Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides on growth performance,intestinal barrier function and cecal microbiota in yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress

Background Global warming leading to heat stress(HS)is becoming a major challenge for broiler production.This study aimed to explore the protective effects of seaweed(Enteromorpha prolifera)polysaccharides(EPS)on the intestinal barrier function,microbial ecology,and performance of broilers under HS.A total of 144 yellow-feathered broilers(male,56 days old)with 682.59±7.38 g were randomly assigned to 3 groups:1)TN(thermal neutral zone,23.6±1.8℃),2)HS(heat stress,33.2±1.5℃ for 10 h/d),and 3)HSE(HS+0.1%EPS).Each group contained 6 replicates with 8 broilers per replicate.The study was conducted for 4 weeks;feed intake and body weights were measured at the end of weeks 2 and 4.At the end of the feeding trial,small intestine samples were collected for histomorphology,antioxidant,secretory immunoglobulin A(s Ig A)content,apoptosis,gene and protein expression analysis;cecal contents were also collected for microbiota analysis based on 16S r DNA sequencing.Results Dietary EPS promoted the average daily gain(ADG)of broilers during 3–4 weeks of HS(P<0.05).At the end of HS on broilers,the activity of total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),glutathione S-transferase(GST),and the content of s Ig A in jejunum were improved by EPS supplementation(P<0.05).Besides,dietary EPS reduced the epithelial cell apoptosis of jejunum and ileum in heat-stressed broilers(P<0.05).Addition of EPS in HS group broilers'diet upregulated the relative m RNA expression of Occludin,ZO-1,γ-GCLc and IL-10 of the jejunum(P<0.05),whereas downregulated the relative m RNA expression of NF-κB p65,TNF-αand IL-1βof the jejunum(P<0.05).Dietary EPS increased the protein expression of Occludin and ZO-1,whereas it reduced the protein expression of NF-κB p65 and MLCK(P<0.01)and tended to decrease the protein expression of TNF-α(P=0.094)in heat-stressed broilers.Furthermore,the proportions of Bacteroides and Oscillospira among the three groups were positively associated with jejunal apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression(P<0.05)and negatively correlated with jejunal Occludin level(P<0.05).However,the proportions of Lactobacillus,Barnesiella,Subdoligranulum,Megasphaera,Collinsella,and Blautia among the three groups were positively related to ADG(P<0.05).Conclusions EPS can be used as a feed additive in yellow-feathered broilers.It effectively improves growth performance and alleviates HS-induced intestinal injury by relieving inflammatory damage and improving the tight junction proteins expression.These beneficial effects may be related to inhibiting NF-κB/MLCK signaling pathway activation and regulation of cecal microbiota.

Oral administration of Moringa oleifera leaf powder relieves oxidative stress,modulates mucosal immune response and cecal microbiota after exposure to heat stress in New Zealand White rabbits

Background:Heat stress(HS)disrupts the gut barrier allowing the uptake of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and leads to an inflammatory response and changes in gut microbiota composition.Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP)has been proposed to combat HS,yet its alleviate role is currently under investigation.The current study investigated the effects of chronic HS and MOLP supplementation on changes in redox status and immune response of cecal mucosa along with alteration in cecal microbiota.Methods:A total of 21 young New Zealand White(NZW)rabbits(male)about 32 weeks old(mean body weight of 3318±171 g)reared on a commercial pelleted diet were employed;divided into three groups(n=7):control(CON,25°C),heat stress(HS,35°C for 7 h daily),and HS supplemented orally with MOLP(HSM,35°C)at 200 mg/kg body weight per day for 4 weeks.Results:The results demonstrated that MOLP supplementation increased organ index of cecal tissue compared with the HS group(P>0.05).Levels of malonaldehyde(MDA)and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)as well as lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)were reduced in the cecal mucosa of the HSM group compared with the HS group.MOLP downregulated the contents of cecal mucosa LPS,several inflammatory markers(TNF-α/IL-1α/IL-1β),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in the HSM group(P<0.05).Secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA)was increased in the HSM group compared with the HS group(P<0.05).The transcriptome of cecal mucosa showed that MOLP reduced gene expression relative to several immune factors,including IL-10,IFNG,and RLA,whereas both HS and MOLP increased the gene expression of fat digestion and absorption pathway,including APOA1,FABP1,FABP2,MTTP,andLOC100344166,compared to the CON group(P<0.001).At the phylum level,the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was increased by HS,while Actinobacteria was significantly increased by HSM compared to other groups(P<0.05).At genus level,Papillibacter was higher in abundance in HSM groups compared to CON and HS groups(P<0.05).Higher butyrate concentrations were observed in the HSM group than HS and CON groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:In conclusion,HS in growing rabbits resulted in alteration of cecal microbiota at phyla level as well as increased oxidative stress and expression of mucosal inflammatory genes.Whereas,oral MOLP supplementation elevated the relative weight of cecum,affected their immunological and cecal micro-ecosystem function by improving antioxidant status and down-regulating mucosal tissue inflammatory response.

