Numerical simulation on turbulent flow field in convergentdiveroent nozzle

Because of the complication of turbulence＇s mechanism and law as well as the jet pressure in nozzle is difficult to test by experiment, five turbulent models were applied to numerically simulate the turbulent flow field in convergent-divergent nozzle. Theory analysis and experiment results of mass flow rates conclude that the RNG k-ε model is the most suitable model. The pressure distribution in the convergent-divergent nozzle was revealed by computational fluid dynamic （CFD） simulating on the turbulent flow field under different pressure conditions. The growing conditions of cavitation bubbles were shown; meanwhile, the phenomena in the experiment could be explained. The differential pres- sure between the upstream and downstream in nozzle throat section can improve the cavitating effect of cavitation water jet.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE FLOW FIELD IN A THERMAL PLASMA REACTOR

A numerical simulation is presented for a thermal plasma reactor with particle-trajectory model in this paper. Turbulance is considered by using simple SGS model. The governing equations are solved by means of the algorithm of SIMPLER. The calculated results give the velocity and the temperature fields within plasma reactor, and the trajectories of the injected particles.

Numerical investigation of cavitating flow behind the cone of a poppet valve in water hydraulic system

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cavitating flow through water hydraulic poppet valves were performed using advanced RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. The flow was turbulent, incompressible and unsteady, for Reynolds numbers greater than 43 000. The working fluid was water, and the structure of the valve was simplified as a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical model. Flow field visualization was numerically achieved. The effects of inlet velocity, outlet pressure, opening size as well as poppet angle on cavitation intensity in the poppet valve were numerically investigated. Experimental flow visualization was conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice in the poppet valve with 30° poppet angle using high speed video camera. The binary cavitating flow field distribution obtained from digital processing of the original cavitation image showed a good agreement with the numerical result.

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅱ) Numerical Simulation on the Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow

Numerical simulation on the flow,heat transfer and cracking reactions in commercial fluid catalyticcracking(FCC)riser reactors were carried out employing the developed turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reac-tion model for FCC riser reactors given in Part Ⅰ of the present paper.Detailed information about the turbulentflow fields in the riser reactor obtained revealed the basic characteristics of the gas-solid two-phase turbulentflows when heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions were co-existing in the riser.Results showed that thedistributions of the flow,the turbulence kinetic energy and the catalyst particle concentration are not uniform inthe axial,radial and tangential directions.The most complicated part of the riser reactor is the feed injectingzone.The complicated configuration of the turbulent gas-solid two-phase flows would exert a great influence onthe results of interphase heat transfer and cracking reactions.

Flow structure and rock-breaking feature of the self-rotating nozzle for radial jet drilling

For improving the hole-enlarging capability,roundness and rock-breaking efficiency of the nozzle in radial jet drilling,a new structure of self-rotating nozzle was put forward.The flow structure and rock-breaking features of the self-rotating nozzle were investigated with sliding mesh model and labortary tests and also compared with the straight and the swirling integrated nozzle and multi-orifice nozzle which have been applied in radial jet drilling.The results show that the self-rotating jet is energy concentrated,has longer effective distance,better hole-enlarging capability and roundness and impacts larger circular area at the bottom of the drilling hole,compared with the other two nozzles.Forward jet flow generated from the nozzle is peak shaped,and the jet velocity attenuates slowly at the outer edge.Due to periodic rotary percussion,the pressure fluctuates periodically on rock surface,improving shear and tensile failures on the rock matrix and thereby enhancing rock-breaking efficiency.The numerical simulation results of the flow structure of the nozzle are consistent with the experiments.This study provides an innovative approach for radial jet drilling technology in the petroleum industry.

