Effects of silt particle on cavitation flow in centrifugal pump

Based on numerical method, effects of silt particle with certain silt mean diameter and silt concentration on the evolution of cavitation in a centrifugal pump were studied. Silt mean diameter 0.005 mm and silt concentration 1.0% were adopted in numerical simulations. Cavitation flow in a flat- nosed cylinder was simulated to validate the designed algorithm. Cavitaton flows of water and silt-laden water were simulated and compared. The results indicate that the silt particles promote the evolution of cavitation. At the outlet pressure of 6.0×10^5 Pa, cavitation bubbles do not exist in the water flow, but a few cavitation bubbles appeare in the silt-laden water flow, demonstrating the silt particles induce the formation of cavitation bubbles. At the outlet pressure of 5.29×10^5 Pa, the vapor volume fraction in the silt-laden water flow is much larger than that in the water flow, indicating that the silt particles enhance the evolution of cavitation. The properties of silt particle, static pressure, flow field structure, turbulent kinetic energy and density difference have a close relationship with the evolution of cavitation.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BUBBLE FLOW INTERACTIONS

Bubble flow interaction can be important in many practical engineering applications. For instance, cavitation is a problem of interaction between nuclei and local pressure field variations including turbulent oscillations and large scale pressure variations. Various types of behaviours fundamentally depend on the relative sizes of the nuclei and the length scales of the pressure variations as well as the relative importance of bubble natural periods of oscillation and the characteristic time of the field pressure variations. Similarly, bubbles can significantly affect the performance of lifting devices or propulsors. We present here some fundamental numerical studies of bubble dynamics and deformation, then a practical method using a multi-bubble Surface Averaged Pressure （DF-Multi-SAP ） to simulate cavitation inception and scaling, and connect this with more precise 3-D simulations. This same method is then extended to the study of two-way coupling between a viscous compressible flow and a bubble population in the flow field.

Parallelization strategies for resolved simulations of fluid-structure-particle interactions

Fluid-structure-particle interactions in three spatial dimensions happen in many environmental and engineering flows.This paper presents the parallel algorithms for the hybrid diffuse and sharp interface immersed boundary(IB)method developed in our previous work.For the moving structure modeled using the sharp interface IB method,a recursive box method is developed for efficiently classifying the background grid nodes.For the particles modeled using the diffuse interface IB method,a‘master-slave’approach is adopted.For the particle-particle interaction(PPI)and particle-structure interaction(PSI),a fast algorithm for classifying the active and inactive Lagrangian points,which discretize the particle surface,is developed for the‘dry’contact approach.The results show that the proposed recursive box method can reduce the classifying time from 52seconds to 0.3 seconds.Acceptable parallel efficiency is obtained for cases with different particle concentrations.Furthermore,the lubrication model is utilized when a particle approaches a wall,enabling an accurate simulation of the rebounding phenomena in the benchmark particle-wall collision problem.At last,the capability of the proposed computational framework is demonstrated by simulating particle-laden turbulent channel flows with rough walls.

Influence of Diesel Nozzle Geometry on Cavitation Using Eulerian Multi-Fluid Method

Dependent on automatically generated unstructured grids, a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics(CFD)numerical simulation is performed to analyze the influence of nozzle geometry on the internal flow characteristics of a multi-hole diesel injector with the multi-phase flow model based on Eulerian multi-fluid method.The diesel components in nozzle are considered as two continuous phases, diesel liquid and diesel vapor respectively.Considering that both of them are fully coupled and interpenetrated, sepa...

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOWS WITH CONSIDERATION OF THE BUOYANCY EFFECT OF THE BUBBLE PHASE

Turbulent channel flows with consideration of the buoyancy effect of the bubble phase is investigated by means of the Direct Numerical Simulation （DNS）. This two-phase system is solved by a two-way coupling Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The Reynolds number based on the friction velocity and the half-width of the channel is 194, and the gravitational acceleration varies from -0.5 to 0.5, ranging from the upflow to the downflow cases. This study aims to reveal the influence of buoyancy on the turbulence behavior and the bubble motion. Some typical statistical quantities, including the averaged velocities and velocity fluctuations for the fluid and bubble phases, as well as the flow structures of the turbulence fluctuations, are analyzed.

