通过控审分离准则的正当性检验。从量刑权属之辩回归量刑规律本身,法院采纳量刑建议的实体性标准是“量刑建议适当”;“量刑建议没有明显不当,法院即应采纳”的论断有违法学方法论上的要求;但法院应对量刑建议给予适当包容,这是“一般应当采纳”所内含的一种对法院行使自由裁量权的价值引导。在程序维度上量刑建议对法院具有约束力,即法院拟不采纳量刑建议时不得径行做出裁判。第201条第2款设定的程序控制是以法院的告知义务为重心。法院负有告知检察机关调整量刑建议的义务,更为关键的是法院对被告人的告知义务。一审法院违反告知义务是否导致发回重审的后果,二审法院应基于辩护权保障做实质判断。

论监察从宽处罚建议制度的适用及其完善

监察从宽处罚建议是监察机关在职务犯罪案件调查过程中享有的一项职权,该项制度对于落实宽严相济的刑事政策以及提高职务犯罪案件调查效果具有重要意义。《中华人民共和国监察法》《中华人民共和国监察法实施条例》对监察从宽处罚建议制度的适用条件和程序进行了明确规定,监察实践中该项制度的适用也取得了较好的效果。但是结合规范与实践分析,监察从宽处罚建议适用制度仍然存在着适用条件模糊、适用效力不清以及适用比例不均衡等现象,为此应当在厘清监察从宽处罚建议性质的基础上,有针对性地对该项制度进行完善,以发挥其在职务犯罪案件处理中的作用。

基于改进蚁群算法的智能车路径规划研究

该文针对智能车路径规划问题,提出一种改进蚁群算法的路径规划方法。传统蚁群算法虽有良好适应性,但也存在效率低下和易陷入局部最优等问题。为此,该文引入势场启发式函数和信息素奖惩策略,优化启发函数和信息素更新机制,提高算法全局搜索能力和收敛速度。通过最大最小蚂蚁系统保持信息素多样性,有效避免局部最优,并采用路径二次优化策略简化路径,减少长度。实验结果表明,改进算法在复杂环境下有更快的收敛速度和更高的路径质量,为智能车路径规划提供了一种有效的优化策略。

动力电池回收商与地方政府间行为策略演化博弈研究

新能源汽车的使用量急剧增长,对于到达使用寿命的电池若不及时回收拆解处理,便会造成环境的污染与公共资源的占用。基于此,文章构建动力电池回收商与地方政府之间的演化博弈模型,结合系统动力学理论,构建SD-演化博弈模型,借助Vensim仿真分析,验证均衡点的稳定性,探讨如何实现废旧动力电池高效回收。研究表明,动力电池回收商与地方政府之间存在长期博弈,只有在地方政府采取具有惩罚措施的动态监管策略时,系统才能达到均衡稳定状态,反之在静态监管策略下系统不稳定。

《刑法》但书出罪条款的激活:体系定位与规范适用

在轻罪治理背景下,我国刑法结构正由“厉而不严”向“严而不厉”方向转型,轻微犯罪行为面临如何出罪的法治难题。但书条款作为我国刑法出罪的总括性依据,其实务运作存在适用率低、适用不当等多重问题。鉴于此,有必要探究其出罪模式,激活该条款之适用。当前,关于但书条款的体系定位,学界存在出罪标准说、入罪限制标准说、原则性指引说及可罚的违法性说之争。出罪标准说动摇我国刑法罪刑法定原则的根基,有悖我国刑法“立法定性+立法定量”的犯罪设定模式,并容易引发“同案不同判”“裁量权滥用”的司法风险;入罪限制标准说存在重复评价犯罪构成实质违法性的逻辑缺陷;原则性指引说难以回应当下诸多轻微犯罪行为出罪的实践需求。可罚的违法性说内部存在阻却构成要件该当性说、阻却违法性说及二元说三种学说,但书条款的体系定位宜借鉴二元说。若罪名的分则条款含定量因素,则阻却构成要件该当性;若罪名的分则条款不含定量因素,则阻却违法性。但书条款“情节显著轻微”表征僭越社会相当性的程度,“危害不大”表征法益侵害程度,只要满足其一,即可阻却犯罪成立。

网络中立帮助行为处罚范围的限制

网络中立帮助行为具有不同于传统中立帮助行为的新特点,应转向主客观二元结合说,即以客观行为为逻辑起点,在客观层面进行递进式考察,并在此基础上将网络服务提供者的主观认知作为限定条件,以实现对网络中立帮助行为处罚范围的限制。