Cecal microbiota transplantation:unique influence of cecal microbiota from divergently selected inbred donor lines on cecal microbial profile,serotonergic activity,and aggressive behavior of recipient chickens

Background Accumulating evidence from human trials and rodent studies has indicated that modulation of gut microbiota affects host physiological homeostasis and behavioral characteristics.Similarly,alterations in gut micro-biota could be a feasible strategy for reducing aggressive behavior and improving health in chickens.The study was conducted to determine the effects of early-life cecal microbiota transplantation(CMT)on cecal microbial composi-tion,brain serotonergic activity,and aggressive behavior of recipient chickens.Methods Chicken lines 63 and 72 with nonaggressive and aggressive behavior,respectively,were used as donors and a commercial strain Dekalb XL was used as recipients for CMT.Eighty-four 1-d-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments with 7 cages per treatment and 4 chickens per cage(n=7):saline(control,CTRL),cecal solution of line 6_(3)(6_(3)-CMT),and cecal solution of line 7_(2)(7_(2)-CMT).Transplantation was conducted via oral gavage once daily from d 1 to 10,and then boosted once weekly from week 3 to 5.At weeks 5 and 16,home-cage behavior was recorded,and chickens with similar body weights were assigned to paired aggression tests between the treat-ments.Samples of blood,brain,and cecal content were collected from the post-tested chickens to detect CMT-induced biological and microbiota changes.Results 63-CMT chickens displayed less aggressive behavior with a higher hypothalamic serotonergic activity at week 5.Correspondingly,two amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)belonging to Lachnospiraceae and one Ruminococ-caceae UCG-005 ASV were positively correlated with the levels of brain tryptophan and serotonin,respectively.7_(2)-CMT chickens had lower levels of brain norepinephrine and dopamine at week 5 with higher levels of plasma serotonin and tryptophan at week 16.ASVs belonging to Mollicutes RF39 and GCA-900066225 in 7_(2)-CMT chickens were nega-tively correlated with the brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA)at week 5,and one Bacteroides ASV was negatively correlated with plasma serotonin at week 16.Conclusion Results indicate that CMT at an early age could regulate aggressive behavior via modulating the cecal microbial composition,together with central serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems in recipient chickens.The selected CMT could be a novel strategy for reducing aggressive behavior through regulating signaling along the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Effect of riboflavin deficiency on intestinal morphology,jejunum mucosa proteomics,and cecal microbiota of Pekin ducks

This study was to determine the effects of riboflavin deficiency(RD)on intestinal development,jejunum mucosa proteome,cecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)profiling,and cecal microbial diversity and community of starter Pekin ducks.Male white Pekin ducks(1 d old,n=240)were allocated into 2 groups,with 12 replicates and 10 birds per replicate in each group.For 21 d,all ducks had ad libitum access to either an RD or a riboflavin adequate(control,CON)diet,formulated by supplementing a basal diet with 0 or 10 mg riboflavin per kg of diet,respectively.Compared to the CON group,growth retardation,high mortality,and poor riboflavin status were observed in the RD group.Furthermore,RD reduced the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of jejunum and ileum(P<0.05),indicating morphological alterations of the small intestine.In addition,dietary RD enhanced relative cecum weight and decreased cecal SCFA concentrations(P<0.05),including propionate,isobutyrate,butyrate,and isovalerate.The jejunum mucosa proteomics showed that 208 proteins were upregulated and 229 proteins were downregulated in the RD group compared to those in the CON group.Among these,RD mainly suppressed intestinal absorption and energy generation processes such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis,fatty acid beta oxidation,tricarboxylic acid cycle,and oxidative phosphorylation,leading to impaired ATP generation.In addition,RD decreased the community richness and diversity of the bacterial community in the cecum of ducks.Specifically,RD reduced the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the cecum(P<0.05),such as Eubacterium coprostanoligenes,Prevotella and Faecalibacterium.Dietary RD resulted in growth depression and intestinal hypofunction of Pekin ducks,which could be associated with impaired intestinal absorption and energy generation processes in intestinal mucosa,as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis.These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of intestinal hypofunction due to RD.

