Nuclear assembly of purified Crythecodinium cohnii chromosomes in cell-free extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs

Incubation of dinoflagellate Crythecodinium cohnii chromosomes in cytoplasmic extracts of unfertilized Xenopus laevis eggs resulted in chromosomes decondensation and recondensation, nuclear envelope assembly, and nuclear reconstitution.Dinoflagellate Crythecodinium cohnii is a kind of primitive eukaryote which possesses numerous permanently condensed chromosomes and discontinuous double-layered nuclear membrane throughout the cell cycle. The assembled nuclei, being surrounded by a continuous double membrane containing nuclear pores and the uniformly dispersed chromatin fibers are morphologically distinguishable from that of Dinoflagellate Crythecodinium cohnii. However, incubation of dinoflagellate Crythecodinium cohnii chromosomes in the extracts from dinoflagellate Crythecodinillm cohnii cells does not induce nuclear reconstitution.

Cell-free biocatalysis coupled with photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis: Efficient CO_(2)-to-chemical conversion

The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) concentration has exposed a series of crises in the earth's ecological environment.How to effectively fix and convert carbon dioxide into products with added value has attracted the attention of many researchers.Cell-free enzyme catalytic system coupled with electrical and light have been a promising attempt in the field of biological carbon fixation in recent years.In this review,the research progresses of photoenzyme catalysis,electroenzyme catalysis and photo-electroenzyme catalysis for converting carbon dioxide into chemical products in cell-free systems are systematically summarized.We focus on reviewing and comparing various coupling methods and principles of photoenzyme catalysis and electroenzyme catalysis in cell-free systems,especially the materials used in the construction of the coupling system,and analyze and point out the characteristics and possible problems of different coupling methods.Finally,we discuss the major challenges and prospects of coupling physical signals and cell-free enzymatic catalytic systems in the field of CO_(2) fixation,suggesting possible strategies to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of such systems.

Network-Assisted Full-Duplex Cell-Free mmWave Massive MIMO Systems with DAC Quantization and Fronthaul Compression

In this paper,we investigate networkassisted full-duplex(NAFD)cell-free millimeter-wave(mmWave)massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)systems with digital-to-analog converter(DAC)quantization and fronthaul compression.We propose to maximize the weighted uplink and downlink sum rate by jointly optimizing the power allocation of both the transmitting remote antenna units(T-RAUs)and uplink users and the variances of the downlink and uplink fronthaul compression noises.To deal with this challenging problem,we further apply a successive convex approximation(SCA)method to handle the non-convex bidirectional limited-capacity fronthaul constraints.The simulation results verify the convergence of the proposed SCA-based algorithm and analyze the impact of fronthaul capacity and DAC quantization on the spectral efficiency of the NAFD cell-free mmWave massive MIMO systems.Moreover,some insightful conclusions are obtained through the comparisons of spectral efficiency,which shows that NAFD achieves better performance gains than cotime co-frequency full-duplex cloud radio access network(CCFD C-RAN)in the cases of practical limited-resolution DACs.Specifically,their performance gaps with 8-bit DAC quantization are larger than that with1-bit DAC quantization,which attains a 5.5-fold improvement.

Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Joint Cooperation Clustering and Downlink Power Control for Cell-Free Massive MIMO

In recent times,various power control and clustering approaches have been proposed to enhance overall performance for cell-free massive multipleinput multiple-output(CF-mMIMO)networks.With the emergence of deep reinforcement learning(DRL),significant progress has been made in the field of network optimization as DRL holds great promise for improving network performance and efficiency.In this work,our focus delves into the intricate challenge of joint cooperation clustering and downlink power control within CF-mMIMO networks.Leveraging the potent deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)algorithm,our objective is to maximize the proportional fairness(PF)for user rates,thereby aiming to achieve optimal network performance and resource utilization.Moreover,we harness the concept of“divide and conquer”strategy,introducing two innovative methods termed alternating DDPG(A-DDPG)and hierarchical DDPG(H-DDPG).These approaches aim to decompose the intricate joint optimization problem into more manageable sub-problems,thereby facilitating a more efficient resolution process.Our findings unequivo-cally showcase the superior efficacy of our proposed DDPG approach over the baseline schemes in both clustering and downlink power control.Furthermore,the A-DDPG and H-DDPG obtain higher performance gain than DDPG with lower computational complexity.

