CONTROL STRUCTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CELL CONTROL SYSTEM

Cell control system(CCS) plays an important role in the hierarchical control structure of computer integrated manufacturing system(CIMS). It links up workshop controller and CAD/CAPP/CAM down to production facilities, and directly influences flexibility and efficiency of production. The hierarchical control structure and the key technical problems of the CCS are mainly described. The CCS controls the job schedule, the resource allocation and the operation of facilities in the manufacturing procedure according to the production plan and target coming from the workshop controller. The key technologies are discussed in this paper as follows: the application of client/server system structure in the production control and management; production planning and scheduling; the handling of exceptional incidents in production and the DNC interface control as well.

Reversing multiple age-related pathologies by controlling the senescence-associated secretory phenotype of stem cells

Regenerative medicine by cell transplantation is a novel therapy for treating end-stage organ failure and tissue damage. Cell-based therapy based on the transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells （NSPCs） represents an attractive strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, but obtaining large numbers of these cells is difficult and their differentiation potential is strictly restricted in a spatiotemporally-regulated manner during central nervous system （CNS） development. Therefore, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells represent an attractive alternative for cell-transplantation therapy in regenerative medicine.

Study on the Architecture of Control System for Manufacturing Cells

The depiction of the agile manufacturing cell includes a synopsis of some of the change proficiencies obtained by the configuration. To achieve agile configuration, the cell control system for agile manufacturing must be rapidly and efficiently generated or modified. In this paper, the object oriented architecture is defined that supports design and implementation of highly reconfigurable control systems for agile manufacturing cells, which is composed of database objects, control objects, and resource objects, so as to reduce costs and to increase the control system's agility with respect to changing environment.

The role of NBS1 in DNA double strand break repair, telomere stability, and cell cycle checkpoint control

The genomes of eukaryotic cells are under continuous assault by environmental agents and endogenous metabolic byproducts. Damage induced in DNA usually leads to a cascade of cellular events, the DNA damage response. Failure of the DNA damage response can lead to development of malignancy by reducing the efficiency and fidelity of DNA repair. The NBS1 protein is a component of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS 1 complex （MRN） that plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosomal integrity. Mutations in the NBS1 gene are responsible for Nijmegen breakage syndrome （NBS）, a hereditary disorder that imparts an increased predisposition to development of malignancy. The phenotypic characteristics of cells isolated from NBS patients point to a deficiency in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of NBS1 in the DNA damage response. Emphasis is placed on the role of NBS1 in the DNA double strand repair, modulation of the DNA damage sensing and signaling, cell cycle checkpoint control and maintenance oftelomere stability.

Cerebrospinal fluid and neural stem cell niche control

Neurogenesis from inner brain neural stem cells （NSCs） is a process which takes place continuously in mammals through- out their life. However, the main ontogenic difference is the intensity of neurogenesis, which commences as a very intensive and global activity in the early embryonic brain （neural tube）, persists in fetal and newborn stages, and declines significantly in adulthood, becoming restricted to specific places with low neurogenic activity such as the subventricular zone （SVZ） and the subgranular zone （SGZ） in the dentate gyrus （DG） of the hippocampus.

Manifestations of type 2 diabetes in corneal endothelial cell density,corneal thickness and intraocular pressure

We sought to evaluate central corneal thickness（CCT）,corneal endothelial cell density（ECD）and intraocular pressure（IOP）in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus（DM）and to associate potential differences with diabetes duration and treatment modality in a prospective,randomized study.We measured ECD,CCT and IOP of125 patients with type 2 DM（mean age 57.1±11.5 years）and compared them with 90 age-matched controls.Measured parameters were analyzed for association with diabetes duration and glucose control modalities（insulin injection or oral medication）while controlling for age.In the diabetic group,the mean ECD（2511±252 cells/mm^2）,mean CCT（539.7±33.6μm）and mean IOP（18.3±2.5 mmHg）varied significantly from those the control group[ECD：2713±132 cells/mm^2（P〈0.0001）,CCT：525.0±45.3μm（P=0.003）and IOP：16.7±1.8 mmHg（P〈0.0001）].ECD was significantly reduced by about 32 cell/mm^2 for diabetics with duration of〉10 years when compared with those with duration of〈10 years（P〈0.05）.CCT was thicker and IOP was higher for diabetics with duration of〉10 years than those with duration of〈10 years（P〉0.05）.None of the measured parameters was significantly associated with diabetes duration and treatment modality（P〉0.05）.In conclusion,subjects with type 2DM exhibit significant changes in ECD,IOP and CCT,which,however,are not correlated with disease duration or if the patients receive on insulin injection or oral medications.