Effect of replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat on performance,digestibility,cecal microbiome,liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes of broilers

Background In contrast to protein-rich insect meal,the feed potential of insect fat is generally less explored and knowledge about the suitability of insect fat as a fat source specifically in broiler diets is still limited.In view of this,the present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effect of partial(50%) and complete replacement of soybean oil with insect fat from Hermetia illucens(HI) larvae in broiler diets on performance,fat digestibility,cecal microbiome,liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes.Thus,100 male,1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to three groups and fed three different diets with either 0(group HI-0,n cens(HI) larvae fat for 35 d.= 30),2.5%(group HI-2.5,n %(HI-5.0,n = 35) or 5.0= 35) Hermetia illuResults Body weight gain,final body weight,feed intake,and feed:gain ratio during the whole period and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient for ether extract were not different between groups.Cecal microbial diversity did not differ between groups and taxonomic analysis revealed differences in the abundance of only four low-abundance bacterial taxa among groups;the abundances of phylum Actinobacteriota,class Coriobacteriia,order Coriobacteriales and family Eggerthellaceae were lower in group HI-5.0 compared to group HI-2.5(P < 0.05).Concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids in the cecal digesta were not different between the three groups.Liver transcriptomics revealed a total of 55 and 25 transcripts to be differentially expressed between groups HI-5.0 vs.HI-0 and groups HI-2.5 vs.HI-0,respectively(P < 0.05).The concentrations of most lipid classes,with the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine,phosphatidylglycerol and lysophosphatidylcholine in the liver and cholesterylester and ceramide in plasma(P < 0.05),and of the sum of all lipid classes were not different between groups.Conclusions Partial and complete replacement of soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets had no effect on growth performance and only modest,but no adverse effects on the cecal microbiome and the metabolic health of broilers.This suggests that HI larvae fat can be used as an alternative fat source in broiler diets,thereby,making broiler production more sustainable.

Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function, antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers

Cinnamon essential oil(CEO)and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid(BLF)have been shown to exhibit an additive antibacterial effect in vitro,but their functions in broilers were not clear.An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded levels of CEO and its combination with BLF on the growth performance,immune responses,antioxidative ability,and intestinal morphology and microbiota of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.A total of 576 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male broilers were randomly allotted to 9 treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each in a completely randomized design.Birds were fed on a basal corn-soybean meal diet(control,without plant extracts and antibiotics),or the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg of aureomycin kg^-1,50,100,200,400,or 800 mg of CEO kg^-1,a combination of 100 mg of CEO and 16.7 mg of BLF kg^-1,or a combination of 200 mg of CEO kg^-1 and 33.3 mg of BLF kg^-1 for 42 d.Dietary treatment affected(P<0.05)the serum immune globulin M(IgM)contents on d 42,liver malondialdehyde(MDA)contents on d 21,duodenal crypt depth on d 42,relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents on d 21,and relative abundances of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in the cecal contents on d 42,but had no effect(P>0.16)on all other measured indices.The addition of 400 mg of CEO kg^-1 or a combination of 200 mg CEO kg^-1 and 33.3 mg BLF kg^-1 increased(P<0.02)serum IgM contents on d 42.Dietary supplementation with 100 or 200 mg CEO kg^-1,or 50 mg aureomycin kg^-1 decreased(P<0.003)liver MDA contents on d 21.In addition,the supplement of 100 mg CEO kg^-1 increased(P<0.002)the Lactobacillus relative abundance in caecum on d 21 and Bifidobacterium relative abundance in caecum on d 42,and decreased(P<0.0001)E.coli relative abundance in caecum on d 42.The results indicated that dietary supplementation with CEO,an alternative to aureomycin,improved the immune status,antioxidantative ability and cecal microbiota of broilers,and dietary supplementation with the combinations of CEO and BLF did not exhibit further effects.Dietary supplementation with 100 mg CEO kg^-1 is beneficial for broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.