Optimal AP Deployment in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems with LoS/NLoS Transmissions:A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Cell-free massive multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)is a promising technology for future wireless communications,where a large number of distributed access points(APs)simultaneously serve all users over the same time-frequency resources.Since users and APs may locate close to each other,the line-of-sight(Lo S)transmission occurs more frequently in cell-free massive MIMO systems.Hence,in this paper,we investigate the cell-free massive MIMO system with Lo S and non-line-of-sight(NLo S)transmissions,where APs and users are both distributed according to Poisson point process.Using tools from stochastic geometry,we derive a tight lower bound for the user downlink achievable rate and we further obtain the energy efficiency(EE)by considering the power consumption on downlink payload transmissions and circuitry dissipation.Based on the analysis,the optimal AP density and AP antenna number that maximize the EE are obtained.It is found that compared with the previous work that only considers NLo S transmissions,the actual optimal AP density should be much smaller,and the maximized EE is actually much higher.

Secure symbol level precoding for cell-free network based on band-region constraint of the eavesdropper’s receiving signal

A symbol level secure precoding scheme based on band-region constraint of the eavesdropper’s receiving signal is proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of cell-free multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)networks in the presence of an eavesdropper while guaranteeing the quality of service(QoS)of user and the security of system.Moreover,to lighten its high computational complexity,original problem is divided into several cascade sub-problems firstly,and then those sub-problems are handled by combining Lagrangian dual function and improved Hooke-Jeeves method together.Comparative ex-periment with other secure symbol-level precoding schemes demonstrate that proposed scheme can achieve the lower power consumption with almost same symbol error rate and QoS of user.

Clinical use of donor-derived cell-free DNA in kidney transplantation

Traditional monitoring of kidney transplant recipients for allograft dysfunction caused by rejection involves serial checks of serum creatinine with biopsy of the renal allograft if dysfunction is suspected.This approach is labor-intensive,invasive and costly.In addition,because this approach relies on a rise in serum creatinine above historical baselines,injury to the allograft can be extensive before this rise occurs.In an effort to address this,donor-derived cell-free DNA(dd-cf DNA)is being used with increasing frequency in the clinical setting as a means of diagnosing a rejection of the renal allograft early in the course.This can poten-tially allow for early intervention to minimize not only injury,but the intensity of antirejection therapy needed and the avoidance of side effects.Here,we will review the available methodology for the determination and quantification of dd-cf DNA,the data supporting its use in clinical practice and the limitations of this technology.

Cooperative Distributed Beamforming Design for Multi-RIS Aided Cell-Free Systems

Cell-free systems significantly improve network capacity by enabling joint user service without cell boundaries,eliminating intercell interference.However,to satisfy further capacity demands,it leads to high-cost problems of both hardware and power consumption.In this paper,we investigate multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)aided cell-free systems where RISs are introduced to improve spectrum efficiency in an energy-efficient way.To overcome the centralized high complexity and avoid frequent information exchanges,a cooperative distributed beamforming design is proposed to maximize the weighted sum-rate performance.In particular,the alternating optimization method is utilized with the distributed closed-form solution of active beamforming being derived locally at access points,and phase shifts are obtained centrally based on the Riemannian conjugate gradient(RCG)manifold method.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design whose performance is comparable to the centralized scheme and show great superiority of the RISs-aided system over the conventional cellular and cell-free system.

RIS-Assisted Cell-Free MIMO: A Survey

Cell-free(CF)multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)is a promising technique to enable the vision of ubiquitous wireless connectivity for next-generation network communications.Compared to traditional co-located massive MIMO,CF MIMO allows geographically distributed access points(APs)to serve all users on the same time-frequency resource with spatial multiplexing techniques,resulting in better performance in terms of both spectral efficiency and coverage enhancement.However,the performance gain is achieved at the expense of deploying more APs with high cost and power consumption.To address this issue,the recently proposed reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)technique stands out with its unique advantages of low cost,low energy consumption and programmability.In this paper,we provide an overview of RIS-assisted CF MIMO and its interaction with advanced optimization designs and novel applications.Particularly,recent studies on typical performance metrics such as energy efficiency(EE)and spectral efficiency(SE)are surveyed.Besides,the application of RIS-assisted CF MIMO techniques in various future communication systems is also envisioned.Additionally,we briefly discuss the technical challenges and open problems for this area to inspire research direction and fully exploit its potential in meeting the demands of future wireless communication systems.