Numerical Simulation of Interaction Between Laminar Flow and Elastic Sheet

A numerical simulation of the interaction between laminar flow with low Reynolds number and a highly flexible elastic sheet is presented. The mathematical model for the simulation includes a three-dimensional finitevolume based fluid solver for incompressible viscous flow and a combined finite-discrete element method for the three-dimensional deformation of solid. An immersed boundary method is used to couple the simulation of fluid and solid. It is implemented through a set of immersed boundary points scattered on the solid surface. These points provide a deformable solid wall boundary for the fluid by adding body force to Navier-Stokes equations. The force from the fluid is also obtained for each point and then applied on the boundary nodes of the solid. The vortex-induced vibration of the highly flexible elastic sheet is simulated with the established mathematical model. The simulated results for both swing pattern and oscillation frequency of the elastic sheet in low Reynolds number flow agree well with experimental data.

Numerical simulation of gas-liquid two-phase jet flow in air-bubble generator

Air-bubble generator is the key part of the self-inspiration type swirl flotation machines,whose flow field structure has a great effect on flotation.The multiphase volume of fluid(VOF),standard k-ε turbulent model and the SIMPLE method were chosen to simulate the present model;the first order upwind difference scheme was utilized to perform a discrete solution for momentum equation.The distributing law of the velocity,pressure,turbulent kinetic energy of every section along the flow direction of air-bubble generator was analyzed.The results indicate that the bubbles are heavily broken up in the middle cross section of throat sect and the entrance of diffuser sect along the flow direction,and the turbulent kinetic energy of diffuser sect is larger than the entrance of throat sect and mixing chamber.

Numerical Simulation of Unsteady-State Flowsin Bubble Column Reactors

Unsteady-state operation has been widely applied in chemical engineering, such as optimizing a process, increasing yield and saving energy, etc. But the knowledge of the flow characteristics in bubble column reactors(BCRs) under unsteady state control is far from enough. In order to study the flow structures in this operation, the volume of fluid (VOF) model and the standard k-ε model to simulate the evolution of gas-liquid flow in BCRs under the start-up state are combined. For both the symmetry and asymmetry flow, the layout of the gas-inlets, the gas-in velocity, the liquid viscosity and the aspect ratio of the BCR all have effects on the liquid velocity distribution. The simulation results could provide some information for the design and scale-up of the BCRs.

Numerical Simulation of Shock Bubble Interaction with Different Mach Numbers

The interaction of a shock wave with a spherical helium bubble is investigated numerically by using the high- resolution piecewise parabolic method （PPM）, in which the viscous and turbulence effects are both considered. The bubble is of the same size and is accelerated by a planar shock of different Mach numbers （Ma）. The re- suits of low Ma cases agree quantitatively with those of experiments [G. Layes, O. Le M4tayer. Phys. Fluids 19 （2007） 042105]. With the increase of Ma, the final geometry of the bubble becomes quite different, the com- pression ratio is highly raised, and the time-dependent mean bubble velocity is also influenced. The compression ratios measured can be well normalized when Ma is low, while less agreement has been achieved for high Ma cases. In addition, the mixedness between two fluids is enhanced greatly as Ma increases. Some existed scaling laws of these quantities for the shock wave strength cannot be directly applied to high Ma cases.

Numerical analysis of cavitation within slanted axial-flow pump

In this paper, the cavitating flow within a slanted axial-flow pump is numerically researched. The hydraulic and cavitation performance of the slanted axial-flow pump under different operation conditions are estimated. Compared with the experimental hydraulic performance curves, the numerical results show that the filter-based model is better than the standard k-ε model to predict the parameters of hydraulic performancE. In cavitation simulation, compared with the experimental results, the proposed numerical method has good predicting ability. Under different cavitation conditions, the internal cavitating flow fields within slanted axial-flow pump are investigated. Compared with flow visualization results, the major internal flow features can be effectively grasped. In order to explore the origin of the cavitation performance breakdown, the Boundary Vorticity Flux （BVF） is introduced to diagnose the cavitating flow fields. The analysis results indicate that the cavitation performance drop is relevant to the instability of cavitating flow on the blade suction surface.