饲粮不同比例番茄秸秆替代花生秧对肉兔生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和盲肠微生物结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同比例番茄秸秆替代花生秧对肉兔生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和盲肠微生物结构的影响。选取体重相近的140只60日龄肉兔(公母各占1/2),按照平均体重分为4组(每组17或18只公兔,每组35个重复,每个重复1只兔),分别饲喂不同比例番茄秸秆替代花生秧的全价配合饲料,替代比例分别为0(对照组)、5%(TS5组)、10%(TS10组)和20%(TS20组)。预试期3 d,正试期31 d。结果显示:饲粮中添加番茄秸秆对肉兔平均日采食量、脏器指数和盲肠微生物结构均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮中番茄秸秆的添加降低肉兔死亡率和腹泻率。与对照组相比,TS5组和TS10组肉兔的平均日增重和料重比没有显著改变(P>0.05),但是TS20组平均日增重显著降低(P<0.05),TS20组料重比显著升高(P<0.05)。随着番茄秸秆替代比例的增加,背最长肌黄度值呈现先升高后降低的趋势,TS10组黄度值最高。与对照组相比,TS5组和TS10组的小肠长度显著增加(P <0.05),TS20组没有显著变化(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,番茄秸秆的添加显著提高粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和粗灰分表观消化率(P<0.05),TS5组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加番茄秸秆并未对肉兔盲肠微生物结构产生显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中用5%~10%的番茄秸秆替代花生秧能够降低肉兔腹泻率和死亡率,调节小肠发育,提高饲粮中部分营养物质的消化率,建议饲粮中番茄秸秆替代比例不超过10%。

不同饲养模式下略阳乌鸡生长性能、免疫、肠道结构及盲肠菌群的对比分析

旨在研究三种饲养模式对略阳乌鸡生长性能、免疫功能、肠道结构及盲肠菌群的影响。本研究选取同批次70日龄健康略阳乌鸡90只,随机分为3组,分别为笼养组、网上平养组和散养组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只(公母各半)。预试验1周,所有试验鸡饲喂相同基础日粮,自由采食和饮水,饲养至119日龄。每隔7 d测定体重,试验期间记录耗料量,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比。样本收集包括血清、小肠和肠黏膜(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)以及盲肠内容物。结果表明:网上平养组、笼养组公母鸡的体重均显著高于散养组(P<0.01),试验后期(105~119日龄)笼养组母鸡体重显著高于网上平养和散养组(P<0.01);网上平养和笼养组的平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)均高于散养组(P<0.001、P=0.005),散养组料重比(F/G)显著高于笼养和平养组(P=0.002);采用ELISA试剂盒对血清免疫指标检测发现,网上平养组、笼养组和散养组公鸡免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)均无显著差异(P>0.05),网上平养母鸡免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量显著高于笼养和散养母鸡(P<0.05);肠道形态切片结果显示,网上平养组和笼养组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比值均显著高于散养组(P<0.05);各组盲肠内容物16S测序结果表明,在门水平分析,散养组增加了变形菌门、ε变形菌门和螺旋体的相对丰度,减少了拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度;网上平养组放线菌、疣微菌和绿弯菌的相对丰度增加,笼养组拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门相对丰度增加。在属水平上,散养组大肠杆菌、幽门螺杆菌、肠球菌和弯曲杆菌的相对丰度增加,粪杆菌、拟杆菌和阿克曼菌的相对丰度降低。笼养组中拟杆菌和理研菌科的相对丰度升高。综上所述,网上平养和笼养模式下的略阳乌鸡生长性能更优及肠道更加健康,网上平养模式可以改善母鸡免疫能力;因此,在本试验条件下,网上平养模式是更合适略阳乌鸡的饲养方式。