Joint Flexible Duplexing and Power Allocation with Deep Reinforcement Learning in Cell-Free Massive MIMO System

Network-assisted full duplex(NAFD)cellfree(CF)massive MIMO has drawn increasing attention in 6G evolvement.In this paper,we build an NAFD CF system in which the users and access points(APs)can flexibly select their duplex modes to increase the link spectral efficiency.Then we formulate a joint flexible duplexing and power allocation problem to balance the user fairness and system spectral efficiency.We further transform the problem into a probability optimization to accommodate the shortterm communications.In contrast with the instant performance optimization,the probability optimization belongs to a sequential decision making problem,and thus we reformulate it as a Markov Decision Process(MDP).We utilizes deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm to search the solution from a large state-action space,and propose an asynchronous advantage actor-critic(A3C)-based scheme to reduce the chance of converging to the suboptimal policy.Simulation results demonstrate that the A3C-based scheme is superior to the baseline schemes in term of the complexity,accumulated log spectral efficiency,and stability.

Cell-free DNA in the management of prostate cancer:Current status and future prospective

Objective:With the escalating prevalence of prostate cancer(PCa)in China,there is an urgent demand for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.Extensive investigations have been conducted on the clinical implementation of circulating free DNA(cfDNA)in PCa.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the present state of cfDNA as a biomarker for PCa and to examine its merits and obstacles for future clinical utilization.Methods:Relevant peer-reviewed manuscripts on cfDNA as a PCa marker were evaluated by PubMed search(2010-2022)to evaluate the roles of cfDNA in PCa diagnosis,prognosis,and prediction,respectively.Results:cfDNA is primarily released from cells undergoing necrosis and apoptosis,allowing for non-invasive insight into the genomic,transcriptomic,and epigenomic alterations within various PCa disease states.Next-generation sequencing,among other detection methods,enables the assessment of cfDNA abundance,mutation status,fragment characteristics,and epigenetic modifications.Multidimensional analysis based on cfDNA can facilitate early detection of PCa,risk stratification,and treatment monitoring.However,standardization of cfDNA detection methods is still required to expedite its clinical application.Conclusion:cfDNA provides a non-invasive,rapid,and repeatable means of acquiring multidimensional information from PCa patients,which can aid in guiding clinical decisions and enhancing patient management.Overcoming the application barriers of cfDNA necessitates increased data sharing and international collaboration.

Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens via reshaping gut microbiota

Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS)in laying hens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,we investigated the effects of GBE on relieving FLHS with an emphasis on the modulatory role of GBE in chicken gut microbiota.Results The results showed that GBE treatment ameliorated biochemical blood indicators in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced FLHS laying hen model by decreasing the levels of TG,TC,ALT and ALP.The lipid accumulation and pathological score of liver were also relieved after GBE treatment.Moreover,GBE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of liver and serum by increasing GSH,SOD,T-AOC,GSH-PX and reducing MDA,and downregulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis(FAS,LXRα,GPAT1,PPARγand Ch REBP1)and inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,TLR4 and NF-κB)in the liver.Microbial profiling analysis revealed that GBE treatment reshaped the HFD-perturbed gut microbiota,particularly elevated the abundance of Megasphaera in the cecum.Meanwhile,targeted metabolomic analysis of SCFAs revealed that GBE treatment significantly promoted the production of total SCFAs,acetate and propionate,which were positively correlated with the GBE-enriched gut microbiota.Finally,we confirmed that the GBE-altered gut microbiota was sufficient to alleviate FLHS by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).Conclusions We provided evidence that GBE alleviated FLHS in HFD-induced laying hens through reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.Our findings shed light on mechanism underlying the anti-FLHS efficacy of GBE and lay foundations for future use of GBE as additive to prevent and control FLHS in laying hen industry.