Numerical simulation on turbulent flow field in convergentdiveroent nozzle

Because of the complication of turbulence＇s mechanism and law as well as the jet pressure in nozzle is difficult to test by experiment, five turbulent models were applied to numerically simulate the turbulent flow field in convergent-divergent nozzle. Theory analysis and experiment results of mass flow rates conclude that the RNG k-ε model is the most suitable model. The pressure distribution in the convergent-divergent nozzle was revealed by computational fluid dynamic （CFD） simulating on the turbulent flow field under different pressure conditions. The growing conditions of cavitation bubbles were shown; meanwhile, the phenomena in the experiment could be explained. The differential pres- sure between the upstream and downstream in nozzle throat section can improve the cavitating effect of cavitation water jet.

Numerical simulation of bubble chaotic motion in a cavitating water jet

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is developed to investigate the radical motion of single cavitating bubble in the oscillating pressure field of a cavitating water jet. Regarding water as a compressible fluid, the simulation is performed at different oscillating frequencies. It is found that the bubble motion presents obvious nonlinear feature, and bifurcation and chaos appear on some conditions. The results manifest the indetermination of the cavitating bubble motion in the oscillating pressure field of the cavitating water jet.

Numerical Simulation of the Slit-Trap Dam Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction

Debris flow can cause serious damage,and it is a part of the study of fluid-structure interaction(FSI).FSI analysis was established on the interaction between unsteady flow and the slit-trap dam's vibration,with a coupling bench which can transfer fluid pressure and structure displacement.Debris flow can be seen as the Bingham body of incompressible.Based on ANSYS and CFX softwares,unidirectional and bidirectional coupling methods were used to study the transient interaction between debris flow and dam.The comparison between lateral fluid pressure states under different velocities and the equivalent stresses of the dam under different coupling conditions was made.The result shows that fluid-structure coupling becomes stronger with the increase of flow velocity.The maximum equivalent stress appears at the dam foundation,while the minimum equivalent stress appears at the dam abutment.With the increase of height,the fluid pressure decreases.The fluid pressure based on unidirectional FSI analysis is larger than that based on bidirectional FSI analysis and the maximum appears on the joint of the dam foundation and channel.The maximum equivalent stress of the dam based on the former is less than that based on the latter.

Progress in numerical simulation of cavitating water jets

This paper reviews recent progress made toward modeling of cavitation and numerical simulation of cavitating water jets. Properties of existing cavitation models are discussed and a compressible mixture flow method for the numerical simulation of high- speed water jets accompanied by intensive cavitation is introduced. Two-phase fluids media of cavitating flow are treated as a homo- geneous bubbly mixture and the mean flow is computed by solving Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations for com- pressible fluid. The intensity of cavitation is evaluated by the gas volume fraction, which is governed by the compressibility of bubble-liquid mixture corresponding to the status of mean flow field. Numerical results of cavitating water jet issuing from an orifice nozzle are presented and its applicability to intensively cavitating jets is demonstrated. However, the effect of impact pressure caused by collapsing of bubbles is neglected, and effectively coupling of the present compressible mixture flow method with the dynamics of bubbles remains to be a challenge.

Numerical simulation of slurry jets using mixture model

Slurry jets in a static uniform environment were simulated with a two-phase mixture model in which flow-particle interactions were considered. A standard k-e turbulence model was chosen to close the governing equations. The computational results were in agreement with previous laboratory measurements. The characteristics of the two-phase flow field and the influences of hydraulic and geometric parameters on the distribution of the slurry jets were analyzed on the basis of the computational results. The calculated results reveal that if the initial velocity of the slurry jet is high, the jet spreads less in the radial direction. When the slurry jet is less influenced by the ambient fluid （when the Stokes number St is relatively large）, the turbulent kinetic energy k and turbulent dissipation rate e, which are relatively concentrated around the jet axis, decrease more rapidly after the slurry jet passes through the nozzle. For different values of St, the radial distributions of streamwise velocity and particle volume fraction are both self-similar and fit a Gaussian profile after the slurry jet fully develops. The decay rate of the particle velocity is lower than that of water velocity along the jet axis, and the axial distributions of the centerline particle streamwise velocity are self-similar along the jet axis. The pattern of particle dispersion depends on the Stokes number St. When St = 0.39, the panicle dispersion along the radial direction is considerable, and the relative velocity is very low due to the low dynamic response time. When St = 3.08, the dispersion of particles along the radial direction is very little, and most of the particles have high relative velocities along the streamwise direction.