黄连须根提取物和益生菌对三黄鸡生长性能、免疫功能、肠道形态及盲肠菌群的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加黄连须根提取物和益生菌对三黄鸡的生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫器官指数、肠道组织形态及盲肠微生物区系的影响,有助于指导畜禽的科学养殖。【方法】以三黄鸡为试验对象,设置4个处理,试验组A为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;试验组B、C、D分别在基础日粮中添加4%黄连须根提取物+100 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌+100 mg/kg植物乳杆菌、8%黄连须根提取物+100 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌+100 mg/kg植物乳杆菌、12%黄连须根提取物+100 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌+100 mg/kg植物乳杆菌,测定比较其生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫器官指数、肠道组织形态及盲肠微生物区系的差异。【结果】饲粮中添加4%~12%黄连须根提取物+益生菌后显著增加三黄鸡的平均日增重,显著降低料重比(P<0.05,下同),显著降低血清中AST、TG、LDL-C含量,显著提高三黄鸡的胸腺指数、脾脏指数和法氏囊指数,显著提高三黄鸡十二指肠的绒毛高度。添加8%~12%黄连须根提取物+益生菌组合显著提升三黄鸡十二指肠和回肠的绒隐比,且显著提高三黄鸡盲肠菌群的Observed_species和Chao1丰富度指数,显著提高Shannon、Simpson多样性指数。添加4%~12%黄连须根提取物+益生菌组合的三黄鸡盲肠菌群中有害菌群Actinobacteria、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)的相对丰度显著降低,益生菌群瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、粪球菌属(Coprococcus)和颤螺菌属(Oscillospira)的相对丰度显著升高。【结论】饲粮中添加黄连须根提取物和益生菌,能提高三黄鸡的生长性能,增加平均日增重,降低料重比,提高脂代谢水平和肝脏健康状况,促进免疫器官和肠道形态发育,促进了肠道中益生菌的繁殖,抑制了有害菌的增殖,丰富盲肠微生物区系,更好地保持三黄鸡健康。

地锦草总黄酮对罗斯308肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力及盲肠菌群的影响

试验旨在研究地锦草总黄酮对罗斯308肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力及盲肠菌群的影响。选取240只1日龄雄性罗斯308肉鸡随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡,试验期42 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,地锦草总黄酮组饲喂基础日粮+300 mg/kg地锦草总黄酮,土霉素组饲喂基础日粮+200 mg/kg土霉素。结果显示:与对照组相比,地锦草总黄酮组1~21日龄和1~42日龄平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05),与土霉素组无显著差异(P>0.05);地锦草总黄酮组血清免疫球蛋白水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),免疫器官指数显著高于对照组和土霉素组(P<0.05);地锦草总黄酮组血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组和土霉素组(P<0.05),丙二醛含量显著低于对照组和土霉素组(P<0.05);地锦草总黄酮组盲肠菌群多样性显著高于土霉素组(P<0.05);在科和属水平上,地锦草总黄酮组普雷沃氏菌科、p_251_o5菌科及其未培养菌属、螺旋体科及密螺旋体2属、纤维杆菌科及纤维杆菌属和WCHB1_41未培养菌科及未培养菌属等有益微生物的相对丰度显著高于对照组和土霉素组(P<0.05);莫拉菌科及不动杆菌属、动球菌科及土源芽孢杆菌属和赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属显著富集于土霉素组(P<0.05)。研究表明,罗斯308肉鸡日粮中添加300 mg/kg地锦草总黄酮能够替代土霉素,增强肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力,提高盲肠菌群的多样性及有益菌比例,从而在饲料替抗中具有一定应用潜力和良好开发前景。

博落回提取物、金霉素单独和联合添加对后备蛋鸡肠道健康和微生物区系的影响

试验旨在探讨饲粮中单独和联合添加博落回提取物(Macleaya extract,MCE)、金霉素(Chlortetracycline,CC)对2~17周蛋鸡肠道健康和肠道微生物的影响,同时探讨博落回提取物的替抗作用。选取1日龄海兰褐雌性雏鸡1440只,随机分成4个处理,分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+500 mg/kg博落回提取物(MCE组)、基础饲粮+50 mg/kg金霉素(CC组)、基础饲粮+500 mg/kg博落回提取物+50 mg/kg金霉素(联合组)。试验共17周。结果表明:与对照组相比,MCE组6周小肠综合评分显著降低(P<0.05);联合组6周小肠综合评分、17周十二指肠评分和回肠评分显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,MCE组Simpson指数、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05);CC组Chao1指数和理研菌科相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),Simpson指数和普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05);联合组Simpson指数显著提高(P<0.05)。3个试验组相比,MCE组和联合组的ACE指数、Chao1指数显著高于CC组(P<0.05),联合组相比CC组普雷沃氏菌科相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,MCE可以降低小肠评分,改善盲肠微生物区系结构,有益于维系肠道健康和菌群平衡,其作用效果明显优于CC。