Dynamic Characteristics of the Jet Force on the Flapper of the Pilot Stage in a Flapper Nozzle Servo Valve Under the Flow-Solid Interaction

Nowadays,more and more attention has been paid to improve the performance of the nozzle flapper servo valve.As a core part of nozzle flapper servo valve,the armature assembly is affected by electromagnetic force,jet force and feedback force at the same time.Due to the complex structure of the pilot stage flow field and the high jet pressure,the prediction of the jet force has always been difficult in modeling the transient motion of the servo valve.Whereupon,a numerical simulation method based on the flow-solid interaction(FSI)is applied to observe the variation of the jet force when the flapper is moving.Different parameters are employed to seek a suitable numerical simulation model which can balance the accuracy and computational cost.By comparing with the experiment results,the effectiveness of numerical simulation method in predicting the variation of the jet force and cavitation is verified.By this numerical simulation model,the distribution of flow field and the force on the flapper predicted by the moving and fixed flapper are compared.The results show that more dynamic details are achieved by the transient simulation.By analyzing the numerical simulation results of different inlet pressures and flapper vibration frequencies,the relationship between the movement of the flapper,the flow field distribution,the jet force and the inlet pressure is established,which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent modeling of the armature assembly.

Cold-state Experimental Study on Flow Characteristics of Multi-nozzle in Natural Gas Reburning Burner

Based on the prototypes of a 130 t/h boiler, constant proportional cold-state test bench is established, flow characteristics of multi-nozzle in natural gas reburning burner and its influence on the covering effect for the upflow in the furnace are researched. Numerical simulations of this process are also made with standard ?turbulence model. The results show that air flow fullness in furnace is better in the case of the reburning zone with 8 nozzles compared to 4 nozzles and also coverage effect of the reburning flow for the updraft gas in the furnace is better. In the condition each nozzle airflow velocity is constant, the effect of reburning flow on coverage of up-secondary air is best when the incident angle for four corners is 14.17?, while Center of the furnace wall is 84.57. And while the best incident angle is invariable, the effect of reburning flow on coverage of up-secondary air is best when the speed of reburning gas in the corners of furnace is 51 m/s, the same to the center of the furnace wall’s.

A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study of Shotcrete Jets and Related Wet Spray Nozzles

In this research,the dynamics of wet spray nozzles with different geometries,used to accelerate shotcrete,are investigated on the basis of a suitable three-dimensional mathematical model and related numerical method.Simulations have been conducted in the frame of the SIMPLEC algorithm.The k-εturbulence model has been used to account for turbulent effects.The study shows that when the angle of the convergent section is less than 3°,it has a scarce effect on the dynamics of the jet of shotcrete;with the increase of the convergence angle,the shotcrete jet velocity decreases and the nozzle wear increases;when this angle is greater than 6°,the concrete outlet jet velocity is very small and the nozzle can easily be blocked.Experimental results are in good agreement with the outcomes of the numerical simulations,which indicates that the used approach is reliable.

Simulation of Gas Flow Field in Laval Nozzle and Straight Nozzle for Powder Metallurgy and Spray Forming

Gas flow field in nozzles and out of nozzles was calculated for Laval orifice and straight orifice nozzles. The results showed that the flow generated by the Laval nozzle had a higher exit velocity in the vicinity of the nozzle, in comparison with that of the straight nozzle, that is to say, a Laval nozzle was more efficient than a straight one in disintegrating the melt stream and was apt to produce finer powders. The flow generated by the Laval nozzle was less convergent and the velocity gradient along the radial direction was more moderate than that of a straight nozzle, which could contribute to a broad distribution of melt particles. According to their flow characteristics, the Laval nozzle was reckoned as a better choice of producing larger spray-formed billets.

A numerical study of cavitating flows in high-pressure diesel injection nozzle holes using a two-fluid model

Cavitating flows inside a diesel injection nozzle hole were simulated using a two-fluid model. Attention was focused on the complex cavitation processes and flow characteristics under constant inlet pressure and fluctuant inlet pressure modes. To validate the two-fluid model, model predictions were compared with the experimental data available in the literatures, and good agreement was achieved. The numerical results show that the appearance of supercavitation in the diesel nozzle hole induces obvious changes of flow field structures and exit flow conditions. The distributions of liquid phase turbulent kinetic energy and exit velocity profiles corresponding to the supercavitation regime indicate the potential for promoting the primary breakup of a diesel jet. Furthermore, the upstream pressure fluctuations significantly influence the cavitation processes. Both partial cavitation and supercavitation show unsteady behaviors as the rapid rise or fall of upstream pressure.