Numerical investigation of cavitating flow behind the cone of a poppet valve in water hydraulic system

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cavitating flow through water hydraulic poppet valves were performed using advanced RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. The flow was turbulent, incompressible and unsteady, for Reynolds numbers greater than 43 000. The working fluid was water, and the structure of the valve was simplified as a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical model. Flow field visualization was numerically achieved. The effects of inlet velocity, outlet pressure, opening size as well as poppet angle on cavitation intensity in the poppet valve were numerically investigated. Experimental flow visualization was conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice in the poppet valve with 30° poppet angle using high speed video camera. The binary cavitating flow field distribution obtained from digital processing of the original cavitation image showed a good agreement with the numerical result.

Numerical Simulation on Ship Bubbly Wake

Based on a volume of fluid two-phase model imbedded in the general computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT6.3.26, the viscous flow with free surface around a model-scaled KRISO container ship （KCS） was first numerically simulated. Then with a rigid-lid-free-surface method, the underwater flow field was computed based on the mixture muitiphase model to simulate the bubbly wake around the KCS hull. The realizable k-e two-equation turbulence model and Reynolds stress model were used to analyze the effects of turbulence model on the ship bubbly wake. The air entrainment model, which is relative to the normal velocity gradient of the free surface, and the solving method were verified by the qualitatively reasonable computed results.

FLOW-3D气泡流模型关键参数敏感性探究

为了探究FLOW-3D气泡流模型的黑匣子细节,以45°陡槽均匀流的试验数据为参考,对计算结果对临界韦伯数、临界毛细管数、初始气泡直径、拖曳阻力系数和Richardson-Zaki调节系数等模型参数的敏感性进行了探究。结果表明:明渠掺气水流中气泡尺寸主要受临界毛细管数控制,临界韦伯数仅在掺气水面附近对气泡大小有微弱影响。拖曳系数和Richardson-Zaki调节系数对结果的影响较大,而临界毛细管数、临界韦伯数以及气泡初始直径对计算结果的影响则相对较小。大于默认值的拖曳系数和Richardson-Zaki调节系数会提高湍流强度并增加掺气,但小于默认值的参数对计算结果的影响更为显著。因此,在使用FLOW-3D进行掺气水流模拟时,应主要对拖曳系数和Richardson-Zaki调节系数进行调校,以提高模型的准确性。

过渡流道对串联高速离心泵空化特性的影响

为分析不同结构的过渡流道对串联高速离心泵空化特性的影响,以某型串联高速离心泵的第2级为研究对象,基于ANSYS Fluent中Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,采用RNG k-ε双方程湍流模型对同一工况下环形和螺旋形过渡流道在不同空化数下的增压值、叶片空化面积、流道内空泡体积进行了对比分析.结果表明:采用螺旋形过渡流道的次级离心泵在流量区间32000~64000 L/h增压值提升约8.5%,大流量工况(qV>52000 L/h)下效率提升3%~6%.次级叶轮发生完全空化时,相比环形过渡流道,螺旋形过渡流道次级叶轮叶片背面空化面积和流道内空泡体积均有所下降.由此可见,螺旋形过渡流道抑制了叶轮叶片空化气泡的产生,提升了次级叶轮的抗空化性能.

基于CEL方法的带结构物溃坝流数值模拟

随着全球气温的不断升高,极端天气现象增多,溃坝现象成为水工结构方向需要重点防范的自然灾害。溃坝流的发展会对下游结构物产生巨大的破坏作用,因此深入探究溃坝流现象的水动力学特性以及溃坝流下游结构物所受到的冲击力影响势在必行。本文针对带有结构物的溃坝流动问题现象,采用CEL方法(Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis,耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法),对于溃坝流的发展、演化进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明,模拟结果中溃坝流自由表面及流体尖端时程变化与文献试验结果拟合较好,CEL方法可应用在溃坝流现象的模拟,并且具有较好的准确性和精度。结构物材料性能、高度及与结构物与溃坝流间的位置,均会影响溃坝流的运动状态以及结构物的受力变形状态,在不考虑结构物破坏的情况下,提高结构物弹性模量,增加结构物高度,以及减小结构物与溃坝流间的距离均可提高结构物对于溃坝流的阻挡作用。