鲜食玉米地放养对籽鹅生产性能和盲肠菌群的影响

为探究鲜食玉米地放养对籽鹅生产性能和盲肠菌群的影响,试验选取256只42日龄体重相近(1.44±0.29) kg的健康母籽鹅,随机分为舍饲对照组和放养试验组,每组4个重复,每个重复32只。对照组棚下舍饲,饲喂基础日粮自由采食;试验组在基础日粮限制10%的情况下鲜食玉米地放养。试验期49 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组籽鹅末重、平均日增重分别极显著提高11.43%和19.99%(P<0.01),平均日采食量、料重比分别极显著降低9.99%和23.06%(P<0.01)。同时试验组籽鹅屠体重、半净膛重分别极显著提高14.57%和16.67%(P<0.01),全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重和腹脂重分别显著提高14.97%、5.71%、2.85%和33.33%(P<0.05)。试验组籽鹅回肠绒毛高度和绒隐比分别极显著提高22.47%和54.59%(P<0.01),隐窝深度极显著下降9.60%(P<0.01)。试验组籽鹅盲肠菌群中柔壁菌门丰度显著上调89.79%(P<0.05);瘤胃球菌属、普雷沃氏菌属丰度分别极显著上调123.60%和88.42%(P<0.01);互养菌门丰度显著下调50.63%(P<0.05)。综上所述,鲜食玉米地放养可以改善籽鹅肠道形态、调节盲肠菌群,并对籽鹅生长发育起到促进作用。

发酵柑橘渣对90~120日龄清远麻鸡营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标以及盲肠微生物数量和臭气物质排放的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标以及盲肠微生物数量和臭气物质排放的影响。试验选取90日龄、体重相近且健康的清远麻鸡母鸡540只,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加10%柑橘渣(柑橘渣组)和10%发酵柑橘渣(发酵柑橘渣组)的饲粮。试验期30 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,发酵柑橘渣组粗蛋白质表观消化率有提高的趋势(0.05<P<0.10)。2)与对照组相比,发酵柑橘渣组清远麻鸡血清尿酸和总胆固醇含量以及谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),血清葡萄糖含量显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,柑橘渣组和发酵柑橘渣组清远麻鸡盲肠双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)数量显著增加(P<0.05);发酵柑橘渣组盲肠乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)数量显著增加(P<0.05),盲肠大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和梭菌Ⅳ群(Clostridium clusterⅣ)数量显著减少(P<0.05)。与对照组或柑橘渣组相比,发酵柑橘渣组清远麻鸡盲肠乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸和总短链脂肪酸含量显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,发酵柑橘渣组清远麻鸡盲肠对甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素和氨态氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣可以提高清远麻鸡粗蛋白质表观消化率,增加盲肠有益菌数量,减少盲肠有害菌数量,并通过提高盲肠有机酸含量,降低臭气物质含量,维持机体健康,且作用效果优于饲粮中添加柑橘渣。

紫山药抗性淀粉调节高脂血症金黄地鼠脂质代谢

针对高脂饮食引起血脂升高这一广泛性问题,本文研究通过紫山药高抗性淀粉(HRS)干预高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症金黄地鼠,改善其盲肠菌群,实现调节脂质代谢和糖代谢水平。结果表明,高脂饮食诱导后金黄地鼠出现高血脂症状并伴有血糖升高。高剂量HRS(1.5 g/100 g bw)干预4周后,内脏器官和周边脂肪质量显著减小,血液中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)显著降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)显著升高,血糖含量显著降低(P<0.05)。HRS干预后金黄地鼠盲肠中厚壁菌门的数量减少,拟杆菌门和变形菌门的数量增加,代表性优势细菌瘤胃球菌科、毛螺菌科、拟杆菌科S24-7组和梭菌属的丰度增加,有效改善了其盲肠菌群的失衡。