Air flow control based on optimal oxygen excess ratio in fuel cells for vehicles

Air flow control is one of the most important control methods for maintaining the stability and reliability of a fuel cell system, which can avoid oxygen starvation or oxygen saturation. The oxygen excess ratio （OER） is often used to indicate the air flow condition. Based on a fuel cell system model for vehicles, OER performance was analyzed for different stack currents and temperatures in this paper, and the results show that the optimal OER was affected weakly by the stack temperature. In order to ensure the system working in optimal OER, a control scheme that includes an optimal OER regulator and a fuzzy control was proposed. According to the stack current, a reference value of air flow rate was obtained with the optimal OER regulator and then the air compressor motor voltage was controlled with the fuzzy controller to adjust the air flow rate provided by the air compressor. Simulation results show that the control method has good dynamic and static characteristics.

The law of anti-VCAM-1 targeted microbubbles adhesion to activated endothelial cells under controlled shear flow

Microbubbles can enhance the detection in noninvasive ultrasound imaging.Recently,targeted microbubbles have been developed to selectively adhere to specific and overexpressed p molecules in endothelial cells in some pathologic conditions.However,the law of

New Algorithm for Real-Time CAC Decisions

Aim To Put forward an improve algorithm for real-time connection admission control (CAC) decision. Methods converted equations of Cell loss ratio (CLR) upper bound were derived based on typical approaches to reduce computing load. Moreover, the effects of usage parameter control (UPC) policing and bandwidth allocation functions were combined to deduce improver equations. computing load and admission region of the new algorithm were analyzed, while numerical examples and comparisons with classical non-parametic method were also included. Results Computing burden was reduced. More accurate estimation of CLR was obtained. The admission region of new algorithm was larger than typical non-parametric approach and was variable according to the burst length.Conclusion The calculation burden of new algorithm for CLR estimation is lighter than classical non-parametric approach. In addition to that, just as many information as what we can get in connection setup process are used for CAC decision. So it is not only a practicable but also an effective method that can be used in real-time processing.

Genetic variations in colorectal cancer risk and clinical outcome

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has an apparent hereditary component, as evidenced by the well-characterized genetic syndromes and family history associated with the increased risk of this disease. However, in a large fraction of CRC cases, no known genetic syndrome or family history can be identified, suggesting the presence of “missing heritability” in CRC etiology. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) platform has led to the identification of multiple replicable common genetic variants associated with CRC risk. These newly discovered genetic variations might account for a portion of the missing heritability. Here, we summarize the recent GWASs related to newly identified genetic variants associated with CRC risk and clinical outcome. The findings from these studies suggest that there is a lack of understanding of the mechanism of many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with CRC. In addition, the utility of SNPs as prognostic markers of CRC in clinical settings remains to be further assessed. Finally, the currently validated SNPs explain only a small fraction of total heritability in complex-trait diseases like CRC. Thus, the “missing heritability” still needs to be explored further. Future epidemiological and functional investigations of these variants will add to our understanding of CRC pathogenesis, and may ultimately lead to individualized strategies for prevention and treatment of CRC.

Human DNA oncogenic viruses and their transforming protein interactions with cell cycle control proteins

Purpose Both oncogenic viruses and cell cycle control proteins are fast growth research areas. More and more evidence indicates that virus infection and replication are often associated with apoptosis and interfere with cell cycle pathways. To understand the mechanisms by which viral proteins regulate apoptosis and target the cellular pathways may lead to the development of new remedies for some cancers.Data sources English literature searched by MEDLINE from January 1995 to August 1998.Study selection and data extraction More than one hundred research papers published in these areas over the past three years. Only new and important breakthroughs in these papers are selected. The review focuses on DNA viruses associated with the development of human cancers.Results and conclusions Some DNA viruses contain oncogenic proteins which transform normal cells in vitro and induce tumors in animals. These viral proteins target the cellular pathways and block apoptosis induced by receptors or in response to signal transduction. Viral interference with host cell apoptosis leads to enhanced viral replication and may promote carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, such as Retinoblastoma (RB) and p53, play important roles in regulation of these interactions.

Regulation of cell locomotion by nanosecond-laser-induced hydroxyapatite patterning

Hydroxyapatite,an essential mineral in human bones composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus,is widely used to coat bone graft and implant surfaces for enhanced biocompatibility and bone formation.For a strong implant-bone bond,the bone-forming cells must not only adhere to the implant surface but also move to the surface requiring bone formation.However,strong adhesion tends to inhibit cell migration on the surface of hydroxyapatite.Herein,a cell migration highway pattern that can promote cell migration was prepared using a nanosecond laser on hydroxyapatite coating.The developed surface promoted bone-forming cell movement compared with the unpatterned hydroxyapatite surface,and the cell adhesion and movement speed could be controlled by adjusting the pattern width.Live-cell microscopy,cell tracking,and serum protein analysis revealed the fundamental principle of this phenomenon.These findings are applicable to hydroxyapatite-coated biomaterials and can be implemented easily by laser patterning without complicated processes.The cell migration highway can promote and control cell movement while maintaining the existing advantages of hydroxyapatite coatings.Furthermore,it can be applied to the surface treatment of not only implant materials directly bonded to bone but also various implanted biomaterials implanted that require cell movement control.