Investigation on cavitating turbulent flow for the twisted NACA66 hydrofoil using a PANS model with helicity modification

In the present paper,the unsteady cavitating turbulent flow over the twisted NACA66 hydrofoil is investigated based on an modified shear stress transfer k-ωpartially averaged Navier-Stokes(MSST PANS)model,i.e.,new MSST PANS(NMSST PANS)model,where the production term of kinetic energy in the turbulence model is modified with helicity.Compared with the experimental data,cavitation evolution and its characteristic frequency are satisfactorily predicted by the proposed NMSST PANS model.It is revealed that the interaction among the main flow,the reentrant jets,and sheet cavitation causes the formation of the primary shedding cavity near the mid-span and the secondary shedding cavity at each side of the twisted hydrofoil,and further induces the remarkable pressure gradient around shedding cavities.Along with the development of the primary and the secondary shedding cavities,the great pressure gradient associated with large cavity volume variation promotes the vortical flow generation and the spatial deformation of vortex structure during cavitation evolution,and results in the primary and the secondary U-type vortices.Further,dynamic mode decomposition(DMD)analysis is utilized to confirm the interaction among the main flow,the main reentrant jet and two side reentrant jets,and cavitation.These results indicate that the proposed NMSST PANS model is suitable to simulate the complicated cavitating turbulent flow for various engineering applications.

Influence of Diesel Nozzle Geometry on Cavitation Using Eulerian Multi-Fluid Method

Dependent on automatically generated unstructured grids, a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics(CFD)numerical simulation is performed to analyze the influence of nozzle geometry on the internal flow characteristics of a multi-hole diesel injector with the multi-phase flow model based on Eulerian multi-fluid method.The diesel components in nozzle are considered as two continuous phases, diesel liquid and diesel vapor respectively.Considering that both of them are fully coupled and interpenetrated, sepa...

Large Eddy Simulation of Flow Field in Vector Flow Clean-Room

The turbulent large eddy simulation (LES) technique and the finite element method (FEM) of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used to predict the three-dimensional flow field in a vector flow clean-room under empty state and static state conditions. The partly expanded Taylor-Galerkin (TG) discretization scheme is combined with implicit stream-upwind diffusion in the finite element formulation of the basic equations with Gauss filtering. The vortex viscosity subgrid model is used in the numerical simulation. The numerical results agree well with the available experimental data, showing that the LES method can more accurately predict the size and location of large eddies in clean-rooms than the standard k-ε two equation model.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT JETS WITH LATERAL INJECTION INTO A CROSSFLOW

In this paper, Numerical simulations of mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy fields are presented for three-dimensional lateral jet in crossflow, at the injection angles of -60° and -30 °. The RNG κ- ε turbulence model, with the two-layer wall function method, is adopted to simulate the characteristics of this flow at the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios, 1, 2 and 4. The results show that the injection angle and jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio can change the flow fields, and the range upstream affected by jet injected laterally increase and the curvature of jet trajectories varies along the flow direction. Furthermore, the separation events in the lee of the jet exit and behind the jet bending-segment have been found, and the mechanisms of two vortex systems are analyzed.

双组分层撞击流反应器流场时空演化数值模拟

为了研究双组分层撞击流反应器流场时空演化规律,利用大涡模拟方法进行数值模拟。结合第三代涡识别方法在空间尺度上,对轴向面、周向环面和径向面的速度场、涡量场进行分析;在时间尺度上,揭示速度场、涡量场和涡当地旋转轴的演化规律。结果表明:轴向面和径向面的涡强度呈多峰分布,周向环面涡强度的变化分为增强-稳定-增强3阶段。以XOY面作为研究参考,在两层喷嘴间依据涡发生位置的变化和多尺度涡的碰撞、破碎情况,涡发生期分为6个阶段,涡演化周期分为12个阶段,可据此预测反应器内部流型变化和流场所处阶段。

船体清洗空化喷嘴设计与仿真

为提高空化射流技术在船舶清洗领域的应用范围,设计了一种适用于船体底部海洋附着物清洗的异形中心体空化喷嘴。通过FLUENT流场数值模拟方法,研究了中心体末端形状、中心体末端延伸长度、中心体末端直径、扩散段角度和扩散段长度等参数对空化效果的影响,得到相应参数下喷嘴流场的气相分布云图、中心轴线上的速度和压力分布曲线以及靶面压力曲线等结果。研究表明:空化现象主要产生于中心体末端和扩散段壁面;中心体直柱形末端相较于锥形末端有更好的空化效果;合适的直柱形中心体末端延伸距离会使气相分布范围更广;扩散段角度在60°~70°时空化效果较好,适当增加扩散段长度有利于扩大气相分布范围。