大蒜素及纳豆菌对福建白兔生产性能、抗氧化活性、肠道形态及菌群的影响

【目的】研究大蒜素、纳豆菌及其复合物对福建白兔生产性能、抗氧化活性、肠道形态和菌群的影响,筛选合适的添加剂替代饲料抗生素。【方法】选取48只体重相近的40日龄福建白兔,随机分成4组,每组12只(公母各半),试验期50 d。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(A组,CK),试验在基础饲粮上分别添加200 mg·kg^(−1)大蒜素、0.5%纳豆菌、200 mg·kg^(−1)大蒜素+0.5%纳豆菌,设置大蒜素处理组(B组)、纳豆菌处理组(C组)和大蒜素+纳豆菌处理组(D组)。试验期间测定生产性能,试验结束测定屠宰性能、血清抗氧化酶、肠道形态和盲肠菌群结构。【结果】(1)试验组的腹泻率和死亡率都低于对照组;平均日增重大蒜素+纳豆菌处理(D组)极显著高于基础饲粮处理组(A组)和大蒜素处理组(B组)(P<0.01),显著高于纳豆菌处理组(C组)(P<0.05);D组料重比最低,半净膛重极显著高于A组和B组(P<0.01);全净膛率和半净膛率各组之间差异不显著。(2)血清中GSHPx含量,对照组均显著低于试验组,且A组和B组差异显著(P<0.05),A组和C、D组差异极显著(P<0.01)。(3)回肠隐窝深度B组显著高于C组(P<0.05);空肠隐窝深度,对照组低于试验组,且与B组差异极显著(P<0.01),与D组差异显著(P<0.05)。(4)菌群结构分析,科水平和属水平盲肠unclassified_o__Clostridiales菌科、菌属在组间差异均显著(P<0.05),且A组显著高于D组;属水平Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010在组间差异显著(P<0.05),A组显著高于C组。【结论】大蒜素和纳豆菌联合使用可提高福建白兔平均日增重、半净膛重,降低料重比,增加空肠隐窝深度,减少有害菌,调整肠道菌群平衡,降低腹泻和死亡,促进生长发育。

枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、肠道形态结构及盲肠微生物的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、肠道形态结构及盲肠微生物的影响。选取产蛋率相近的60周龄海兰褐蛋鸡240只,随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.03%的枯草芽孢杆菌(2×10^(6) CFU/g)。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)2组之间产蛋率、平均日产蛋重、料蛋比和平均日采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验组蛋白高度和哈氏单位显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验组空肠和回肠的绒毛高度显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,试验组盲肠软壁菌门(Tenericutes)和迷踪菌门(Elusimicrobia)的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),盲肠乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加0.03%的枯草芽孢杆菌可以改善产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道形态结构和蛋品质,影响盲肠微生物的组成,但对生产性能无显著影响。

不同种类酸化剂对肉鸡肠道发育、消化酶活性以及微生物数量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同种类的酸化剂对肉鸡肠道发育、消化酶活性以及微生物数量的影响。试验选用1日龄的爱拔益加肉公鸡840只,随机分为7个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,其余6组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加吸附磷酸(PA)、微囊化磷酸(CPA)、吸附磷酸乳酸(PLA)、富马酸(FUA)、甲酸(FA)和柠檬酸(CA)的试验饲粮,氢离子(H+)浓度均为9.18 mmol/kg。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加PA显著提高了42日龄肉鸡小肠胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05)。2)饲粮中添加CPA显著增加了21和42日龄肉鸡小肠糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05)。3)饲粮中添加PLA显著提高了42日龄肉鸡小肠胰蛋白酶活性(P<0.05)。4)饲粮中添加FUA显著增加了42日龄肉鸡小肠胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低了42日龄肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05)。5)饲粮中添加FA显著增加了21和42日龄肉鸡小肠胰蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低了42日龄肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05)。6)饲粮中添加CA显著增加了21和42日龄肉鸡小肠胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低了42日龄肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05)。由此可见,PA、CPA和PLA均可不同程度增强肉鸡小肠消化酶活性,而FUA、FA和CA则均具有改善肉鸡肠道消化酶活性和降低有害微生物数量的功能。

PCR-DGGE技术分析合生素对肉仔鸡盲肠菌群结构的影响

试验研究合生素对肉仔鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响。选择1日龄肉仔鸡450只,随机分成5个处理,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+抗生素、基础日粮+益生素、基础日粮+益生元、基础日粮+合生素,每个处理3个重复,每个重复30只鸡。在21,42日龄每个重复选择2只鸡,无菌采集盲肠内容物,提取细菌基因组总DNA,PCR扩增16s rDNA V3区,扩增产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)后分析细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明,在214,2日龄,日粮添加合生素处理组试验鸡盲肠DGGE条带数均高于其他处理组,合生素组试验鸡盲肠内容物菌群多样性高于其他试验组。序列分析发现肉仔鸡盲肠中特异条带主要来源于不可培养的拟杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、梭菌目细菌和其他大量种属关系未知的细菌。