Evaluation of the intracellular lipid-lowering effect of polyphenols extract from highland barley in HepG2 cells

Active ingredients from highland barley have received considerable attention as natural products for developing treatments and dietary supplements against obesity.In practical application,the research of food combinations is more significant than a specific food component.This study investigated the lipid-lowering effect of highland barley polyphenols via lipase assay in vitro and HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid(OA).Five indexes,triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(T-CHO),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and alanine aminotransferase(ALT),were used to evaluate the lipidlowering effect of highland barley extract.We also preliminary studied the lipid-lowering mechanism by Realtime fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR).The results indicated that highland barley extract contains many components with lipid-lowering effects,such as hyperoside and scoparone.In vitro,the lipase assay showed an 18.4%lipase inhibition rate when the additive contents of highland barley extract were 100μg/m L.The intracellular lipid-lowering effect of highland barley extract was examined using 0.25 mmol/L OA-induced HepG2 cells.The results showed that intracellular TG,LDL-C,and T-CHO content decreased by 34.4%,51.2%,and 18.4%,respectively.ALT and AST decreased by 51.6%and 20.7%compared with the untreated hyperlipidemic HepG2 cells.q PCR results showed that highland barley polyphenols could up-regulation the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes such as PPARγand Fabp4.

Caching modeling and energy analyzing of cell-free wireless heterogeneous networks with beta Ginibre point process

Cell-free Wireless Heterogeneous Networks(HetNets)have emerged as a technological alternative for conventional cellular networks.In this paper,we study the spatially correlative caching strategy,the energy analysis,and the impact of parameter β on the total energy cost of the cell-free wireless HetNets with Access Points distributed by Beta Ginibre Point Process(β-GPP).We derive the approximate expression of Successful Delivery Probability(SDP)based on the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio coverage model.From both analytical and simulation results,it is shown that the proposed caching model based on β-GPP placement,which jointly takes into account path loss,fading,and interference,can closely simulate the caching performance of the cell-free HetNets in terms of SDP.By guaranteeing the outage probability constraints,the analytical expression of the uplink energy cost is also derived.Another conclusion is that with AP locations modeled by β-GPP,the power consumption is not sensitive to β,but is sensitive to the dimension of the kernel function;hence β is less restrictive,and only the truncation of the Ginibre kernel has to be appropriately modified.These findings are new compared with the existing literature where the nodes are commonly assumed to be of Poisson Point Process,Matern Hard-Core Process,or Poisson Cluster Process deployment in cell-free systems.

A Review on Sources,Extractions and Analysis Methods of a Sustainable Biomaterial:Tannins

Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly to substitute petroleum-based products.They are a definite class of sustainable materials of the forestry industry.They have been in operation for hundreds of years to manufacture leather and now for a growing number of applications in a variety of other industries,such as wood adhesives,metal coating,pharmaceutical/medical applications and several others.This review presents the main sources,either already or potentially commercial of this forestry by-materials,their industrial and laboratory extraction systems,their systems of analysis with their advantages and drawbacks,be these methods so simple to even appear primitive but nonetheless of proven effectiveness,or very modern and instrumental.It constitutes a basic but essential summary of what is necessary to know of these sustainable materials.In doing so,the review highlights some of the main challenges that remain to be addressed to deliver the quality and economics of tannin supply necessary to fulfill the industrial production requirements for some materials-based uses.

Feature extraction for machine learning-based intrusion detection in IoT networks

A large number of network security breaches in IoT networks have demonstrated the unreliability of current Network Intrusion Detection Systems(NIDSs).Consequently,network interruptions and loss of sensitive data have occurred,which led to an active research area for improving NIDS technologies.In an analysis of related works,it was observed that most researchers aim to obtain better classification results by using a set of untried combinations of Feature Reduction(FR)and Machine Learning(ML)techniques on NIDS datasets.However,these datasets are different in feature sets,attack types,and network design.Therefore,this paper aims to discover whether these techniques can be generalised across various datasets.Six ML models are utilised:a Deep Feed Forward(DFF),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),Recurrent Neural Network(RNN),Decision Tree(DT),Logistic Regression(LR),and Naive Bayes(NB).The accuracy of three Feature Extraction(FE)algorithms is detected;Principal Component Analysis(PCA),Auto-encoder(AE),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA),are evaluated using three benchmark datasets:UNSW-NB15,ToN-IoT and CSE-CIC-IDS2018.Although PCA and AE algorithms have been widely used,the determination of their optimal number of extracted dimensions has been overlooked.The results indicate that no clear FE method or ML model can achieve the best scores for all datasets.The optimal number of extracted dimensions has been identified for each dataset,and LDA degrades the performance of the ML models on two datasets.The variance is used to analyse the extracted dimensions of LDA and PCA.Finally,this paper concludes that the choice of datasets significantly alters the performance of the applied techniques.We believe that a universal(benchmark)feature set is needed to facilitate further advancement and progress of research in this field.