Fabrication of hollow porous PLGA microspheres for controlled protein release and promotion of cell compatibility

This letter reports on the fabrication of hollow,porous and non-porous poly（D,L-lactide-co-glycolide） （PLGA） microspheres（MSs） for the controlled release of protein and promotion of cell compatibility of tough hydrogels.PLGA MSs with different structures were prepared with modified double emulsion methods,using bovine serum albumin（BSA） as a porogen during emulsification.The release of the residual BSA from PLGA MSs was investigated as a function of the MS structure.The hollow PLGA MSs show a faster protein release than the porous MSs,while the non-porous MSs have the slowest protein release.Compositing the PLGA MSs with poly（vinyl alcohol）（PVA） hydrogels promoted chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation on the hydrogels.

CDC48B facilitates the intercellular trafficking of SHORT-ROOT during radial patterning in roots

CELL DIVISION CONTROL PROTEIN48(CDC48)is essential for membrane fusion,protein degradation,and other cellular processes.Here,we revealed the crucial role of CDC48B in regulating periclinal cell division in roots by analyzing the recessive gen1 mutant.We identified the GEN1 gene through map-based cloning and verified that GEN1 encodes CDC48B.gen1 showed severely inhibited root growth,increased periclinal cell division in the endodermis,defective middle cortex(MC)formation,and altered ground tissue patterning in roots.Consistent with these phenotypes,CYCLIND 6;1(CYCD6;1),a periclinal cell division marker,was upregulated in gen1 compared to Col-0.The ratio of SHR_(pro):SHR-GFP fluorescence in pre-dividing nuclei versus the adjacent stele decreased by 33%in gen1,indicating that the trafficking of SHORT-ROOT(SHR)decreased in gen1 when endodermal cells started to divide.These findings suggest that the loss of function of CDC48B inhibits the intercellular trafficking of SHR from the stele to the endodermis,thereby decreasing SHR accumulation in the endodermis.These findings shed light on the crucial role of CDC48B in regulating periclinal cell division in roots.

Balanced biosynthesis and trigger threshold resulting in a double adder mechanism of cell size control

How cells accomplish cell size homeostasis is a fascinating topic, and several cell size regulation mechanisms were proposed: timer, sizer, and adder. Recently the adder model has received a great deal of attention. Adder property was also found in the DNA replication cycle. This paper aims to explain the adder phenomenon both in the division-centric picture and replication-centric picture at the molecular level. We established a self-replication model, and the system reached a steady state quickly based on evolution rules. We collected tens of thousands of cells in the same trajectory and calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between biological variables to decide which regulatory mechanism was adopted by cells. Our simulation results confirmed the double-adder mechanism. Chromosome replication initiation and cell division control are independent and regulated by respective proteins.Cell size homeostasis originates from division control and has nothing to do with replication initiation control. At a slow growth rate, the deviation from adder toward sizer comes from a significant division protein degradation rate when division protein is auto-inhibited. Our results indicated the two necessary conditions in the double-adder mechanism: one is balanced biosynthesis, and the other is that there is a protein trigger threshold to inspire DNA replication initiation and cell division. Our results give insight to the regulatory mechanism of cell size and instructive to synthetic biology.

Biotechnology smart control over stem cell fate commitment at nanoscale

In the landscape of desirable stem-cell-based regeneration,the fate of cell is directed by orchestrated dialog between nanoscale subcellular receptors and biointerfacial niches^([1]).This bottom-up development manner has inspired a great many nanogeometric^([2])and nanotopographic^([3])material-based biointerfaces promising for regenerative medicine.These previous studies shed

Variable Universe Fuzzy Control for Battery Equalization

In order to avoid the overcharge and overdischarge damages, and to improve the lifetime of the lithium-ion batteries, it is essential to keep the cell voltages in a battery pack at the same level,i.e., battery equalization. Based on the bi-directional modified Cuk converter, variable universe fuzzy controllers are proposed to adaptively maintain equalizing currents between cells of a serially connected battery pack in varying conditions. The inputs to the fuzzy controller are the voltage differences and the average voltages of adjacent cell pairs. A large voltage difference requires large equalizing current while adjacent cells both with low/high voltages can only stand small discharge/charge currents. Compared with the conventional fuzzy control method, the proposed method differs in that the universe can shrink or expand as the effects of the input changes. This is important as the input may change in a small range. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed variable universe fuzzy control method has fast equalization speed and good adaptiveness for varying conditions.