包被植物乳杆菌和低聚果糖对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、免疫能力、粪便臭味及盲肠微生物的影响

本试验旨在研究包被植物乳杆菌和低聚果糖对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、免疫能力、粪便臭味及盲肠微生物的影响。选取360只健康的34周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加1 g/kg包被植物乳杆菌(MLP组,活菌数为1.0×10^(10)CFU/g)、1 g/kg低聚果糖(FOS组)以及1 g/kg包被植物乳杆菌+1 g/kg低聚果糖(SYN组)的饲粮。试验期24周。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加包被植物乳杆菌和低聚果糖对蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,FOS组和SYN组蛋白高度和哈氏单位显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,MLP组和FOS组蛋鸡血浆干扰素-γ(INF-γ)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量显著降低(P<0.05),SYN组血浆白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和IL-6含量显著提高(P<0.05),且SYN组血浆IL-10、IL-6和IL-2含量显著高于MLP组和FOS组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,试验组蛋鸡粪便中吲哚和粪臭素含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。5)在门水平上,与对照组相比,MLP组蛋鸡盲肠厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和FOS组盲肠拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)相对丰度提高,试验组盲肠螺旋菌门(Spirochaetota)和脱硫菌门(Desulfobacterota)相对丰度降低。在属水平上,与对照组相比,MLP组盲肠乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度提高,盲肠拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和理研菌科RC9肠道群(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)相对丰度降低;FOS组盲肠拟杆菌属和罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)相对丰度提高;SYN组盲肠瘤胃球菌属扭链群(Ruminococcus_torques_group)和考拉杆菌属(Phascolarctobacterium)相对丰度有所提高。线性判别分析效应大小(LEfSe)分析表明,对照组蛋鸡盲肠显著富集有害菌脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)[线性判别分析(LDA)评分>2,P<0.05],SYN组盲肠显著富集有益菌霍氏真杆菌属(Eubacterium_hallii_group)和韦荣氏球菌属(Veillonella)(LDA评分>2,P<0.05)。综上可知,饲粮中添加包被植物乳杆菌和低聚果糖能够提高蛋鸡蛋品质和免疫能力,改善盲肠微生物组成,降低粪便臭味物质含量;其中,低聚果糖在改善蛋品质和降解臭味物质方面效果较佳,包被植物乳杆菌和低聚果糖联合添加在提高机体免疫能力和改善盲肠微生物组成方面效果较佳。

大豆低聚糖及其功能组分对体外条件下肉仔鸡盲肠内容物粪臭素产量及菌群组成的影响

本试验旨在研究大豆低聚糖(SBO)及其功能组分对体外条件下肉仔鸡盲肠内容物粪臭素产量及菌群组成的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以42日龄肉仔鸡盲肠内容物为菌源,将厌氧培养液分装于无菌培养瓶中,分成5个组,每组3个重复。对照组添加250μmol/L的L-色氨酸,蔗糖(SUC)、水苏糖(STA)、棉籽糖(RAF)和SBO组分别在对照组的基础上添加1%的SUC、STA、RAF和SBO。另外,每组均设1个不加L-色氨酸但其他成分都相同的空白对照。利用ANKOM RFS体外产气系统,39℃厌氧培养24 h。采用PCR-变性梯度胶凝电泳(DGGE)技术研究了发酵液菌群组成的差异。结果表明:1)SUC、STA、SBO组24 h发酵液累积产气量极显著高于对照组和RAF组(P<0.01);SBO、SUC和STA组吲哚浓度分别比对照组降低了98.15%、97.72%和94.17%(P<0.01),粪臭素浓度分别比对照组降低了79.04%、71.88%和70.28%(P<0.05);SUC组乳酸浓度极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01);对照组p H极显著高于除RAF组之外的其他各组(P<0.01)。2)SBO组菌群均匀度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);SUC、STA、RAF、SBO组菌群丰富度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);SBO、STA、RAF组菌群相似性高于对照组;试验组有3条特异性条带,相似菌分别为延长布劳特氏菌(Blautia producta)、迪氏副拟杆菌(Parabacteroides distasonis)、路氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)。综上,在本试验条件下,添加1%的SUC、STA和SBO显著降低了肉仔鸡体外盲肠内容物培养液中L-色氨酸代谢生成吲哚和粪臭素的浓度,提高了菌群丰富度,并促进了特异性菌的增殖。降低粪臭素效果优劣依次为SBO、SUC、STA。