Experimental investigation on coal pore-fracture variation and fractal characteristics synergistically affected by solvents for improving clean gas extraction

Chemical solvents instead of pure water being as hydraulic fracturing fluid could effectively increase permeability and improve clean methane extraction efficiency.However,pore-fracture variation features of lean coal synergistically affected by solvents have not been fully understood.Ultrasonic testing,nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,liquid phase mass spectrometry was adopted to comprehensively analyze pore-fracture change characteristics of lean coal treated by combined solvent(NMP and CS_(2)).Meanwhile,quantitative characterization of above changing properties was conducted using geometric fractal theory.Relationship model between permeability,fractal dimension and porosity were established.Results indicate that the end face fractures of coal are well developed after CS2and combined solvent treatments,of which,end face box-counting fractal dimensions range from 1.1227 to 1.4767.Maximum decreases in ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity of coal affected by NMP,CS_(2)and combined solvent are 2.700%,20.521%,22.454%,respectively.Solvent treatments could lead to increasing amount of both mesopores and macropores.Decrease ratio of fractal dimension Dsis 0.259%–2.159%,while permeability increases ratio of NMR ranges from 0.1904 to 6.4486.Meanwhile,combined solvent could dissolve coal polar and non-polar small molecules and expand flow space.Results could provide reference for solvent selection and parameter optimization of permeability-enhancement technology.

Applications of SMILE-extracted lenticules in ophthalmology

AIM:To review recent innovations,challenges,and applications of small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)extracted lenticule for treating ocular disorders.METHODS:A literature review was performed in the PubMed database,which was last updated on 30 December 2021.There was no limit regarding language.The authors evaluated the reference lists of the collected papers to find any relevant research.RESULTS:Due to the simplicity and accuracy of modern femtosecond lasers and the extensive development of SMILE surgery,many healthy human corneal stromal lenticules were extracted during surgery,motivating some professionals to investigate the SMILE lenticule reusability in different ocular disorders.In addition,new approaches had been developed to preserve,modify,and bioengineer the corneal stroma,leading to the optimal use of discarded byproducts such as lenticules from SMILE surgery.The lenticules can be effectively re-implanted into the autologous or allogenic corneas of human subjects to treat refractive errors,corneal ectasia,and corneal perforation and serve as a patch graft for glaucoma drainage devices with better cosmetic outcomes.CONCLUSION:SMILE-extracted lenticules could be a viable alternative to human donor corneal tissue.

Automatic Extraction Method of 3D Feature Guidelines for Complex Cultural Relic Surfaces Based on Point Cloud

Cultural relics line graphic serves as a crucial form of traditional artifact information documentation,which is a simple and intuitive product with low cost of displaying compared with 3D models.Dimensionality reduction is undoubtedly necessary for line drawings.However,most existing methods for artifact drawing rely on the principles of orthographic projection that always cannot avoid angle occlusion and data overlapping while the surface of cultural relics is complex.Therefore,conformal mapping was introduced as a dimensionality reduction way to compensate for the limitation of orthographic projection.Based on the given criteria for assessing surface complexity,this paper proposed a three-dimensional feature guideline extraction method for complex cultural relic surfaces.A 2D and 3D combined factor that measured the importance of points on describing surface features,vertex weight,was designed.Then the selection threshold for feature guideline extraction was determined based on the differences between vertex weight and shape index distributions.The feasibility and stability were verified through experiments conducted on real cultural relic surface data.Results demonstrated the ability of the method to address the challenges associated with the automatic generation of line drawings for complex surfaces.The extraction method and the obtained results will be useful for line graphic drawing,displaying and propaganda of cultural relics.

Preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent LiCoO_(2)cathodes by medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting

Lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have attracted extensive attention due to the skyrocketing price of lithium.The medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting was proposed to preferential selective extraction of lithium from spent Li-CoO_(2)(LCO)cathodes to overcome the incomplete recovery and loss of lithium during the recycling process.The LCO layered structure was destroyed and lithium was completely converted into water-soluble Li2CO_(3)under a suitable temperature to control the reduced state of the cobalt oxide.The Co metal agglomerates generated during medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting were broken by wet grinding and ultrasonic crushing to release the entrained lithium.The results showed that 99.10%of the whole lithium could be recovered as Li2CO_(3)with a purity of 99.55%.This work provided a new perspective on the preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium batteries.