低能耗喷气涡流纺喷嘴气流场数值模拟与纺纱实验

为探究喷嘴气压与喷射孔数量对喷气涡流纺喷嘴能耗与气流机械能特性的影响规律,采用计算流体动力学对喷嘴内气流流动特征进行数值模拟,基于静压特性和机械能特性对喷嘴耗气量和成纱强度进行预测,并与纺纱实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:随着喷嘴气压的增加,喷嘴内静压值总体呈现降低趋势,而喷射孔出口附近静压值增加,喷嘴内气流机械能随喷嘴气压增加而呈现增大的趋势;随着喷射孔数量的增加,喷嘴内静压值呈现先降低后增加的趋势,而喷射孔出口处静压变化并不显著,加捻腔内气流的机械能呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而锭子与涡流管间环形区域中气流的机械能单调递增。基于数值模拟对耗气量和成纱强度的预测与实验测试结果一致,为揭示参数对喷气涡流纺成纱过程中喷嘴能耗的影响提供有效的方法,为低能耗喷气涡流纺纱喷嘴的设计提供理论参考。

海底电缆覆盖物清理的移动射流过程仿真分析

在实际工况中,高压喷嘴存在横向移动的速度,使得射流对土体的冲埋深度难以预测,导致海缆表面覆盖物清理不完全。针对此问题,建立了优化后的流场与冲埋深度预测理论模型,利用数值仿真对模型进行了验证。首先,建立了一种喷嘴流场优化模型,阐述了冲埋深度的预测方法;其次,建立了水射流破土数值仿真模型,选取射流压强、喷嘴直径、喷嘴横移速度以及土壤剪切强度4种控制参数,分析了不同参数对冲埋深度的影响。结果表明,随着射流压强、喷嘴直径的增大,冲坑深度逐渐增大;随着喷嘴横移速度和土体剪切强度的增加,冲坑深度逐渐减小。最后,理论结果和仿真结果进行对比,两者误差在允许范围之内。该模型可在一定程度上解决冲埋深度难以预测的问题,可为工程应用提供指导。

基于自适应修正模型的飞行器外流场三维计算方法

目前飞行器外流场仿真方法中存在流体可压缩性判断依赖经验知识以及目标外流场三维仿真缺乏封闭约束条件的问题。对此,提出一种基于自适应修正模型的三维外流场数值计算方法。根据飞行器外流场变异系数先验知识,采用加权平均N-S方程表示可压缩流体物理量分布,同时利用膨胀压缩修正和激波不定项修正两种策略自适应地修正k-ε湍流模型的可压缩性约束条件,并采用壁面函数对近壁区进行近似计算修正约束条件。以某型号无人机外流场分布三维建模仿真实验,结果表明:当飞行器速度达到1.5马赫时,可压缩修正模型出现边界约束条件临界值,所提自适应可压缩修正算法能有效判断气体可压缩性的变化并提升流体分布计算的准确性。

平面膨胀偏流喷管流场特性和推力性能研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了平面膨胀偏流喷管在压力比10~150之间的流场特性和推力性能,并与同扩张比传统收敛-发散喷管进行比较。随着压力比不断增大,ED喷管内超声速流动区域面积增大,剪切层向轴线靠近,产生再附着激波,粘性再循环区逐渐与外界大气隔离,流动模式由“开尾流”转变为“闭尾流”。2种流动模式发生转换的标志是基底压力发生突降。所设计的ED喷管在所有计算条件下性能均优于CD喷管,在较低压力比下性能优势更为明显。ED喷管性能提升的原因主要有2点:①不发生壁面流动分离,减少了过膨胀损失;②在压力比较低的条件下,从中心体发出的第一道激波到达喷管壁面时,大量流动发生压缩转向,导致内壁面压力升高,进而导致性能提升。